1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by dingyi0311——改变从现在开始

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

你的response的形式
你可以通过你认为可以有效地展示你对这一问题的想法的方式自由地组织和展开你的文章，你的文章可能，但是不必要都包括一些在大学英语写作课程上学得的特殊的写作技巧。GRE的评分员不会去找某一特殊的写作技巧或者写作模式，事实上，当GRE评分员被训练的时候，他们浏览乐上百篇issue文章，这些文章尽管在形式和内容上千差万别，但是都表现了相似的批判思维和说服写作的能力。读者会看到一些6分的issue文章以简短的总结作者对问题的观点然后表明要论证的要点。也会看到一些文章通过预见来导入作者的观点，问一连串的问题，描述一种现象，或者对某个词语或者引文进行定义。评分员知道作者可以通过给出多种例子或者展示一个广泛的例子来获得高分。看那些范文，特别是5到6分的，了解其它的作者如何成功的组织他们的issue
你应该用你认为合适的段落来写你的issue，例如，你可能需要在任何要讨论一些新的观点的时候另起一段。重要的不是例子的数目，段落的数目或者你文章的形式。而是你的文章的对文章的理解和阐述和你向评分员表达你的观点的能力

Issue 题目
在我们的时代，各种专才被高估了，我们需要更多的通才-那些可以提供更全面的观点的人。
写作这篇文章的策略
这个观点引起了相关的问题。什么是专才或者通才，他们对社会来说有什么价值？社会确实需要更多的通才，而专才确实是过高被估计了么？
这里有一些关于这篇issue的基本得观点：是的，社会需要更多的通才并且社会过高的估计了专才的作用。不，反对是对的。或者这是由很多情况决定的。或者两种人在今天的文化中都很重要。你的分析必须从某一社会或者国家，一个或者更多的地区，或者不同的情况中找到例子。可能更关心通才和专才在交流，运输，政治，信息技术中的作用。所有的这些方法都是正确的，只要你用切题的理由喝例子来支持你的观点。
在你选取的立场之前，留点时间重读题目的观点，分析它，思考例如以下一些问题
通才和专才有什么区别，各自的优点是什么？
不同的情况或者专业是不是都有这些不同，有没有一些专才也需要一些广泛的知识来完成他们的工作？
在我的领域内的专才和通才是如何分工的？
社会是如何评价通才和专才的？专才是否在有些情况下被高估而有些情况下并没有
社会是否需要比现在更多的专家，如果是的，他们需要做什么？
现在你可以将你的想法归为两类
支持这个观点的例子和理由
反对这个观点的例子或者理由
如果你发现一种观点比另外一个观点要更有说服力更容易从那个方面展开论证。在你构建你的论证的时候记住相反的观点。
如果两类都很重要。你可以通过更限定的或者更复杂而不是一个方面的观点来展开你的论证。然后你可以用两个方面的理由或者例子来证明你的观点。
作文和评分员的评语
In this era of rapid social and technological
change
leading to increasing life complexity and
psychological displacement,
both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.


Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate
the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase):"I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focussed individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon." This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us.


Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of
information overload. While it was fine for early physicists to learn and understand the few laws and ideas All responses in this publication are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any. that existed during their times, now, no one individual can possibly digest and assimilate all of the
knowledge in any given area.


On the other hand, Over specialization means narrow focii in which people can lose the larger
picture.No one can hope to understand the human body by only inspecting one's own toe-nails. What we learn from a narrow focus may be internally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within the framework of a broader perspective. Further, if we inspect only our toe-nails, we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white. Useful conclusions and thus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing among specialists. Simply throwing out various discovieries means we have a pile of useless discoveries, it is only when one can make with them a mosaic that we can see that they may form a picture.


Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of
knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universall issues. Generalists and only generalists can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment. With specialization, each person focusses on their research and their goals. Thus, industrialization, expansion, and new technologies are driven ahead. Meanwhile no individual can see the wholisitc view of our global existence in which true advancement may mean stifling individual specialists for the greater good of all.


Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological compartmentalization. People are forced into pigeon holes early in life (at least by university) and must conciously attempt to consume external forms of stimuli and information in order not to be lost in their small and isolated universe. Not only does this make for narrowly focussed and generally pooprly-educated individuals, but it guarantees
a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling of psychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction. Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recongnizes the impotance of braod-mindedness and fora for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important. Specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field and know what the stakes are.
评分员对这篇6分文章的评语
这是一篇非常出色的问题分析，深入，理论充分，很有效地运用了语言。开头段表明了作者的观点，提供了作者如何展开他的论述的前提：“在这个科学技术快速发展的社会，科技使我们的生活越来越复杂精神错位…….”
这篇论述可以分成两个部分。第一个部分阐释了专才的例子，主要是在医药领域。第二个部分从三个方面展示了同样吸引人的，很好的组织的例子来反驳过度专业化。
逻辑上（单一的专才不能理解整体）
道德上（只有通才才能理解什么才是对大家最好的）
个人上（专业化给人心里上的损伤）
这篇文章的说理被专家的话（引用的一个有名的医学研究者的话）和生动的比喻（如果只看一个人的脚趾头就会忽略人整个身体）所加强。
不仅是说理使这篇文章与众不同，语言十分准确，并且经常使用比喻（陷入了充满信息的Sargasso海，一堆无用的发现，专才是我们不断前进而通才是我们仍然在竞技场）读者通过过渡性的短语和组织思想的想法所引导，跟着读者前进，这是一篇很好的文章。
5分的文章
专才并没有被过度重视. 如今可能需要更多的通才，但这并不意味着专才不需要  通才可以提供对不同题目广泛的思考和信息.而那些能从整体的角度看待问题的人才能解决我们如今社会上的一些问题. 但是专才可以使我们对解决问题的方法提供更深入的了解

一个来说明专业人才没有被高估非常好的例子是在医学领域. 我们需要医生来使我们健康的生活 当人们生病的时候, 他们可以找那些一般的医生去检查病因.通常情况下，这种有通才的医生可以用简单的治疗方法和药物来解决问题. 尽管有时候可能超出了一个普通家庭医生的知识，或者他们开的药没有起到预期的效果.如果疾病继续发展或者被诊断出需要更好的医疗服务治疗的疾病时。例如, 一个经常有呼吸道疾病需要住院的病人应该去看哮喘病的专家.应为家庭医生有大家的关于药品的知识,它可以决定什么时候他的方法没有效果并且需要去看能够解决专业问题的医生; 哪些了解疾病如何开始，发展和特殊治疗方法的人这是一个扑通一声不具备足够的能力解决而专业医生可以决绝问题的例子。

另外一个专家而不是一般的人更重要的例子是关于教育.在语法学校,小孩学习一些基础的读和算的规律. 但是当小孩长大并且进入学校的时候, 他们能够更好的理解语言和算术 随着他们在学校学习的时间的增加，他们需要学习更多的关于某一方面的细节问题他们开始学习一些数学概念，如加，减，乘，除. 再过一些年以后，他们开始学习一些代数概念，几何和微积分。他们还需要学习一些高级的词汇。 生活是组成和分工的规律。 一两个老师或者教授和那些学习只关于一个方面得专业知识的人不能提够对所有这些问题的深入的讨论， 一般性的老师需要在很早的年龄塑造学生，使他们在未来能够获得某领域的基础知识并且发现新的东西

