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[感想日志] 1006G小九的备考日志——我心中有猛虎,细嗅蔷薇。完结篇 [复制链接]

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发表于 2009-11-19 00:12:23 |只看该作者

GRE考试AW部分的指南

任务1:就一个问题发表观点
任务2:分析一个论点
这本册子包含了GRE考试AW部分的描述,IssueArgument的写作策略,评分信息,评分指南,得分层次描述,样题,以及得分样本和阅卷人评语。

AW概要
AW200210GRE考试新增的部分,用以测试你的批判性思维和分析写作能力。它评价你明确表达和支持复杂问题、分析论点和支撑观点明确条理清晰的讨论这三方面的能力。它不评估具体学科的专业知识。
AW包括两个独立计时的任务
·45分钟的ISSUE
·30分钟的ARUGUMENT
你可以在两个I题目中任选一个,每个题目都代表一个有着广泛兴趣的一体的一种观点,要求你就这个议题进行讨论,用任何观点都可以,只要你能提出恰当的理由和充分的证明来自圆其说。
A的题目是不能选择的。AI不同:它要求你对已给的论点进行批驳,用你所能找到的理由。你要考虑它逻辑的合理性而不是你是否同意它的观点。
这两个任务是互补的,一个要求你陈述自己的观点,表明立场和提供证据去支持你对这个议题的观点,另一个则要求你通过评价别人的观点和他所提供的论据去批驳他的论点。

