1006G小九的备考日志——我心中有猛虎，细嗅蔷薇。完结篇

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

基础写作部分的笔记终于写完。
明天开始向语法进军。
觉得第6-11讲，第16讲还需要再看几遍。
单词照旧2个list，昨天没有复习完，今天补上。
生活充实，内心晴朗，状态不错：）

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

语法第一期:主谓一致
主谓一致是指：语法形式的一致，意义上的一致（主语意思上的单复数与谓语一致），就近原则（谓语的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语）
当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
1、
并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
2、 就近原则
1）当there be
句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
2）当either… or…
与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
3）如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致
3、
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。（这个容易出错的）
4、 谓语需要单数
1）
代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
2）
当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
3）
表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。（也可以用复数）
5、
指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）
在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。（这个需要注意）
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present.(所有人都到齐了。)
2）
集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。（如family作家庭意义时用单数，家人用复数）
集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。（这个经常搞混）
6、 与后接名词或者代词保持一致
1）
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
2）
在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
误区（摘写自己需要注意的错误）
一、
误认主语
1、
倒装句
倒装句的常见结构：副词/介词短语+谓语+主语
Between the two buildings is a big tree.
倒装句中主语在谓语后面而非前面。
2、
定语从句
定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。
I like the photos which were taken in Beijing.
要弄清which指代的是哪个名词
二、
被主语的表象迷惑
1、
看似单数却表示复数的概念，people, police, cattle, poultry等，前面第5点有讲到，并且注意集合名词。
2、
名词的单复数同形。
There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？这里的a little指的是一只小绵羊，注意后面的it。
三、
误用语言规则
1、
前面第4点提到过的，金钱、时间等度量单位等名词的复数做主语都看成一个整体。
2、
this kind of，a piece of，a bag of，a box of等，这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定，而与它们所修饰的名词无关。
3、
all of，most of，half of，the rest of，以及a lot of，some，any+名词作主语时，要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。
4、
合成不定代词(如something，anybody等)作主语，谓语动词用单数
5、
动名词、不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数
======================
                    附加题
======================
1. Three years ___has____ (have) passed since we met last time, and three years ___is____ (be) a long time.

2. __Is_____ (be) everybody going to take part in the game?

3. Both men and women __have_____ (have) complained about the advertisement.

4. The family ___were___ (be) watching TV when I came into the room.

5. But not all the information __is_____ (is) good to society.

6. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents ___were____ (be) out.

7. There ___is____ (is) a table, several chairs in the old house.

8. The great writer and professor ___is____ (is) going to our school next week.

9. The scientist and the engineer ___have____ (have) invented a new machine.

10. Alice, together with her friends, __was____ (be) punished for having broken the school rules. （我用了is，囧）

11. Every girl and every boy ___has____ (have) the right to join the club.

12. --- _Is____ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I ___am____（be）.(这题有点拿不准)

13. --- Is there anybody in the classroom?
--- No, the teacher as well as the students ___has____ (have) gone to the playground.

14. None of the money ___is____ (be) his.

15. A knife and fork __is_____ (be) on the table. A pen and a pencil ___are____ (be) on the desk.

II. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. E-mail, as well as telephones, ______ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play

2. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _______ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is
B. are C. am D. be （not only but also 谓语应与but also后面的名词保持一致）

3. Either you or the headmaster _______ the prizes to these students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out
C. are handing out D. is to hand out

4. A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered. has offered
C. are offered D. have offered

5. All the employees except the manager _______ to work online at home.
A. encourages. encourage
C. is encouraged D. are encouraged

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

第二期：情态动词
1—— 情态动词的语法特征
1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
2 ——比较can 和be able to
1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。（could 不表示时态，可以用于现在时，用于疑问和否定表推测或怀疑，或者用于委婉请求，回答时用can）
2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
3—— 比较may和might
1）表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
4—— 比较have to和must
1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必",mustn't表示"禁止"
5—— must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
5) 否定推测用 can't。
6 ——表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。
7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.(本应该仔细些)
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已经扔了）
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
8—— should 和ought to
should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。
9—— had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
10—— would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner（这个比较少见）都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which _would you rather__ do?
11—— will和would
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
12 ——情态动词的回答方式
问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
13—— 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
14 ——比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

情态动词在写作中的运用
1、        首先是情态动词，尤其是Will的漏掉。
（1）表示观点一定要用情态动词。
中国考生受汉语影响，一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了，以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如：
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词，这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实，而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。
（2），与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中， so that或者 in order that引导的从句，或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句，不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
If I have time tomorrow, I will drive to pick you up.
2、        是情态动词的误用。
1）        中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
2）        should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替， 或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。
3）        must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.