以上是为什么专家没有被高估并且通才并没有使专家不重要的例子.同才可以给公众提供对某一事情的广泛的理解但是专家也十分重要他们帮助我们保持健康和社会的稳定。专才很重要。
评分员对这篇5分的评语的评论
作者对通过讨论对通才和专才的需要展示了这篇文章的问题的复杂性，是一篇比较好的文章。
这篇文章的论述基于两个展开的例子，两个选择的都很好。第一个例子通过讨论医学通才的和专家的必要性并用一个更特殊的例子来证明这个例子。从一般到特殊的例子在第二段也是以同样的特点展开。讨论从基础教育到高等教育，从基础数学到微积分。
文章通过一些合适的连接词如：“但是，”“一般而言，”和“例如，”来顺畅的展开，文章结尾通过照应作者的中西来结束。
景观作者在处理语言和排比上做的不错，但是有几个地方不是很清楚，这篇文章不能打6分。问题有缺少指示代词（当一个疾病发展或者被诊断的时候,……它可以询问专家），一些错误的排比结构（它是如何开始，发展和特殊的治疗）和一些不规范的语言（一般的老师需要在学生年幼的时候molding他们，使他们能够为未来理解文章的内容做准备）
四分范文
Specialists are just what their name says: people who specialize in one part of a very general scheme of things.
A person can't know everything there is to know about everything.
This is why specialists are helpful.
You can take one general concept and divide it up three ways and have three fully developed different concepts instead of one general concept that no one really knows about.
Isn't it better to really know something well, than to know everything half-way.

Take a special ed teacher compared to a general ed teacher.
The general ed teacher knows how to deal with most students.
She knows how to teach a subject to a student that is on a normal level.
But what would happen to the child in the back of the room with dyslexia?
She would be so lost in that general ed classroom that she would not only not learn, but be frustrated and quite possibly, have low self-esteem and hate school.
If there is a special ed teacher there who specializes in children with learning disabilities, she can teach the general ed teacher how to cope with this student as well as modify the curriculum so that the student can learn along with the others.
The special ed teacher can also take that child for a few hours each day and work with her on her reading difficulty one-on-one, which a general ed teacher never would have time to do.

A general ed teacher can't know what a special ed teacher knows and a special ed teacher can't know what a general ed teacher knows.
But the two of them working together and specializing in their own things can really get a lot more accomplished.
The special ed teacher is also trained to work on the child's self-esteem, which has a big part in how successful this child will be.
Every child in the United States of America has the right to an equal education.
How can a child with a learning disability receive the same equal education as a general ed student if there was no specialist there to help both teacher and child?

Another thing to consider is how a committee is supposed to work together.
Each person has a special task to accomplish and when these people all come together, with their tasks finished, every aspect of the community's work is completely covered.
Nothing is left undone.
In this case there are many different specialists to meet the general goal of the committee.

When you take into account that a specialist contributes only a small part of the generalist aspect, it seems ridiculous to say that specialists are overrated.
The generalists looks to the specialists any time they need help or clarification on their broad aspect.
Specialists and generalists are part of the same system, so if a specialist is overrated, then so is a generalist.
评分员对4分文章的评语
这是一篇合理的分析。在混乱的定义专家后开始文章，作者展示了一个相关的例子（专业教育老师来说明专家的重要性。这个例子占据文章的大部分，使它整体为4分）
第二个例子，委员会如何运作不是很有说服力。但是它帮助作者定义通才但是使读者更好地了解题目中什么是专才。
尽管作者对专才和通才的关系的看法不寻常，他们确实在文章的结尾变的清晰。但是这个观点没有在文中论证得更深入或者更有骡子，所以只能得4分
这篇文章没有太多的问题，在语法，句子结构，和词汇选择上只有少数的错误。尽管语言多次不准确和多余。总体来说，这篇文章展示了较好的英语写作能力。

三分文章
To quote the saying, "Jack of all trades, master of none," would be my position on the statement.
I feel specialists in all areas of knowledge lead to a higher standard of living for everyone.
Specializing in different areas allows us to use each others talents to the highest level and maximize potential.
As an example, if a person required brain surgery, would they rather have a brain surgeon or a general practitioner doing the work?
Clearly a specialist would do the better job and give the patient a chance at a better life.

A university education starts by laying the groundwork for general knowledge but then narrows down to a specific field.
General knowledge and a broad prospective are important, but if there was no focus on specific areas, our overall knowledge as a population would be seriously lessened.

Another example of specialists not being overated would be international trade.
Not every nation can provide for themselves.
They need to get products and ideas from other parts of the world because they are better at providing them.
This allows for a growing economy if two different nations can provide each other with two different products.
If one country can produce oranges better than another, it should trade the oranges for the fish that it can not produce.
If generalizing was the normal thing to do and both countries tried to produce all kinds of products,
the countries would probably survive, but not have the standard of living they presently have.
三分文章的评语
作者的观点十分清楚：专家是重要且必须的。但是这个观点并没有被理由和例子支持。
第一段表明了一个脑外科vs一般医生得合理的例子。但是，第二段十分狭窄的关于大学教育的例子只有两句话没有充分的展开。这不能深入作者的观点。
第三段提供了另外一个例子，也是三个例子中论述的最充分的。不幸的是，例子在逻辑上并不是非常清楚。作者试图论述特殊的国家（产桔子更好的国家）。作者告诉我们这样的国家要比别的国家要差。这个结论似乎对于作者的论证来说不是很合乎逻辑，而且在现实中不会出现。
尽管全篇的语言有很多不精确的地方，作者的意思表达的很清楚。这篇文章3分的理由是因为展开的不充分，例子不太恰当。
2分的文章
In the situation of health I feel that specialists are very important.
For example if a person has heart wide range problems, choose a heart specialist over a genral medicine Dr.
However if a person is having aof syptoms, perhaps choose a Dr. with a wide range of experience might be more helpful.


It also depends on the type of problem you are having.
For example I would not suggest taking a troubled child to a theorpist who specializes in marriage problems.
In some cases have a specialists helps to insure that you are getting the best possibly treatment.
On the other hand dealing with a person who has a wide range of experience may be able to find different ways of dealing with a particular problem.