AW的准备
每个人,即使是最有经验最有信心的作家,都应该在考试之前花点时间为AW做准备。
复习测试技能,了解评分准则、评分指南、得分层次描述、样题、得分样本和阅卷人评语。
AW的题目涉及的学科广泛,从艺术和人文学科到社会自然学科,不过没有题目要求专业的具体知识,实际上,每个题目都保证有如下三个特征:
1、
GRE
考试者,无论他们的学科领域或个人爱好是什么,都能看懂这个论题并且有话可说。
2、
这个话题引发出各种复杂的思考和进行有说服力的写作,这是大学教授认为研究生院的学生成功的重要组成部分。
3、
用以阐述观点的内容和方法可以是多种多样的。
    为了帮你准备AWGRE PROGRAME出版了题库,你的测试题目将从题库中抽取,你会发现这个IA的题库非常有用。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-11-19 00:15:23 |只看该作者
没有如期完成作业。心里很愧疚。
最近效率都不高,论文也没写完,下周就要交初稿了。
希望论文顺利完成,可以把全部精力放在GRE复习上了。
作业和论文都在一点一点挪动=。=
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-11-24 23:03:32 |只看该作者
AW应试策略
   时间安排十分重要.45分钟之内完成I,你需要用充分的时间去在两个话题中选择一个,对你所选的题目进行思考,计划你的答案,并完成你的文章.30分钟之内完成A,你需要足够的时间去分析那篇论证,计划你的评论,完成你的文章.虽然GRE阅卷人理解时间限制了你的写作,并将考虑到你的作文只是篇草稿.你仍然希望这篇文章能够代表你在考试环境中写成的文章的最好水平.
在每个有时间限制的任务最后留几分钟去检查那些明显的错误,虽然一些偶然的拼写或语法错误不会影响你的分数,但频繁出现的错误会影响你写作的整体质量,拉低你的分数.
AW,你有10分钟休息时间,在两个任务之间也有1分钟的休息,你可能希望在每个安排好的休息时间里充实你的提纲.
AW如何评分
根据GREAW评分指南(27-28)中的评分准则,每个答卷全部按6分等级来评分.整体分数以为着每个答卷都被作为一个整体评判:阅卷人不会将答案分为几个部分而单独就特殊准则或因素给分,如组织、句子结构或语言等。反而是根据文章的整体质量,综合考虑到它的每个特征。例如,组织的好不好会是阅卷人对文章整体印象的一部分,会影响到你的分数,但是作为一个独立因素的组织没有特殊分量。
一般来说,GRE阅卷人都是大学老师,他们认为写作和批判性思维能力在他们所教授的课程中非常重要。所有的GRE阅卷人都经过精心培训,通过GRE严格的质量测试,证明他们会精确地评分。
为了保证公正客观地评分:
1、
文章会随机分给阅卷人
2、
所有考试者的身份信息都对阅卷人保密
3、
每个文章的分数要综合两个阅卷人的分别评分
4、
阅卷人不会知道另一个人给了这个文章什么分数
5、
如果每篇文章的两个评分者评分相同或相近,那就确定了这篇文章的最终分数;如果不相同,则由第三个阅卷人评分,并取三者中二者相近的那个分数。
两个阅卷人的分别评分平均成为最终的得分,得分层次描述在29页,提供怎样理解AW的最终得分的信息,AW评分首先强调的批判性思维和分析写作能力。
AW中的文章会呗ETS的文章相似性检测软件和有经验的评分者分别审核,鉴于美国大学和研究生院对独创性有很高的要求,当有充分证据证明文章有如下特征(不仅限于这几条)时,ETS有权取消考试者的分数:
1、
文章与一篇或多篇GRE文章有过多相似的地方
2、
没有注明引用的前提下,引用或改述出版或未出版资源的语言或观点
3、
未经授权使用共同研究成果而不加以注明
4、
应试者提交的文章中的观点或文章从别处借鉴或由他人准备
如果以上一个或多个情况发生,你的文章对ETS的专业评价来说,不具备AW所要求的独立分析写作能力,因此,ETS必须取消你的分数并认定其无效,并且无法报告GRE的整体分数,因为AWGRE不可分割的一部分。
被取消分数的应试者的考试费用将被没收,因此此后想再次参加GRE考试需全部付费。分数取消和取消原因不会出现在将来送给学校的分数报告中。
ISSUE中表达观点
理解ISSUE
I 部分考察你对一个有广泛兴趣的话题的批判性思维能力以及在写作中清楚表达你的思想。每个话题以引言形式提出,应试者可以以多种方式,考虑到不同的情况和条件,对一个观点进行论述。你的任务是你的观点令人信服。仔细阅读观点并且进行多角度思考,考虑到观点的复杂性,然后记录下你想表达的观点,列出支持你观点的主要理由和例子:
I有你回答的自由空间,虽然抓住中心问题十分重要,你仍可以自由地发挥,例如你可能:
1、
完全同意这个观点,完全不同意这个观点或者同意一部分而非全部
2、
对这个观点的前提提出质疑
3、
限定它的任何一条,特别是在你确定或应用某一条对展开你的论述十分重要的情况下
4、
指出为什么这个观点适用于一些情况而非全部
5、
