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第九期动词的时态
It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2)情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用
be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排) (我要去,已经安排好的)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) (我想去,还不一定)
一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3)在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
用现在进行时表示将来
意为:"意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语
用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌
比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.
不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.
一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时:
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实,则永远用现在时。
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.(这个经常搞错)
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
时态与时间状语
时间状语
一般现在时every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as(注意)
过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
经常有感觉自己在写作的时候时态的跳跃很大,就是习惯用中文的思维去判定英文写作的时态问题,经常会出错.这一期还需要再琢磨琢磨. |
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