Since the quotation did not state exactely what type of specialist we are dealing with it is also hard to determine the importance of having a specialist is.
For example the could be health or problems with a car, or basically anything else.
I feel that this information should not have been left out.
I guess the bottom line is that I feel sometimes a specialist is very important.
2分文章的评语
这是一篇对问题严重错误分析的文章。文章支持专才。但是不论是理由和例子都没有说服力。让一个问题小孩去看婚姻问题的专家的例子太过于简单而且十分错误off the mark应为这只是区分了不同的专家而不是专才和通才。
文章的段落构成简单，语句十分难以理解。然而这不是一个一分的文章：作者表明了对这个问题的观点。通过一些简单得分析来展开观点，也清楚的表达了一些观点。
一分的文章
I disagree with the statement about specialists, we need specialists who take individual areas and specialize.
A generalists can pinpoint a problem.
He or she cannot determine the magnitude of the problem.
A specialist can find the root of the problem.
When he or she has years working in that specific field.
For example, when i got sick i went to a doctor.
He did blood work, x-ray, talk to me, ect.
He prescribed me a medicine.
I got worst.
So i decided to go another doctor.
Now, i am doing great.
A specialist knows the facts right away.
Otherwise, it will take longer or not at all.
1分的评语
这篇文章的讨论基本上是有缺陷的
第一句话表明了作者支持专才的立场。但是并没有用连贯的论证来支撑，一些观点相互矛盾（如，通才可以定位问题）并且一些例子难以理解。如果这篇文章解释第一个医生是通才，而第二个医生是专才例子就是可行的。但是，在写作的时候这个例子十分模糊，令人难以理解。而一个模糊的陈述让文章更加模糊。
应为基本上大多数的句子都十分短，而且简陋，所表达的思想也十分简陋。作者需要提供过度的短语和思想来使文章在逻辑上更通畅。而且，语法和词语使用的错误十分多。但是主要是因为缺乏连贯性使这篇文章只有一分。

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

Argument测试的分析
理解Argument测试
分析论文的任务主要测试你理解，分析，和评估论文和表达你分析文章的能力。这个任务由一篇简短的关于一些通过理由和论据支持的行动或者事情解读的观点的文章。你的任务是通过检查文章的理由和论据讨论作者文章逻辑的正确性。这个任务需要你仔细的阅读这篇argument。你可能要读不止一次，并且要做一些你想在文中展开的想法的笔记。在读argument的时候，你尤其需要注意：
提供了什么样的证据，支持或者证据
观点，结论，陈述是什么
假设了什么，可能没有证明或者证据
还有什么没有说明，或者需要补充。
而且，你需要考虑argument的结构-这些因素是如何联系起来来形成一连串的说理;你必须认识到分开的，内在的思考过程。并且考虑这些从一步到另外一步的过程是否逻辑上正确。通过跟踪这些线索。寻找作者进行逻辑连接的过渡词语或者短语。
在Argument测试表现好的关键在于时刻记住你要做什么。你没有必要讨论文中观点的正确与否，而是要考虑文中的结论或者推论是否有效的从陈述中得出。你也不需要同意或者不同意文中的观点;你需要对证明观点的思想进行评论。你也不需要表达你自己对这一主题的观点，而是要评论另外一个作者所写的argument逻辑上的正确性，通过做这些事情来展示你所拥有的那些大学老师们看重的思考，分析写作和带观点阅读的能力。
分析argument是一个主要反应批判思维的写作任务。因此你的评论中展示的分析技巧决定了你最后的分数
理解写作的文章：目的和观众
这个测试的目的是让你具备深入分析别人所写的论文并且有效表达你对其他学术观众表达你思想的能力。你的观众包括大学里面的受过GRE评分训练的老师。评分标准见分析论文指导。
为了清楚的了解GRE评分员是如何根据评分标准进行打分，你应该浏览评分员的评语和一些样问。这些范文，尤其是5分和6分层次的，将向你展示文章组织，展开，和表达说服力上的成功策略。评分人的评论论述了具体方面的分析和写作，例如使用例子，展开和支持论点，文章结构组织，语言流畅性，和选词。对于每一篇范文，评论都指出了尤其具有说服力的方面和影响文章整体效果的方面。

5.3 怎样准备argument测试
由于ISSUE是为了评估你在你的学习中培养的有非正式说理的写作技巧，因而他既不要求特定课程的学习，也不优势于特定训练的学生你会发现许多大学关于写作的课本提供的关于有说服力的写作都是很有帮助的，但是即使是这种建议对于你在ISSUE中需要的来说也是过于技巧性和特殊性。你不必知道具体的批判性思维或者写作条款或者策略，相反你应该能够使用理由，证据和例子去支持你ISSUE中的观点。例如，在一个题目中，一个基础学校的校长可能认为学校操场上的基础设施的建设可以提高学校学生的出勤率因为缺勤率在这些设施被装备后降低了。你需要看到校长 犯了发生其后，故因其所致得错误。你需要找一些其他的可能的提高出勤率的解释，你可以提供一些常识性的例子或者建议一些其他的能够证明结论的例子。例如，出勤率的降低可能是由于天气不好，这种可能必须被排除才能证明结论正确。   
尽管你不需要知道特殊的分析技巧和术语，你需要熟悉argument测试的指导和一些重要的概念，包括以下的：
l其它的解释----一个可能的有竞争性的能够解释导致事情发生的原因的例子可以引起读者得怀疑。一个替代的解释可以削弱或者限制原始的解释因为它不能解释所观测到的事实
l分析----把论证分解成不同的部分，然后理解如何形成一个整体；一般在写作中包括这个过程的结果
l论证-----一个或者一些观点可以通过说理和证据来支撑；一连串的说理可以用来证明事情的真假。
l假设-----一个简短得，没有充分论证和检验的假设，经常被一些人用来支持他们的观点，但是这些假设被认为是理所当然的，但是这些假设必须在结论的正确的前提下
l结论——通过一系列的说理我们得到结论，说理可能是正确的，但是结论可能太武断
l反例——一个假设的或者真实的例子可以用来反驳或者反证文中的观点
为了计划你的作文，你可能想要总结你的观点，对你将怎样支持你要写的观点做一个简要的说明。不断的练习对任何人都非常有用的。当你练习完几个题目之后，试着在30分钟之内完成一些题目，如果你根据这些方法利用你的时间来分析论文，不论你用什么方法，你应该
  l仔细读论文——你可能要读不止一次
l 确定竟可能多的它的观点，结论，和基本假设
l 想更多的替代的例子
l 想一些其他可以支持或者削弱观点的例子
l问你自己那些论文中的改变会让文章更有道理
简要的记录下你的每个想法。当你分析的足够完全的时候检查你的记录并且将他们以一定的顺序排列。然后通过完全的，按顺序地展开你的评论。即使你没有写全篇的文章，你也会发现分析一些argument并且粗略地写出你的作文会有帮助。当你变得更加快速更加有信心的时候，你应该尽量在30分钟内完成你的作文，这会使你在真正的考试中知道如何开分配时间。例如，你可能想透彻地讨论一个要点或者提供很多的例子但是没有时间来完成你的要点。
如果你能从一些教批判性思维或者写作的老师那里得到一些关于你写的文章的反馈和指导，那将是非常有用的。或者你可以和一些和你写一样题目的同学交换文章，然后联系评分指南来讨论一个作者的作文。尝试着确定每一篇文章是怎样达到或没有达到指南中指出的每一个分数点的标准的。把你自己的文章和评分指南进行比较，这有助于发现你可以怎样或者在哪里可以进行提高。