评价与你的观点相左的观点
6、
用理由证明你的观点,可以用几个相关的例子或者一个深入的例子来支持这个理由。
GRE阅卷人没有标准答案去评分,实际上,也没有所谓的正确观点。他们会根据你清楚有力的表啊和展开你的论点支持你的观点的论证能力来评判。
理解写作背景:目的和读者
I是一个批判性思维和议论文写作的练习。这个任务的目的是检验你用支持你的策略的清楚有力的论证能力如何以及以书面形式有效表达你的论点给学院读者。你的读者是大学老师,他们经过GRE阅卷人培训确保可根据评分指南准确评分。为了更清楚地了解阅卷人对实际答案的评分标准,你应该阅读样题和阅卷人评语。
这些样题,特别是5分和6分水平的,会向人展示各种成功策略,如组织、论证过程、以及准确传达论点。阅卷人评语讨论了分析和写作的各个方面,如例子运用、开展论证和支持观点、组织、语言的流畅以及词汇的选择。对每个答卷,阅卷人都指出了特别具有说服力的部分,也评析了拉低分数的原因。
I的准备
因为I考察了你在受教育过程中所形成的议论文写作技能,它被设计为不要求特别课程,也不要学生为了提高这项能力而进行特殊培训。
很多学院里关于议论文写作的课本里的写作建议很有用,但是这些建议太过理论和专业,你并不需要这么多。你不需要懂得专业的批判性思维、写作手段和策略,你应该能运用理由、论据和例子来支持你的观点。例如,加入一个议题要你去思考政府是否需要提供资金支持艺术博物馆。如果你的观点是应该支持,你要说明艺术的重要并解释博物馆是公共场所。另一方面,如果你认为不应该,你应指出政府资金有限,比起其他更具社会功用的设施,艺术博物馆不应该得到政府资金。或者,如果你仅在一些条件下同意政府资助艺术博物馆,你应该关注艺术标准、文化内涵或政治条件,这些你认为可以确认艺术博物馆是否应当得到政府资助的条件。你的观点并不是最重要的,重要的是你论证的能力。
准备I的一个很好的方法是就公共话题进行写作练习。没有最好的办法:一些人喜欢不限时练习,而另一些人喜欢先进行限时写作。不论你用什么方法练习,你要记住考试的方向,然后:
1、
仔细审题,确定你已理解论题相关内容,如果不明白,跟朋友或老师讨论。
2、
联系你的想法、经历、你读过或看过的事件、你认识的人去思考话题,这是你展开论证所用的理由和例子的基础,他们可以在一定程度上支持、否定或限制话题。
3、
决定你对话题的态度,记住你可以自由决定同意不同意或者部分同意。
4、
决定用什么例子来支持你的观点。
记住这是个考察批判性思维和议论文写作的测试,因此,你可能发现发掘话题的复杂性非常有用。你可以自己问自己如下几个问题:
1、
这个论题的核心是什么?
2、
我完全同意或部分同意这个观点么?为什么?
3、
这个观点有准确的前提么?如果有,他们可信么?
4、
这个观点只是在一定条件下可行么?如果是,这些条件是什么?
5、
如果我有明确的立场,什么理由可以支持我的观点?
6、
我能举什么真实或者假定的例子来论证这些理由,进一步说明我的观点?哪个例子最令人信服?
一旦你决定了立场,你应该考虑到反对意见,问自己:
1、
别人会用什么理由来反驳?
2、
我应该用什么方法驳斥这些观点?
为了计划你的答案,你可能要写下你的立场,并简要说明你将怎样支持你的观点。当你做完这些,看下你的笔记并决定你将怎样组织、然后写下答案。即使你不会写一个完整的文章,你会发现对一些I题目的联系,对文章作概述也很有用。当你练习了一些话题之后,试着限时写作,这样你会明白如何在考试中适当利用时间。
向教议论文写作的老师求教,或与同学就相同话题讨论,参照评分指南修改作文都很有用。将自己的文章与评分指南对照,能帮你找出自己需要提高的地方。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-11-24 23:07:00 |只看该作者
这个礼拜要告假。
论文要交初稿了,还差2W字没写完。
下周之前搞定论文,就可以一心复习了。
最近事情好多,心情烦躁ING
加油吧。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-3 10:38:48 |只看该作者
哇咔咔,我胡汉三又回来啦=。=
终于把论文搞定可以专心做我的gter了。
努力奋战在补作业的第一线。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-6 00:40:13 |只看该作者
第九期动词的时态
It is time for sb. to do sth"……时间了""……"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……"
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I
wondered
if you could help me.
2
)情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?

