[经验思考] 【寄托No.1】杀G小组 AW--我对A的一点看法 [复制链接]

第一篇

题目

In surveys Mason Cityresidents rank water sports (swimming, boating, and fishing) among theirfavorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city israrely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devoteslittle of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. Foryears there have been complaints from residents about the quality of theriver’s water and the river’s smell. In response, the state has recentlyannounced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is,therefore, sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devotemore money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facilities.

Write a response in whichyou examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argumentdepends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

范文

While it may be true thatthe Mason City government ought to devote more money to

riversiderecreational facilities, （前部分为事实）this author’s argument doesnot make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. （指出not cogent 否定结论）It is easy to understand whycity residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holesand assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.（事实+否定结论，提及assumption回应题目要求）

第一段为开头段，我对此段的总结为以下模式：

肯定事实+否定结论+肯定事实+否定结论

Citing surveys of cityresidents, the author reports city resident’s love of water sports.（此句为文中事实，即为说文中引用了什么，回应了要求中的 stated） It is not clear, however, the scope and validityof that survey.（紧接着作者阐述自己观点，对文中的观点进行否定，下面就开始举例说明） For example, the surveycould have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or wouldlike to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward riversports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking onlythose residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pageslong, with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. （具体部分论述到此结束，下面为回应要求）We just do not know. Unless the survey is fullyrepresentative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back theauthor’s argument.（回应要求）

第二段，按照要求
作者上来陈述文中引述了什么事实，然后举出不足，进行论证，最后完善论证，说出当xxxx满足后这个argu更cognent

模式：stated+否定旧支持新+论证新+扣题

Additionally, the authorimplies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing,despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly.（第一句重复第二段的第一句模式，仍旧为文中说了什么事实，只不过换了句式） While a polluted, smellyriver would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between theresident’s lack of river use and the river’s current state is not effectivelymade. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have beennumerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individualswho made numerous complaints. （这几句作者采取让步句式，说出文中的不足）To strengthen his/herargument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking awide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.（作者提出了改进意见怎么使结论更具有说服力）

第三段整体来说是第二段的延续，作者进行了句式的转变，扣题

模式：stated+让步句式指出不足+扣题

Building upon theimplication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of theriver’s water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up willresult in increased river usage. （引用了文中的一个assumption）If the river’s water qualityand smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. （对这个assumption的肯定）For example, if the decreased water quality andaromais caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied.But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in the wateror surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water whichemit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is notsomething likely to be afffected by a clean-up. （举例论证这个assumption的不足）Consequently, a river cleanup may have no impact upon river usage. Regardless of whether the river’squality is able to be improved or not, the author does not effectively show aconnection between water quality and river usage.（得出作者自己的结论）

第四段我认为除了延续上两段的论证，并且作者进行了进一步的延续，提出了自己的观点，在扣题的同时并且有了新颖的结论

模式：事实+肯定+举例论证否定+升华得自己的结论

A clean, beautiful, saferiver often adds to a city’s property values, leads to increased tourism andrevenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overallquality of life for residents.（说了一个特别特别客观的常识，补充说一下常识的作用，在论证的时候不要天马行空，人之常情的常识是最有力的论证，我认为） For these reasons, citygovernment may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities.（作者打太极）However, this author’s argument is not likelysignificantly persuade the city goverment to allocate increased funding.（However一个转折说出文中不够具有说服力）

结束段，作者以常识开头，然后进行肯定，然后笔锋一转，说出不足。

模式：常识+肯定+转折

以上是对 stated/unstated 这样要求中的论证，下面是另一种

The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, ananthropologist.

"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited theisland of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertiawere reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents.However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands thatincludes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking abouttheir biological parents than about other adults in the village. This researchof mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture isinvalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures isinvalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduatestudents is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurateunderstanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other islandcultures."

Write a response in which you discuss what specificevidence is needed to evaluate the argumentand explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthenthe argument.