如何解读文章题目中的数字，百分比和数据
一些argument中包含了数字，百分比或者数据来支持argument中的结论。例如。一篇argument中可能声称一个社区事件今年不流行，因为只有100个人在今年参加，而去年有150个人，减少了33%。记住你没有必要对数字，百分比和数据进行数学运算而是应该看这些数据是否能够支持论据；例如，今年的天气可能更糟糕，今年的事前发生在非常不方便的时候，今年的花费可能上升，或者今年可能有其他的流行。这些都可以解释人员的减少而削弱不流行的结论。同样的，百分率可以支持或者削弱结论，这取决于百分率所代表的真实数目是多少。试想一下，一个歌舞剧俱乐部在学校需要更多的资助，因为它的会员上升了100%，这个增长率是十分显著的，但是可能原来只有5个人，现在有10个。记住，任何数字，百分比和数据都不能作为唯一的标准来支持结论，你可以考虑他们是否能够支持结论。

你的文章的形式
你可以通过你认为可以有效地展示你对这一问题的想法的方式自由地组织和展开你的文章，你的文章可能，但是不必要都包括一些在大学英语写作课程上学得的特殊的写作技巧。GRE的评分员不会去找某一特殊的写作技巧或者写作模式，事实上，当GRE评分员被训练的时候，他们浏览乐上百篇issue文章，这些文章尽管在形式和内容上千差万别，但是都表现了相似的批判思维和说服写作的能力。读者会看到一些6分的issue文章以简短的总结作者对问题的观点然后表明要论证的要点。也会看到一些文章通过预见来导入作者的观点，问一连串的问题，描述一种现象，或者对某个词语或者引文进行定义。评分员知道作者可以通过给出多种例子或者展示一个广泛的例子来获得高分。看那些范文，特别是5到6分的，了解其它的作者如何成功的组织他们的issue
你应该用你认为合适的段落来写你的issue，例如，你可能需要在任何要讨论一些新的观点的时候另起一段。重要的不是例子的数目，段落的数目或者你文章的形式。而是你的文章的对文章的理解和阐述和你向评分员表达你的观点的能力
Argument样题
医院的数据显示在滑板运动后进入紧急室的人数显示保护装备的必要。在这组人中，75的人在停车场或者街道在没有穿戴保护性的服装的情况下发生事故（头盔，护膝，等）或者任何的反光材料（一些反光片，能在黑暗中发光得护手等）。显然，这些数据表明了在高质量的保护性装备和反射材料被使用后，滑板的人严重的受伤会被减少。
这个题目写作的策略
这个argument引用了一组医院的数据来支持他的推断“购买高质量的防护或者反射装备可以减少严重的滑板事故的发生
在展开你的分析的时候，你应该问你自己医院的数据是否能够支持它的结论。你可以问你自己一下的一些问题。
在滑板中损伤的人有多大的比例进入了急救室
进入急救室的在滑板时受伤的人是不是能有代表性
有没有在滑板时受伤的人没有进入紧急室
进入急救室的人是不是都是严重受伤的
25%穿了保护措施的滑板的人是否和75%没有穿保护性衣服的人受的伤的严重性一样。
是否街道或者停车场本身就对与滑板的人更危险
一般的防护措施是不是跟高级的防护措施效果相同
有没有其他的一些因素而不是装备造成不同比如天气，能见度，滑板的人的技术。
思考一些这些问题的可能的回答，这可以帮助你发现一些假设，其他的解释或者在argument中你可以批评的观点。
文章和评分员的评论

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

6分作文
The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion.
After all, it is the intent of these products to either provent accidents from occuring
in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur.
However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear.

First of all, as mentioned in the argument, there are two distinct kinds of gear - preventative gear (such as light reflecting material) and protective gear (such as helmets).
Preventative gear is intended to warn others, presumably for the most part motorists, of the presence of the roller skater.
It works only if the "other" is a responsible and caring individual who will afford the skater the necessary space and attention.
Protective gear is intended to reduce the effect of any accident, whether it is caused by an other, the skater or some force of nature.
Protective gear does little, if anything, to prevent accidents but is presumed to reduce the injuries that occur in an accident.
The statistics on injuries suffered by skaters would be more interesting if the skaters were grouped into those wearing no gear at all, those wearing protective gear only, those wearing preventative gear only and those wearing both.
These statistics could provide skaters with a clearer understanding of which kinds of gear are more beneficial.

The argument above is weakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear and those who do not.
If is at least likely that those who wear gear may be generally more responsible and/or safety conscious individuals.
The skaters who wear gear may be less likely to cause accidents through careless or dangerous behavior.
It may, in fact, be their natural caution and repsonsibility that keeps them out of the emergency room rather than the gear itself.
Also, the statistic above is based entirely on those who are skating in streets and parking lots which are relatively dangerous places to skate in the first place.
People who are generally more safety conscious (and therefore more likely to wear gear) may choose to skate in safer areas such as parks or back yards.

The statistic also goes not differentiate between severity of injuries.
The conclusion that safety gear prevents severe injuries suggests that it is presumed that people come to the emergency room only with severe injuries.
This is certainly not the case.
Also, given that skating is a recreational activity that may be primarily engaged in during evenings and weekends (when doctors' offices are closed), skater with less severe injuries may be especially likely to come to the emergency room for treatment.

Finally, there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality (and presumably more expensive) gear is any more beneficial than other kinds of gear.
For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the same preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirt designed only for skating.
Before skaters are encouraged to invest heavily in gear, a more complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual pieces of gear would be helpful.

The argument for safety gear based on emergency room statistics could provide important information and potentially saves lives.
Before conclusions about the amount and kinds of investments that should be made in gear are reached, however, a more complete understanding of the benefits are needed.
After all, a false confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all.

评分员对这篇6分文章的评语
这是一篇出色地展示了作者深入分析问题的能力的文章。文章一开头表明了题目的错误的说理。可以导致人们过度地购买保护性的装备，然后深入而广泛地检查了每个论据的根本错误。特别是作者表明了一些削弱这篇文章的要点。
保护性和防御性的装备不一样
那些穿有保护性的装备的人可能更少的发生事故，因为他们本身就更负责，更小心。
这些数据没有区分受伤的程度
这些装备没有必要都是高级的
文章的讨论流畅逻辑清晰，每个观点都十分透彻和有说服力。而且，这篇文章短小，简练，没有什么错误。句式复杂多变，措辞清晰准确。
总的来说，这篇文章表现了6分中相当高的水平，如果作者语言没有这么好，并且提供少一些的论据来反驳文章，这个文章仍然可以打6分。
5分文章
The argument presented is limited but useful.
It indicates a possible relationship between a high percentage of accidents and a lack of protective equipment.
The statistics cited compel a further investigation of the usefulness of protective gear in preventing or mitigating roller-skating related injuries.
However, the conclusion that protective gear and reflective equipment would "greatly reduce.risk of being severely injured" is premature.
Data is lacking with reference to the total population of skaters and the relative levels of experience, skill and physical coordination of that population.
It is entirely possible that further research would indicate that most serious injury is averted by the skater's ability to react quickly and skillfully in emergency situations.