StefanaUID: 2143510

本来想给ＬＺ加油发现我今天又没分加了。
哎，我总是太穷。

我心有猛虎，在细嗅蔷薇。
我考ＡＷ的时候也给自己写过在这句话呢。

坚持到底。
加油。

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

20# Stefana
谢谢小乔。
一直在做一些事情，总害怕自己没有坚持到底的毅力。
还好，在这里可以互相督促，扯掉我的懒惰。
发现自己语法上的欠缺还不少，中学学的东西都还给了老师=。=
小乔是高手，以后会多多请教哇。:loveliness:

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

第三期 冠词、数词
冠词
一、不定冠词的用法
1、表示“每一”，相当于every. 例如，I go to school five days a week.
2、用在序数词前，表示“又一”。例如，I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
二、定冠词的用法
①用于上文已提到过的人或事物。
He has a new pen. The pen was bought in America.
②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物。
The bag on the desk isn’t mine.
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
The world is changing always.
④用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前。（the first, the last）
She is the only person who was late today.
⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
the Summer Palace 颐和园
⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。
the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山
⑦用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。
the Greens 格林一家人(Kings, Wangs, 用复数)
“the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。
⑧the后加某些形容词，表示一类人或事物。
the poor 穷人 the clever 聪明人
⑨用在乐器前面。（这个以前没注意过）
the piano 钢琴   the violin 小提琴   
⑩用在“the＋形容词比较级＋the＋形容词比较级”结构中，表示“越来……越……”。
The more we get together,the happier we are.
(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。
The man under the tree is my grandfather.
(12)用在表示方向的名词前。
(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。
The computer is an interesting tool.
(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。
in the morning 在早上（上午） in the early morning 一大清早     in the evening 在晚上 in the beginning 在开头（端）     in the afternoon 在下午 by the way 顺便问     in the end 最后，终于 the next day 第二天     at the end of 在……快结尾的时候 the day after tomorrow 后天     at the age of 在……岁的时候 in the front of 在……（内部）的前面     the day before yesterday 前天 on the right(left)在右（左）边
三、零冠词的用法
某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处
(3)介词词组：in surprise；on foot；on duty；at work；on time；in class；on show；in bed等
四、用冠词和不用冠词的差别
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
数词
一、
数词的用法
1、
介词 in one’s+整数数词的复数形式，表示年龄。
2、
序数词前加冠词“a”表示“再一次”。
3、
在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有数词时为实数意义，它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加复数，并可和of连用，构成短语。如：five hundred students；millions of people
二、
分数、小数、倍数及算式表达
1、
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s。
1/5：one fifth，2/3：two thirds
2、
0.09：point zero nine
3、
表示两倍时用twice，表示三倍以上的倍数时用times
4、
5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four
三、
与数词相关的主谓一致
1)
当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语采用单数形式。但是如果“数词”单用，表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数。
2)
如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式：如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。
3)
3)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。
4)
a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。

One or two words are missed in the sentence.
冠词练习题
2． _______ apple a day keeps the doctors away． （谚语：一天一个苹果，用不着看医生）
A．The    B．A    C．An    D．Two
11．They made him _______  king． （职位前面零冠词）
A．a      B．the      C．an     D．／
数词练习题
2.Shakespeare was born in ______。
　　A.1660s        B.1660’s
C.the 1660s    D.the 1660’s
英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为：“in the+年代’s”，如：在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；如果是in 1980=在1980年，一年的时间。
3.Bill said they were going to have _____ holiday。
　　A.a two-weeks’B.a two-week
C.two weeks’D.two weeks
holiday是个可数名词，所以前面不能丢了冠词；形容词放在a holiday的中间，这个形容词由数词和名词复合而成，复合后名词不能加s，two-week——“两周的”。
9.Several _______ new books were sold out last week。
　　A.of thousand    B.thousands
C.thousand of    D.thousand
several表达有三四个那样的基数词，thousand是数词时，前面有基数词，它本身也不加s；thousand是名词时构成短语thousands of，这个短语的前面不用基数词。

本以为这是一个很低级的语法，没想到很多东西还是没搞得细致清楚。

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

第四期 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。
1、
对现在事实的虚拟

基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do

例句：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
2、
对过去事实的虚拟

基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
3、
对将来事实的虚拟

基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”
If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
Should+ 动词原形
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
4、
虚拟条件句的倒装
       虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
      Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.


Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
5、
wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

	真实状况	wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were)	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could+动词原形

例句：
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish sb / sth to do
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
6、    比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　 If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
7、    It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
8、    need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
       John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
       John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
9、
as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
       The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。

此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等. 如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情

这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等
注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。

这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。（与第一项联合记忆）

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

第五期：倒装
一、常见倒装句
1，由引导词there 引导的句子：
There’s an outdoor concert tonight in the park
2, 由there , here, now, then 等副词引导的句子。
There comes the rest of the party.
3, 由so, neither, nor 引导的句子：
I like singing and so does Helen
二、状语从句中的倒装语序
1、有些有If引导的条件状语从句（主要包含有were, had, should 的从句），可以把IF省略，把上述动词放到主语前面去。
2、有些让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况，（主要把标语或部分谓语提前）：
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.
Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind
三、副词或状语引导的倒装句.
1、有否定意义的副词，若放在句首，句子常用倒装。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came.（几乎不，决不）
2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时，有时也会倒装
Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。（bitterly,非常的）
Gladly would I give my life to save the child..
3, 有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序
On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.
一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
四、谓语前移
1、<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前，而把主语放在谓语后面去。
Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原
In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。
2、为了描绘更生动，有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首，把主语放在谓语后面。
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。
She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。
Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。
五、分词和表语位于句首
1、进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首，来对这个动作加以强调。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
2, 以过去分词做表语的句子，过去分词有时也可以提前，把主语放到后面去。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc.（lead,铅）


3,
作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前。
Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment.。
4, 其他表语也可提前
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Below is a restaurant.
Higher up were forests of white birches.
六、其他倒装句
1，祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁！
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。
2、间接引语后的插入语，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
3, 有时修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人，没问题。

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

感冒得整个人都昏昏沉沉。昨天睡了一整天。
今天要继续把落下的都补上，不能指望明天，给自己懒惰的理由。
又有作业了，不知道从何下笔。
论文也没有进展，好像陷入瓶颈=。=
溯洄从之，道阻且长。

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

ISSUE13

Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.

提纲：
政府应当采取措施防止语言的消亡。
第一，
语言是文化的载体和无形的文化遗产。
第二，
语言是人的根基，是个人自豪、尊严和个人价值所在。（诺曼马内阿的例子）
第三，
我们现在面临着语言不断消亡的现实（联合国科教文组织的调查）
第四，
在全球化的环境下，特别是小语种国家政府鼓励人们学习和运用外语，这种政策虽然有现实作用，但是长远来看，过度强调外语将导致对本国历史文化的丢弃和遗忘。
因此，政府应当采取行动防止语言的消亡。

Can you image when your mother language extinct, your children share their pain and pleasure with you in another language? You can understand each other, but you can not express your feeling precisely. So I strongly agree with the speaker that the goverments of countries in which lesser-known languages are spoken should prevent such languages from becoming extinct.

First of all, the indigenous language is the vehicle of culture expressions and intangible culture heritage. Each language is the unique expression of human experience in the world. It contains the history and culture of the race which demonstrates how the race develop and how the people struggle for their lives. In another word, it is the crystallization of the race’s wisdom. If the language extinct, it will results in the irrecoverble loss of historical and cultural knowledge.

Secondly, the language is the root of the speakers. Norman Manea, a writer from Romania , has lived in the USA for 21 years. He presists in writing in Romanian even he lives in a English spoken country. He said that the language stood for the root of his motherland, without it, he would feel homeless. And he believed that each language had its unique phraseology which can not be replaced by another language. Actually, the indigenous language means home to the speakers, especially the one who lives outside of the motherland. When they speak their own language, wherever they are, they can deeply feel the glory of their home. Therefore, the extinction of the language results the sense of homeless and the diminished sense of pride, dignity and self-worth of the speakers.