说一下我对要求的理解：1 evidence的论证 2 evidence怎么evaluate 3 evidence 的作用，

下面看范文

It might seem logical, atfirst glance, to agree with the argument in Dr. Karp’s article that children inTertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even, byimplication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study is notas valid as an interview-centered one). （一个长句，上来说貌似正确，哪些哪些正确，肯定）However, in order to fully evaluate this argument, we need to have a significantamount of additional evidence. （转折，否定，提到evaluate）The argument could end upbeing much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid. In orderto make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.（说出需要进一步分析）

第一段，当你看了上篇文章的分析后，就发现套路是很相似的

The first piece ofevidence that we would need in order to evaluate Dr. Karp’s claims

isinformation about whether or not Tertia and the surrounding island group have changedsignificantly in the past 20 years. （扣题，引述first evidence，并且对此提出了质疑）Dr. Field conducted hisobservational study 20 years ago, and it is possible that Tertia has changedsignificantly since then. （继续开展质疑）For example, if we hadevidence that in teh intervening years Westerners had settled on the island andthey introduced a more typical Western-style family structure, it would certainlyweaken Dr. Karp’s argument.（举例说明，论证） In thatcase, the original study could have been accurate, andDr. Karp’s study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr. Field’smethod is ineffective would be seriously weakened.（说明如果case成立 被weaken了）

第二段，论证模式：扣题引述+质疑部分+ weaken or strengthen

Another pieceof evidence that might help us evaluatethis claim involves the exact locations where Dr. Karp’s interviews took place.（扣题，another evidence怎么怎么样）According to this article,Dr. Karp and his graduate students conducted interviews of “children living inthe group of islands that includes Tertia.” （阐述事实）If we were to learn thatthey never interviewed a single Tertianchild, it wouldsignificantly weaken the conclusion. It couldturn out to be the case, for example, that children on Tertia are raisedcommunally, whereas children on other islands nearby are raised by theirbiological parents.（采取假设句式说出漏洞，同时指出对evaluate的影响）

第三段，论述方式进行了细微的改变，但是整体扣题的思路是不变的，这里面要求大家对句式的变化有积累

模式：扣题引述evidence+阐述事实+ weaken orstrengthen

In order to fully evaluate this article, we would also needto learn more about the interview questionsthat Dr. Karp’s team used. （扣题句然后开始了一个排比系列，一问一答）What exactly did they ask?We don’t know, nor do we know what the children’s responses actually were. Whatdid they say about their biological parents? The mere fact that they speak morefrequently about their biological parents than they do about other adults does notmeant hat they are raised by their biological parents. It would significantly undermine （作用）Dr. Karp’s argument if itturned out that the children said things like how much they missed theirparents or how their parents had left them in a communal environment. Withoutknowing WHAT the children said, it is hard to accept Dr. Karp’s conclusion.（得出结论，指出不足）

第四段作者以evaluate开始，对上两段论述的延续，并且一问一答，很赞这种方式，最后得出结论，本段的重头戏是evaluate

It is slightly more difficult to discuss teh evidence we might need in order to evaluate the more interesting claims in Dr. Karp’sarticle, namely his extension of the results of his study to a conclusion thatinterview-centered methods are inherently more valid thanobservational-centered approaches.（指出不足） In orderto fully evaluate thisclaim, in fact, we would need to look at many more examples of interview-basedand observation-based anthropological studies and we would also need to lookinto different study designs. Perhaps Dr. Field did not conduct an effectiveobservational study, but other observational approaches could be effective. In order to make such

grandioseclaims, Dr. Karp really needs a lot of additionalevidence (ideally a meta - analysis of hundreds of anthropologicalstudies).（两个in order to 引出作者对于论述的改进，漏洞，完善观点）

第五段，作者指出文章的不足，结论的不严谨，重新进行evaluate，指出怎么更加具有说服力

Clearly, then, we need tohave additional evidence in order to get a more complete understanding of the strengths andweaknesses of Dr. Karp’s article. We need to know about Tertia and thesurrounding islands, whether or not they have changed over the past 20 years.We also need to know about study design (Dr. Karp’s and Dr. Field’s). And wereally need a lot more information if we want to extend the results of a study aboutone island culture to all anthropological fieldwork.

总结段，作者主要做了两个事情：1 总结上买的论述 2 扣题

这是另一种要求的范文及我的看法。

上面的分析主要是从形式上和要求上进行了一下分析，A的内在，如句式，单词，逻辑还是要积累。

先写这么多
。