Another area of investigation necessary before conclusions can be reached is identification of the types of injuries that occur and the various causes of those injuries.
The article fails to identify the most prevalent types of roller-skating related injuries.
It also fails to correlate the absence of protective gear and reflective equipment to those injuries.
For example, if the majority of injuries are skin abrasions and closed-head injuries, then a case can be made for the usefulness of protective clothing mentioned.
Likewise, if injuries are caused by collision with vehicles (e.g. bicycles, cars) or pedestrians, then light-reflective equipment might mitigate the occurences.
However, if the primary types of injuries are soft-tissue injuries such as torn ligaments and muscles, back injuries and the like, then a greater case could be made for training and experience as preventative measures.
评分员对5分文章的评语
这是一篇很好地对文章反驳的文章，看到“表明了可能的关系”但是结论还不成熟”。它提出了3个中心问题，如果被回答了，会削弱这篇论文的正确性
全体滑板人的特点是什么
保护性和防御性的材料在防止严重损伤中有什么作用
在文中的受伤是什么种类的
这篇文章的作者通过考虑可能的回答来展台这些问题，以此来加强或者削弱论文。这篇文章并没有像6分作文那样深入地分析并展开，但是这篇文章组织清晰，语言应用得当，很大的程度使它高于4分
4分作文
Although the argument stated above discusses the importance of safety equipment as significant part of avoiding injury, the statistics quoted are vague and inconclusive.
Simply because 75 percent of the people involved in roller-skating accidents are not wearing the stated equipment does not automatically implicate the lack of equipment as the cause of injury.
The term "accidents" may imply a great variety of injuries.
The types of injuries one could incur by not wearing the types of equipment stated above are minor head injuries; skin abrasions or possibly bone fracture of a select few areas such as knees, elbows, hands, etc. (which are in fact most vulnerable to this sport); and/or injuries due to practising the sport during low light times of the day.
During any physically demanding activity or sport people are subjected to a wide variety
of injuries which cannot be avoided with protective clothing or light-reflective materials.
These injuries include inner trauma (e.g., heart-attack); exhaustion; strained muscles, ligaments, or tendons; etc.
Perhaps the numbers and percentages of people injured during roller-skating, even without protective equipment, would decrease greatly if people participating in the sport had proper training, good physical health, warm-up properly before beginning (stretching), as well as take other measures to prevent possible injury, such as common-sense, by refraining from performing the activity after proper lighting has ceased and knowing your personal limitations as an individual and athlete.
The statistics used in the above reasoning are lacking in proper direction considering their assertions and therefore must be further examined and modified so that proper conclusions can be reached.
4分文章的评语
这篇文章很好的表达和支持，但是不是很完整。文章很清晰，准确。文章有逻辑的流畅地被表达。引用的数据被用来支持推荐，那些滑板者投资购买更多的保护装备和反射装备可以减少他们发生严重的事故损伤。一些保护性装备的例子在文中被指出。但是，作者没有能够意识到仅仅购买装备和反射材料滑板者就可以被保护。这是错误的，如果滑板者没有使用这些装备或者没有正确地使用这些装备。并且我们必须假设化学者需要购买高质量的装备来获得保护效果。这篇文章可以通过考虑这些问题，推荐提高教育和安全意识的培养来提高，
3分文章
The arguement is well presented and supported, but not completely well reasoned.
It is clear and concisely written.
The content is logically and smoothly presented.
Statistics cited are used to develop support for the recommendation, that roller skaters who invest in protective gear and reflective equipment can reduce their risk of severe, accidental injuries.
Examples of the types of protective equipment are described for the reader.
Unfortunately, the author of the argement fails to note that merely by purchasing gear and reflective equipment that the skater will be protected.
This is, of course, falacious if the skater fails to use the equipment, or uses it incorrectly or inappropriately.
It is also an unnecessary assumption that a skater need purchase high-quality gear for the same degree of effectiveness to be achieved.
The argument could be improved by taking these issues into consideration, and making recommendations for education and safety awareness to skaters.
这篇文章的前半部分写的很好，但是没有充分的论证。后半部分发现了文章的两个假设
那些买保护性的装备的人会使用这些装备
高质量的装备会更有效
这篇要点使这篇文章足够3分。但是这些要点都没有充分展开，使它没有4分。
2分作文
To reduce the accidents from roller skating we should consider about it causes and effects concurrently to find the best solution.
Basically the roller-skating players are children, they had less experiences to protect hemselves from any kind of dangerous.
Therefore, it should be a responsible of adult to take care them.
Adult should recommend their child to wear any protective clothing, set the rules and look after them while they are playing. In the past roller-skating is limited in the skate yard but when it became popular people normally play it on
the street way) Therefore the number of accidents from roller-skating is increased.
The skate manufacturer should have a responsibility in producing a protective clothing.
They should promote and sell them together with skates.
The government or state should set the regulation of playing skate on the street way like they did with the bicycle.

To prevent this kind of accident is the best solution but it needs a coorperation among us to have a concious mind to beware and realize its dangerous.
读者评论
这篇文章严重错误，作者没有批判论文，而是建议成人和制造商确保小孩穿了保护性的衣服。事实上in essence，作者完全接收了文章中的观点。
这篇文章的句式和语言也有严重的错误。包括语言选择，动词形式，主谓一致，准确。这些错误太多并且影响理解。例如需要我们把脑袋练习起来来意识危险的到来。
这篇文章只有两份是因为语言和逻辑思维能力的不足。
1分作文
the protective equipment do help to reduce the risk of being severyly injuryed in an accident since there are 75% Of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protectivel clothing. such as hemlets, kenn pads, etc. or any light-reflecting materials such as clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads ets. if they do have protective eqipment that only a quarter accident may happen, also that can greatly reduce their risk ofbeing severyly injuryed in an accident, that can save some lives and a lot of energy and money for the treatment.
the protective equipment do help to reduce the risk of being severyly injuryed in an accident since there are 75% Of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protectivel clothing. such as hemlets, kenn pads, etc. or any light-reflecting materials such as clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads ets. if they do have protective eqipment that only a quarter accident may happen, also that can greatly reduce their risk ofbeing severyly injuryed in an accident, that can save some lives and a lot of energy and money for the treatment.
the protective equipment do help to reduce the risk of being severyly injuryed in an accident since there are 75% Of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protectivel clothing. such as hemlets, kenn pads, etc. or any light-reflecting materials such as clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads ets. if they do have protective eqipment that only a quarter accident may happen, also that can greatly reduce their risk ofbeing severyly injuryed in an accident, that can save some lives and a lot of energy and money for the treatment.
这篇文章太挫了


GRE评分指导：展示你对这些问题的观点
6分
展示对问题的复杂性的分析能力，有效地表达了思想。
一个典型的文章要具备：
表达了深入的关于问题的观点
用很好的理由和例子展开了观点
一直用专注的，良好地组织的分析来有逻辑地表达观点
证明了良好的标准英语表达方式，只有少数错误。