used to / be used to
used to + do"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk.(
过去常常散步)

be used to + doing ……已感到习惯,或"习惯于"to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(
现在习惯于散步)


be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用

be tobe going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排) (我要去,已经安排好的)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) (我想去,还不一定)

一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2
)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3
)在时间或条件句中。

When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4
)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.


用现在进行时表示将来
意为:"意图""打算""安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?


过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, oncebefore, already, recentlylately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语

用于现在完成时的句型
1It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2
This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌

比较sincefor
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1)() Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(
) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. Harry has been married for six years.


不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2)
心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
3 )
瞬间动词

accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4)
系动词

seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.


一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时:
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2)
句型
" It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实,则永远用现在时。
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that
he is eighteen.(
这个经常搞错)
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

时态与时间状语
时间状语
一般现在时every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as(注意)
过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening


经常有感觉自己在写作的时候时态的跳跃很大,就是习惯用中文的思维去判定英文写作的时态问题,经常会出错.这一期还需要再琢磨琢磨.
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-7 00:55:36 |只看该作者
第十期 连词
not only…but (also), as well as不但而且)
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意: not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and
We can't live without air and water.(否定之否定=肯定)

not…but… 意思为"不是 ……而是……"
not
but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首只能将其放在两个分句中间

注意:
a. 两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b.
although… yet…
,但although不与 but连用。
Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

比较so such

其规律由sosuch的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词.so 还可与表示数量的形容词manyfewmuch little连用,形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [
不可数]such +n. [不可数]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many
已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但
a lot of 为名词性的只能用such搭配。
so…thatsuch…that之间的转换既为 sosuch之间的转换。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-7 01:26:25 |只看该作者
第十一期 动词/动词语态
be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
He is to go to New York next week..他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the fresh persons.我们要教新生。
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令,例如:
You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。
c.征求意见,例如:
How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

do用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。

说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如:
Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1 动词+副词,如:black out
2 动词+介词,如:look into
3 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。


1若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词。feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch(此点容易忽略)
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2
情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.


let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
2
let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allowpermit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

表示"据说""相信" 的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that…
据说
It is reported that…
据报道
It is believed that…
大家相信

It is hoped that…
大家希望
It is well known that…
众所周知
It is thought that…
大家认为
It is suggested that…
据建议
It is taken granted that…
被视为当然
It has been decided that…
大家决定
It must be remember that…
务必记住的是

It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.

不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态:
appear, die disappear, end (vi.
结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.

Rise 是不及物动词,raise是及物动词
Sit是不及物动词,seat是及物动词
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

3) 系动词无被动语态:
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

4) 带同源宾语的及物动词,反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态:
die, death, dream, live, life

5) 宾语不定式时,很少用于被动语态。
主动形式表示被动意义

1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well.
这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily.
这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(
出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
3)
need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning.
这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
4)
特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)
被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意:
表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.=He got married to a rich girl.


need/want/require/worth


注意: need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
Your hair wants cutting.
你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing.
地板需要冲洗。
The book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-15 00:57:11 |只看该作者
12 动词不定式 分词 动名词
1 不定式作宾语
1)
动词+ 不定式

afford
  aim appear agree  arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen  help hesitate learn long mean  manage offer ought plan prepare   promise refuse seem  tend  wait wish undertake
2)动词+不定式 ;动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
3 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
2 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise
 allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider  declare  drive enable encourage  find forbid  force guess  hire  imagine  impel  induce  inform instruct invite  judge   know   like  order   permit persuade  remind  report request  require select send   state  suppose  tell   think  train  trust  understand urge   warn 
Find 的特殊用法:
Find
后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有gethave
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.

2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想),feel find,guess, judge,imagine,know, prove,see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear,be said,be supposed, be believed,be thought,be known, be reported,hope, wish, desire,want, plan, expect, mean
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
注意 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher.
我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father .
玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3 不定式主语
1 It's easy (for me) to do that.
easy, difficult,  hard,  important,  possible,  impossible, comfortable,  necessary,  better;
the first,
  the next,  the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
2) It's very kind of you to help us.
kind,nice, stupid,rude, clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly, selfish(自私的)
注意:1) 其他系动词如,look appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
()To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
()It is to believe to see.
4 It's for sb. It's of sb.
1for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词
2of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词
5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:

My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is
to be
a doctor.
6
不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:

I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles
to give light.

7 不定式作状语
1
)目的状语

To… only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.我说的话没想到让你生气了
He searched the room only to find nothing.他找遍整个屋子什么都没找到。
这个容易和目的状语相混淆。
3)表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit
B. sit on
C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。(这一题容易出错的是分不清主动被动)
8 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法: 一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+ 名词/动名词:
admit to承认,confess to承认,
be accustomed to
习惯于, be used to 习惯于, stick to 坚持, turn to开始,着手于, devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意
9 to 的动词不定式
1
情态动词 ( ought 外,ought to)

2 使役动词 let, have, make
3 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to
注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
4 would ratherhad better

5
Why… / why not…

6 help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth
7 butexceptbut前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8 and, orthan连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
9 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定 too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 "不太"
It's never too late to mend.亡羊补牢未为晚矣
2)too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常等于very
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
2)so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not+动词原形
14 不定式的时态和语态(这个要注意)
1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.
我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3)
进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4)
完成进行时:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

15 动名词与不定式
1
动名词与不定式的区别:

动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:
1stop to do——stop doing
2 forget to do—— forget doing
3remember to do——remember doing
4 regret to do—— regret doing
5cease to do—— cease doing
6 try to do——try doing
7go on to do—— go on doing
8 afraid to do—— afraid doing
9interested to do——interested doing
10 mean to do—— mean doing
11 begin/ start to do—— begin/ start doing

心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-15 00:58:09 |只看该作者
上接第12期
分词
1 分词作定语
过去分词作定语,与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
2 分词作状语
典型例题
1
_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed
B. Followed by
C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by (被跟随)。本题可改为: With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。
3 _______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated
C. Heated
D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated(这一题我纠结在BC之间)
注意: 选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。
3 连词+分词(短语)
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。 连词有:
whenwhileif thoughafter, before, as.分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个
4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后
5 分词作表语
现在分词: 表示主动,正在进行
过去分词: 表示被动,已经完成
She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。
6 分词作插入语
其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

generally speaking一般说来
talking of (speaking of)
说道
strictly speaking
严格的说
judging from
判断
all things considered
从整体来看
taking all things into consideration
全面看来
7 分词的时态
1
)与主语动词同时,

Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。

Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。
2)先于主动词
分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后, 要用having done
8 分词的语态
1
)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动

2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned

动名词
1 动名词作宾语
a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit
承认   appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成  consider 认为     delay 耽误   deny 否认    detest 讨厌      endure 忍受    enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱  prevent阻止    fancy 想象   finish 完成      imagine 想象   mind 介意  miss 想念  postpone 推迟        practice 训练  recall 回忆   resent 讨厌   resist 抵抗   resume 继续      risk 冒险     suggest 建议  face 面对   include 包括 stand 忍受   understand 理解    forgive 宽恕keep 继续
b. 词组后接doing
admit to
   prefer…to     be used to    lead to   devote oneself to  object to   stick to   busy    look forward to(to为介词)
no good,
 no use, It's worth…,  as well as,
can't help,
 It's no use /good  be tired of
be fond of
  be capable of  be afraid of 
be proud of
  think of / about  hold off    
put off
  keep on  insist on  count on / upon
set about
  be successful in  good at  take up
give up
  burst out   prevent … from… 
2 worth 的用法
worthworthyworth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"
1. worth be
worth + n.
  当名词为金钱时,表示"…… 值得……"
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy
be
worthy of +n.
 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "
某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
3. worth-while
be
worth-while to do sth
  "值得做某事"
worth while
It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.

心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-15 00:58:47 |只看该作者
13 独立主格 特殊词
独立主格
注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in 时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand
前不能加his)
2)
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
特殊词(12期提到过)
1 stop doing/to do

stop to do停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing停止做某事。
2 forget doing/to do
forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)
forget doing
忘记做过某事。(已做)

3 remember doing/to do
remember to do
记得去做某事 (未做
)
remember doing
记得做过某事 (已做)

4 regret doing/to do
regret to do
对要做的事遗憾。(未做
)
regret doing
对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)

5 cease doing/to do

cease to do 长时间,甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做
6 try doing/to do
try to do
努力,企图做某事。

try doing 试验,试着做某事。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do
做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。

go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do
不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为""

be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的,意为生怕,恐怕
9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do
对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事。

interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing意味着
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.

1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴?

2)begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry
。我开始生起气来。

3)attempt, intend, begin, start 后接 know, understand, realize这类动词时,常用不定式to do
I begin to understand the truth
。我开始明白真相。

4)物作主语时
It began to melt.
12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词
see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; +doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-15 00:59:37 |只看该作者
网络升级导致断网……
尽快把笔记整理好了贴上来。
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发表于 2009-12-16 23:39:25 |只看该作者
TOPIC: ARGUMENT206 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.
"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."
WORDS: 384
首先分析题目:
原因:九岁以下孩子在运动中受伤很多,因为要赢得比赛而承受心理压力,专家说运动赛季占用了学习时间.
结论:运动会的缺点比优点多,以后应当取消9岁以下孩子的运动比赛.
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-8-1 13:58:06