Despit the indigenous languages are so important, many of the world’s lesser-known languages are being lost now. In the investigation of UNESCO, there are more than 6000 languages in the world, but 4% languages are used by 97% people. Half of the languages face the fact that they are becoming extinct as fewer and fewer people speak them, and a language extincts almost every 2 weeks. “ If nothing would be done, we can be sure that within a few centuries only a few hundred languages will be exist” , said Smeet, a officer of UNESCO. Obviously, the problem that prevent the lesser-known language from becoming extinct demands prompt solution.

In November, 1999, UNESCO declared February 21st as the International Mother Language Day for promoting the position of the indigenous languages, reminding people of the meaningful and worth of their own languages. But it works with little success. Today, in the circumstance of globalization, more and more people speak English or other majority languages communicating with foreigners for bussiness. The indigenous languages, especially the lesser-known languages are not convenient for them because they are easy to misunderstanding. So some goverments of the countries which such languages spoken encourage people to speak the mojority languages. Actually, that policies are helpful for the development of the economy of the countries nowadays. But in the long-term view, if the policies place more emphasis on speaking mojority languages rather than speaking their own languages, them will result the distinct history and culture heritage be abandoned and forgotten altogether. Therefore, the goverments of that countries should act to prevent their own languages from becoming extinct.

To sum up, the indigenous language is not only the vehicle of culture expressions and intangible culture heritage, but also the root of the speakers. As many of the world’s lesser-known languages are losing, the goverments of the countries where the languages are spoken should intervene to prevent these languages from becoming extinct.

想了想还是把这篇很烂的ISSUE贴在这里，毕竟也写了5个小时，毕竟是自己的第一篇ISSUE。就算幼稚，也算是第一步。
看了同主题写作的文章，谢谢草木提供的资料，自己也小找了些资料，虽然能用上的不多，写来写去也还是陈词滥调。
不过还好，写完还是有点小小的兴奋，我的第一篇啊。

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

ARGUMENT143

Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading. The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated. The report also demonstrates that many of those who lost their jobs have found new employment. Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time.

*Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employees.

The author disagrees with a artical which claim that many conpetent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing have faced serious long-term economic hardship, due to they can not find other suitable employment. To support the disagreement, the author brought three reasons grounding on a recent report. Firstly, there has been a increase number of new jobs created than eliminated since 1992. Secondly, the workers who lost their jobs have found new ones. Finally, most of the new jobs are full-time and the industries tend to pay above-average wages for the workers.

Consider the first reason, on one hand, the author overlooks the possibility that the newly created jobs are not suit for the workers who have been downsized by the corporation. Most of them want to find jobs as the same type of their former ones, or the similar ones. But the newly created jobs perhaps demand some specific technology, skills which different from their familiar field. So the anthor has no evidence demonstrate that the newly created jobs match the technology, skills, experience and interests of the workers who lost jobs.

On the other hand, the newly created jobs are not only for the works who have been downsized. Along with the increase in the number of population, more and more people need jobs, such as the increasing undergraduats. The author refers to an abstract phrase “ far more”, but he doesn’t have an accurate rate to figure out that the newly created jobs meet the need of all the job seekers.

Regarding the second reason, the artical which the author disagrees also claim that the workers could find new jobs, but the corn problem is how long them could find their new jobs. Nether investigation nor illustration have been provided by the author to demonstration that the unemployed find their new jobs in short period.



As for the third reason, this reason will be tenable only if it is under two assumptions to support the anthor’s position. One is the works fit the jobs. The other is there are enough new jobs for all the job seekers. Even if they meet the condions above, it only indicates that the workers will live without economic problems when they find their jobs.But the author also has no evidence of the unemployed citizens’ living standard to prove that they have not been in serious economic hardship during their hunting job period.

To sum up, the author has not effectively refuted the artical’s claim that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious long-term economic hardship before finding other suitable employment. He has not provided sufficient evidence or precise date to prove that the newly created jobs are suitable for the workers, they can find theirs new employment quickly, and they have no economic hardship to bear. Therefore, he can not certify that the artical’s claim is misleading.