5分
展示对问题的复杂性的分析能力，有效地表达了思想。
一个典型的文章要具备：
表达了深入的关于问题的观点
用较好的理由和例子展开了观点
一直用专注的，良好地组织的分析来有逻辑地表达观点
证明了良好的标准英语表达方式，只有少数错误。

4分
展示对问题的复杂性的分析能力，有效地表达了思想。
一个典型的文章要具备：
表达了关于问题的观点
用较好的理由和例子展开了观点
一直用较清楚的分析来观点
证明了良好的标准英语表达方式，有些错误。
3分
展示对问题的分析能力，有效地表达了思想。但是有明显错误
一个典型的文章要具备：
模糊地表达了关于问题的观点
用较弱的理由和例子展开了观点
语言和句子结构有问题，使文章不清晰
偶尔有些大的错误和一些小错误在语法，组织和词语使用上，这影响到了意思的表达
2分
表现在分析问题当中的严重的缺陷
不清晰，有限地表达了观点
提供一点相关例子和理由
偏题文章散乱
语言运用有严重问题，结构会影响理解
有一些严重的语法，用此或者组织问题，使文章难以理解
1分
……..
0分
这个也有啊
NS
这个是什么？


GREargument评分标准
6分
6分的文章有说服力，清晰的批判了论文有技巧地表达了作者的意思。
一个标准的文章
清晰地表现了argument的一些重要的特点，深入的分析和展开观点
有说服力的，有逻辑地组织了文章
有效支持了论文中的要点
语言控制能力包括词语选择和句子多样性
语言标准

5分
5分的文章有说服力，清晰的批判了论文有技巧地表达了作者的意思。
一个标准的文章
清晰地表现了argument的一些重要的特点，一般性地分析和展开观点
有效地的，有逻辑地组织了文章
有效支持了论文中的要点
语言控制能力包括词语选择和句子多样性
语言标准

4分
4分的文章有说服力，批判了论文表达了作者的意思。
一个标准的文章
表现了argument的一些重要的特点，一般性地分析和展开观点
有逻辑地组织了文章
有效支持了论文中的要点
语言控制能力包括词语选择和句子多样性
语言标准
3分
3分的文章有说服力，批判了论文表达了作者的意思。
一个标准的文章表现了一个或者两个这样的特点
表现了argument的最重要的特点，分析和展开观点
组织了文章
支持了论文中的要点
语言控制能力包括词语选择和句子多样性
语言标准

2分
2分的文章有说服力，批判了论文表达了作者的意思。
一个标准的文章表现了一个或者两个这样的特点
没有表现了argument的最重要的特点，分析和展开观点
没有组织了文章
没有支持了论文中的要点
语言控制能力包括词语选择和句子多样性
语言不标准

1分
1分的文章没有说服力，没有批判论文表达了作者的意思。
一个标准的文章表现了一个或者两个这样的特点
没有表现了argument的最重要的特点，分析和展开观点
没有组织了文章
没有支持了论文中的要点
语言控制能力包括词语选择和句子多样性不行
语言不标准

分数的描述
尽管GRE分析写作考察包括两个分开的部分，一个结合的分数将会被打出，因为这比单独的一个测试的分数更有说服力。成绩是两个部分的平均值，从0分到6分0.5分一个档次。
下面的陈述表明了每个分数在分析写作地issue和argument中表现的总体的能力。应为这个测试表明的是分析写作，批判思维能力（说理，收集资料，展开观点，表达复杂思想的能力）比作者语法和写作方式更加重要。
6-5.5
持续深入，深入的分析了复杂的思想：有逻辑的通过说理或者例子展开或者支持了文中的要点。切题并且很好被组织：句式多变，语言准确只有少数错误，但是不影响理解。
5-4.5
提供了一般性的对问题复杂性的思考；展开和支持论点有多级。例子正确。切题，很好被组织。句子结构多变语言使用有少数错误但不影响意思
4-3.5
提供了有力的对复杂问题分析的能力，用相关的例子和理由来支持展开要点。合理地展开，较清晰表达了意思。句子结构正确，语言可以有小的影响意思的错误。
3-2.5分
展示了一些分析写作能力。尽管文章有错误包括分析展开有限；较弱的组织文章，较弱的组织句子结构和语言使用
2-1.5
有严重的分析写作缺陷。在下面几个方面有严重问题：分析展开有限；错误的组织文章，严重的组织句子结构和语言使用问题
1-0.5
基本上没有分析写作能力，在下面几个方面有严重问题：分析展开严重错误；严重错误的组织文章，严重的组织句子结构和语言使用问题
0考试的人没有展现他的分析写作能力，可能没有处理任何问题，仅仅抄题目，用外语写，或者无法解读。

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

awintro读后感
以前觉得还是走入了误区，第一个就是觉得句子要好，写的长，然后用词语要华丽，主要是受到北美范文得影响，发现其实北美范文除了语言好外没有什么，有些文章觉得就那么几句话，自己照着北美的路子写发现还是有很大的问题。一个是自己怎么也不可能把句子写的那么漂亮，在就是觉得其实北美的范文也没有什么很充实的内容。到自己写的时候发现自己写的十分空洞，经常三段就是一个开头句一个例子三段就是一个模式。写的基本上就没有什么东西在里面就是三个观点三个例子，自己读了也不知道如何改进。
还有一个误区就是有一段时间不知道在哪看的还是自己想的，就是要用英文的思路来进行写作，后来发现这样写更写不出来东西来了，经常半天才憋了一句话，有时候还过于想强调逻辑。觉得每句话都要有连接词，后来发现这样写的不伦不类，有时候连接词多了还影响阅读。

特别是读了后面给的例文后我觉得对aw有更正确的认识，知道怎么写了，而且也有信心了，看见别人得5分的文章也不是写的语言也不是那么漂亮，只是内容充实，有道理，我觉得以后写文章要
1.一定要用中文思维想，再用英文写出来，要把内容写出来
2一定要用自己的例子，别人的例子都用烂了，考官肯定看着难受
3多想提纲，要想到很熟

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

         第四次作业
今天一晚上把30个argument看了，有种要吐的感觉，最近看英文都有生理反应了。废话不多说了说下自己的感觉
觉得一个就是模板太重了，特别是开头几篇，全是一样的开头：the argument。。。。to strengthen it，the arguer。。。。。however，it。。。。which render it unconvincing结尾也很模板话，读着确实非常单调，以前只看自己的看的也比较少，没有这种感觉，现在这样大强度的看十分难受。
对比别人写的范文，我发现完全没有那些Again, without ruling out these above-mentioned possibilities, the causality is open to doubt.的句子，而且我发现文中没有这些话也不影响文章的完整性，以后再也不写这样的句子了总结了下面几点
1以后一定要写出自己的思想
2以后一定不能按照模板来写，把模板里面的话全部去掉
3一定要抓住主要的逻辑问题

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

补一下以前的语法的作业~~
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致
主谓一致是指：
1）
语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2）
意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3）
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
(这个我还真不知道啊 )
1、
并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