In this argument, the author concludes that Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine. To support his conclusion, the author points out that over 80,000 of young players suffered injuries throughout the country last year. And(去掉) he also cites that youth-league softball players reported pressure form coaches and parents in several big cities and these sports take away time for academic activities. However, the argument suffers a few flaws.(模板痕迹重,照搬原文太多)
To begin with, the author falsely assumes that children under nine in Parkville suffer injuries just like those throughout the country. (这句话是不成立的,因为原文说的是throughout the country,Parkville当然在country中,全国现象是普遍现象,Parkville并不特殊,所以作者以普遍现象来推论并没有逻辑错误)First, the child in Parkville may have different interests in sports, such as basketball.(没懂……)Second, the author fails to provide the number of children who is under nine and suffered injuries throughout the country last year. Perhaps
(窃以为可能这种词用起来会把论证的力度给削弱了)only a few children under nine suffered from injuries. (作者举出受伤孩子的数量,但是没有提供受伤的孩子在参与运动的孩子中的比例,这样说会不会好一点?)Third, the author fails to prove that the children get injuries because of taking sports rather than other possibilities.(这一点可以再说得详细些)All these scenarios, if true, will undermine the author's conclusion.
这一段有些逻辑混乱,如果第一句是这段的主题句,那么后面所说的三点显然和这个主题句联系不大,第一个论断我没看懂是想说明什么,孩子喜欢不同类型的运动跟主题有什么关系?是不是说打篮球比较不太容易受伤?
In addition, the author unjustifiably claims that children in Parkvill (作者没说在Parkville,说的是several majoy cities receive pressure from coaches and parents. The study is interviewed in several big cities, we are not informed whether Parkville is a big city.(这一句是自我推论然后强加辩驳,作者并没有在举例中说Parkville 怎样怎样,而且big citymajoy city并不是同一概念) Even assuming that it is a big city, the author still cannot apply the study to Parkville. There are maybe differences between Parkville and other cities. Perhaps Parkville has stricter regulations to coaches, or perhaps the competition in Parkville is not so serious.
这一段想说明Parkville并不同于majoy cities,那些城市存在的现象并不能代表Parkville现象,但是作者并没有claim这个现象在Parkville,只能说assume了这个前提。
Furthermore, it is unwarranted to claim that these sports take away time from academic activities. First, we are not informed how many hours are used for sports and academic activities. Perhaps sports time is far less than the time for academic activities. (注意作者说long practice sessions for these sportsSecond, sports may help to do academic activities better. (how?)Without ruling out these possibilities, it is unwise to discontinue organized competition.
Last but not least, the author suggests too hastily to discontinue all the competition. Even if some competition is dangerous, some others may be good for children.(for example?) Common sense tells me that children need to take sports. The disadvantage of discontinue may outweigh the advantage.(有点空了)
To sum up, the author fails to substantiate the conclusion that Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine. The author need further information and reliable study to make the conclusion convincing.
整体模板痕迹重,对题目的阅读不够仔细,逻辑不太清晰,空话较多说服力弱。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-19 00:28:08 |只看该作者
Even though we recognize the threat of global warming and know we should act to avert it, there is still a problem as how to solve it. The core of different opinions is realistic and strategic profits of their own countries. Emission reduction base on the cost of development speed, especially for the developing countries. So we need to find a way both efficient and effective. But personally, I don’t believe some politics can make the best of both worlds. To achieve the goal of stabilization we must pay the economic price then make a better place for the future generations.

写了个简短的comment。我觉得草木说得很对,写作总要经过畏难的阶段,我现在正在经历中。
看到别人洋洋洒洒的一大篇,我还是吭哧吭哧地憋出几行小字,很是羞愧。
但是不论怎样还是写了吧,有一点是一点。
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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发表于 2009-12-19 23:44:06 |只看该作者
今天做了下翻译,有场考试。
坚持每天听下VOA。
昨天的CNN也在讨论哥本哈根会议,他们举例中国山西的污染,说中国是世界上碳排放量最大的国家,但是并没有做出相应的措施。
=。=
心如亮剑,可斩无明。心若无墙,天下无疆。

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RE: 1006G小九的备考日志——我心中有猛虎,细嗅蔷薇。完结篇 [修改]

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1006G小九的备考日志——我心中有猛虎,细嗅蔷薇。完结篇
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1026273-1-1.html
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