也把Argument贴上来，纪念第一篇。写这一篇的时候，66的同主题写作给了我思路，算是模仿吧，虽然有东施效颦之嫌。
同样也看了66的heaven in flowers，给了我很多启发。不过我想要达到能够自由运用的程度，还需要走很长的路。
继续加油吧。

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

第六期从句
主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
名词性从句主语从句
1.
主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
*It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
*It seems that the performance is very useful.
2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.
3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.
宾语从句
1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　
　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……

　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……

　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

第七期名词
一.
名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
　如：　two Marys
the Henrys

monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays

storey ---storeys　 story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios  zoo---zoos；
　　b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes

c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs
safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；
　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves
wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；
　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
二.
名词复数的不规则变化
1) 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　
a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
常误用的名词：economics 经济学 measles 麻疹 physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
　　
mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病，佝偻病dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
　　
The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报
　　 b. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
　　 c. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
　　　"The Arabian Nights"is a very interesting story-book.
2)
表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
3)
还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思
goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼
三.
不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
　　a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
　　　Cake is
a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
　　　These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
　　b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
　　　This factory produces steel.　(不可数)
　　　We need various steels.　(可数)
　　c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
　　　Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
　　　Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。
2）抽象名词有时也可数。
　　four freedoms 四大自由

　　the four modernizations四个现代化
四.定语名词的复数
1) 用复数作定语。

　　sports meeting 运动会  students reading-room 学生阅览室　
　　talks table 谈判桌　the
foreign languages department 外语系

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
    men workers　　women teachers
gentlemen officials
3) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
　two-dozen
eggs　两打鸡蛋　  a ten-mile walk 十里路　

two-hundred trees 两百棵树  a five-year plan.　一个五年计划
  个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child
五．国家的人单复数

名称　 总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人

the               a/an　　　　two

中国人　　the Chinese　　 a Chinese　 two Chinese 瑞士人　　the Swiss            a Swiss　　   two Swiss 日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese

法国人　　the French　 a Frenchman　 two Frenchmen 英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　 two Englishmen

德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　　two Germans

澳大利亚人 Australians　　 an Australian　two Australians 俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　 two Russians 意大利人　the Italians　　 an Italian　       two Italians 希腊人　　the Greek    　　a Greek　　 two Greeks 美国人　　the Americans　an American　 two Americans 印度人　　the Indians　　 an Indian　　 two Indians 加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　 two Canadians 瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　 　two Swedes

六．常被误用的不可数名词
advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
　　furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景景色information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
　　knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼
　　cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境clothing 衣服
work 工作，劳动 paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
测试
5. It’s a good ______ to go to the cinema.
A. advice
B. idea
C. information
D. News
13. Tables are made of ______
A. Wood
B. Woods
C. wooden
D. some woods
20. What____! Where did you get them?
A. big fish B. a big fish C a piece of big fish D. big a fish
21. Have you received ______ of his coming ?
A. a word
B. words
C, the word
D. Word
24. Last night, there was a food accident. Ten _____ were ill, but no _____ were lost.
A. child, lives
B, children, life
C. children, lives
D. child, life

sunflower_irisUID: 2720580

第八期代词
摘写下知识盲点。
主格、宾格的替换
1、宾格代替主格
1）
在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
2）
在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
2、主格代替宾格
在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
代词的指代问题
1）
不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用 he, his, him代替。
2）
指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
并列人称代词排序问题
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －> 第三人称 －> 第一人称
you －> he/she; it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －> 第二人称 －> 第三人称
we－>you －>They
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，It was I and John that made her angry.
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
反身代词
1、反身代词作宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词：absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词：take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。
2、注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

I myself drove the car.我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
相互代词
1、传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
2、相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes.学生们互借笔记。
指示代词
That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人。
疑问代词
Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m) did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）
Who(m) are you taking the book to?你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词后，不能用who取代。）
不定代词
1、none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。
2、all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book
   但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night， all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the way
3、neither...nor
a. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。
If you don't do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。
b. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不
用 ones。
Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I 've bought some.
关于THE
He is one of the students who help me.（定语从句与the students 一致。）
He is the one of the students who helps me. （定语从句与the one 一致。）
EVERY AND EACH
every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。
FEW, LITTLE
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)