Reading and writing are very important.
注意：
当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2、
主谓一致中的就近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。

Either you or she is to go.
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
这个我也不知道啊，学习了
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
4 、谓语需用单数

1）
代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2）
当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3）
表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语
时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten dollar
is enough.
5、
指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）
在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
这个要看情况了啊，比较麻烦
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present.
(所有人都到齐了。)
2）
集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large.
他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students likes English.
总的来说就是a是复数，the是单数
6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致

1）
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2）
在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
======================

讲解（版本二）
======================
下面这个是另一个版本，我觉得也不错，拿给大家看一下
句子的核心是谓语动词，谓语动词的确定取决于主语。根据句子含义和结构认准主语是掌握主谓一致的必要条件；弄清主谓一致的语言规则和习惯是掌握主谓一致的充分条件，要正确使用主谓一致，两个条件缺一不可，但同学们往往会走入以下三大误区。
误区一
误认主语
1. 倒装句
①Between the two buildings are a big tree. (×）
②Between the two buildings is a big tree. (√)
[解析] 第①句谓语动词使用are，错误地认为the two buildings是该句的主语，但实际上是介词between的宾语，一起构成介词短语，而介词短语不能充当主语。该句是一个倒装句，真正主语是a big tree.因此第②句正确。
特别提醒
倒装句的常见结构：副词/介词短语+谓语+主语
2. 主语之后带有介词短语
①The fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×）
②The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)
[解析] 第①句误认为apples, oranges是主语，因此谓语动词用are，而实际上the fruit才是该句的主语，like apples，oranges是介词短语作后置定语修饰the fruit.该句译为“像苹果、桔子之类的水果对我们的身体是有好处的”。因此第②句是正确的。
特别提醒
类似的结构有：主语+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ，谓语动词应与主语一致，而与介词短语之后的名词无关。
3. One of . . . + 名词复数或复数代词
①There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×）
②There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)
[解析] one of the boys的中心词是one，因此谓语动词用单数，造成第①句错误的原因主要是把the boys当成了该句的主语。
4. 定语从句
①I like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×）
②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)
[解析] which were taken in Beijing是一个定语从句，用于修饰先行词the photos，而which本身就代替先行词the photos.因此谓语动词要用复数，造成第①句错误的原因是没有弄清楚关系词which的实质，只是从形式上看它是单数。
特别提醒
定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。
误区二
被主语的表象迷惑
1. 看似复数却表单数概念
①Maths are my favorite subject. (×）
②Maths is my favorite subject. (√)
[解析] maths本身是一个以“s”结尾的单词，而不是一个复数名词，表示单数概念“数学”这一学科，因此第②句正确。
类似的有：physics，news，politics . . .
2. 看似单数却表复数概念
①The police is searching for the robbers. (×）
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)

[解析] the police译为“警方”，表示复数概念，而不是表示“那个警察”，因此第②句正确，类似的词有：people，the +形容词，the +姓+family等均表复数概念。
3. 名词的单复数同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (×）
②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (√)
[解析] sheep是一个单复数形式相同的名词，由于sheep之前用的a little修饰，加上Can you see it中的it指代单数，因此a little sheep译为“一只小绵羊”，因此第②句正确。如果将原题改为：There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them？那又会怎么样呢。
特别提醒
类似的单复数形式相同的词还有fish, Chinese, Japanese等，要根据句子的含义和结构暗示来判断其单复数。
4. 集合名词
①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×）
②Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)
[解析] family是一个集合名词，表示整体概念时谓语用单数，表示个体概念时谓语用复数。该句译为“他们全家很幸福，现在全家人正在看电视”。因此第一个family表示整体概念，译为“家庭”，第二个family表示个体概念，译为“家人”，第②句正确。
特别提醒
类似的还有group，class，team等既可表单数也可表复数。
误区三
误用语言规则
1. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词作主语
①Ten years are quite a long time. (×）
②Ten years is quite a long time. (√)
[解析] 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词的复数作主语时看作一个整体，谓语动词要用单数，容易错误理解为复数而出现第①句的错误。
2. 由and连接的并列主语
①The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. (×）
②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. (√)
[解析] the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念，译为“第20课即最后一课”，因此谓语动词应该用单数。同学们容易错误理解“第20课和最后一课”，如果表示两课，应该表达为“the twentieth lesson and the last lesson”。
这个容易忽略
特别提醒
由and连接的并列主语表示同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，表示不同的概念时谓语动词用复数。

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

3. 就近原则
①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. (×）
②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. (√)
[解析] neither . . . Nor连接的并列主语(you ， he)虽然表示两个人，但根据语言规则，当它连接并列主语的时候，谓语动词根据就近原则，该由he决定，因此第②句正确。
特别提醒
类似的还有either . . . Or，not only . . . But also，not . . . But，以及there be之后的并列主语，谓语动词的确定都根据“就近原则”。
4. This kind of，a piece of，this pair of等短语作主语
①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (×）
②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (√)
[解析] trousers作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它被this pair of修饰时谓语动词由pair的单复数确定。因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 this kind of，a piece of，a bag of，a box of等，这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定，而与它们所修饰的名词无关。
5. The rest of, half of等短语作主语
①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×）
②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
[解析] 根据句意和句子结构可以判断the rest of it中的it，指the work，而work是不可数名词，因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 all of，most of，half of，the rest of，以及a lot of，some，any+名词作主语时，要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。
6. 一句话提示
①合成不定代词(如something，anybody等)作主语，谓语动词用单数；
②动名词、不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
③a number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用复数，the number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用单数；
④none of . . . 作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。
本文转自：中小学教育资源站
======================
自测
======================
选择
There __ (is/are)much water in the thermos.
Ten thousand tons of coal __(was/were) produced last year.
Reading and writing __(is/are) very important.
The iron and steel industry __(is/are) very important to our life.
There __(is/are) a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
There __(is/are) twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
Either you or she __(is/are)to go.
Here __(is/are)a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
The teacher together with some students __(is/are)visiting the factory.
He as well as I __(want/wants) to go boating.
Each of us __(has/have)a tape-recorder.
There __(is/are)something wrong with my watch.
The Arabian Night __(is/are)a book known to lovers of English.
Three weeks __(was/were)allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten dollar __(is/are)enough.
All __(is/are)right. 一切顺利。
All __(is/are)present. 所有人都到齐了。
His family __(is not/are not) very large.他家不是一个大家庭。
His family __(is/are)music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
__(is/are)there any police around?
A number of books __(has/have)lent out.
The majority of the students__(like/ likes) English.
Most of his money __(is/are)spent on books.
Most of the students __(is/are)taking an active part in sports.
Many a person __(has/have) read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students __(is/are)from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
判断
Between the two buildings are a big tree. （V / X）
Between the two buildings is a big tree. （V / X）
The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. （V / X）
The fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. （V / X）
There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. （V / X）
There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. （V / X）
I like the photos which was taken in Beijing. （V / X）
I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. （V / X）
Maths is my favorite subject. （V / X）
Maths are my favorite subject. （V / X）
The police is searching for the robbers. （V / X）
The police are searching for the robbers. （V / X）
There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？（V / X）
There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？
（V / X）
Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. （V / X）
Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. （V / X）
Ten years are quite a long time. （V / X）
Ten years is quite a long time. （V / X）
The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. （V / X）
The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. （V / X）
Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. （V / X）
Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. （V / X）
This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. （V / X）
This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. （V / X）
Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. （V / X）
Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. （V / X）
======================
                    附加题
======================
1. Three years __has__ (have) passed since we met last time, and three years ___is____ (be) a long time.
2. _____is__ (be) everybody going to take part in the game?
3. Both men and women ___bave____ (have) complained about the advertisement.
4. The family ___were___ (be) watching TV when I came into the room.
5. But not all the information ___is____ (is) good to society.
6. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents ___were____ (be) out.
7. There ____is___ (is) a table, several chairs in the old house.
8. The great writer and professor __is ____ (is) going to our school next week.
9. The scientist and the engineer ___have____ (have) invented a new machine.
10. Alice, together with her friends, __was___ (be) punished for having broken the school rules.
11. Every girl and every boy ____bas___ (have) the right to join the club.
12. --- __is_____ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I ___am_____（be）.
13. --- Is there anybody in the classroom?
--- No, the teacher as well as the students __has_____ (have) gone to the playground.
14. None of the money ____is___ (be) his.
15. A knife and fork ___is____ (be) on the table. A pen and a pencil ___are____ (be) on the desk.
II. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. E-mail, as well as telephones, ____A __ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
2. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ___A____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
3. Either you or the headmaster ___D____ the prizes to these students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out
C. are handing out D. is to hand out
4. A library with five thousand books ___A____ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered. has offered
C. are offered D. have offered
5. All the employees except the manager __D_____ to work online at home.
A. encourages. encourage
C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
答案及解析：
I. 1. has；is。表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的复数名词表示单位数量用作主语时，通常看作整体，
谓语动词用单数。
2. Is。不定代词anyone， anybody， anything， everyone， everybody， everything， someone， somebody， something， nobody， nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
3. have。两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。
4. were。集体名词class， family等作主语时，
如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体，则用复数形式。
5. is。
6. were。
7. is。由there引导的句子，主语不止一个词时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
8. is。当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。
9. have。
10. was。主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如用with，along with， as well as， like， rather than， but， except， besides， including等与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。
11. has。两个并列的名词由each，every， no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。
12. is； am。当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or， either...or， neither...nor或 not only...but also连接时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
13. has。
14. is。代词none和neither有时当作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思决定。但是代表不可数名词时，
只看作单数。
15. is； are。

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1—— 情态动词的语法特征

1）
情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2）
情态动词
除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3）
情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4）
情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
2 ——比较can 和be able to
1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，
不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
3—— 比较may和might
1）
表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2）
成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
4—— 比较have to和must

1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3）
在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5—— must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

6 ——表示推测的用法


can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词


1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
8—— should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。

9—— had better表示"最好"

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
10—— would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do（这里是没有to的）
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。(这几个用法我怎么不知道。。。。。郁闷)
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。

11—— will和would

注意：
1）would like；
Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?
12 ——情态动词的回答方式


问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B.I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。

13—— 带to 的情态动词


带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：

Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have toldB.tellC.be tellingD. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。
14 ——比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done


情态动词在托福写作中的运用

托福的写作中关于情态动词的使用经常存在漏用和误用的情况，而大作文本身就是要求写对某个事物或者现象的评价，所以不可避免要出现带有情态动词的观点句。下面是常见的问题的分析：
首先是情态动词，尤其是Will的漏掉。中国考生受汉语影响，一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了，以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如：
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词，这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实，而不表示个人对骑自

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行车的评价。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中， so that或者 in order that引导的从句，或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句，不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.
其次是情态动词的误用，主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
不能滥用can，确实这是中国人的一个毛病
另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替， 或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目，但也会在一定程度上影响到分数，所以希望能引起足够的重视。

1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would解析：选B. “should have +过去分词” 表示“过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”；
keep one’s promise 意为“信守诺言”。
2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would解析：选A.“ could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事
3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been解析：选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为：你本来应该更细心的。
4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't
解析：选C. can’t be at home 意为：不可能在家。
5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late.
---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed
C. can have missed D. might miss
解析：选B. “may have+过去分词”表示对过去动作的判断，意为：可能做了某事。注意：can表示可能时，只能用于疑问句和反问句。
6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been解析：选D. 表示：对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。
7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying
解析：选D. 意为：她刚才肯定一直在哭。对过去某事正发生的推测。
8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having
C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having
解析：选A. 对现在正在发生的事情的否定推测。
9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen
C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen
解析：选C. 对过去发生的事情 的肯定推测的被动式。
10. ______ Mr. Black_______ go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
解析：选C. used to do的疑问式，可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?
11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not
解析：选D. 说话人认为不必要乘车, need 为情态动词。
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
解析：选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称，也表示征求意见。
13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you?
---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. Must D. mustn’t
解析：选C. Yes的意思是：不。意为：恐怕我必须现在就做。
14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would
解析：选C. could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。
15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?
----Of course.
A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
解析：选B. shall 用在疑问句中，常用于第一，三人称， 表示征求意见或请求指示。
16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t
解析：选B. 根据句意用mustn’t
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
解析：选C. have to 表示客观需要，must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要。
18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?”
“Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done
C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do
解析：选B. would rather 加完成时表示对完成了的或过去了的事情的态度。意为：当时是不情愿做的。
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!”
“_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
解析：选D. A为错误的表达方式；B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can
解析：选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时，要用句子的实义动词
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will no tD. may not
解析：选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t
22. “Do you have to leave now?”
“I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’tB. haveC. shouldD. Must
解析：选D. 回答have to 的疑问句用must作肯定回答。
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”
“_________?”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you
D. No, we’d better not
解析：选D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此处D的语气比较婉转客气。
24. “Can I take it away?”
“ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. Could C. Would D. had
解析：选D. had better 与不带to 的不定式构成谓语，可以变成疑问句：Hadn’t you better----
25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t
解析：选B. 本来不必要做某事.
26. See who is there!______ it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will
解析：选C. 表推测时A，B都用作疑问句。
27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should
解析：选C. 断然的不定推测用can’t
28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. Can D. need
解析：选A. 表示有把握的肯定推测用must
29. Something______ to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done
解析：选D. “something must be done” 意为：必须采取措施。
30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. Can C. would D. should
解析：选D. ought 后应用to

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

行车的评价。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中， so that或者 in order that引导的从句，或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句，不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.
其次是情态动词的误用，主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
不能滥用can，确实这是中国人的一个毛病
另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替， 或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目，但也会在一定程度上影响到分数，所以希望能引起足够的重视。

1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would解析：选B. “should have +过去分词” 表示“过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”；
keep one’s promise 意为“信守诺言”。
2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would解析：选A.“ could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事
3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been解析：选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为：你本来应该更细心的。
4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't
解析：选C. can’t be at home 意为：不可能在家。
5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late.
---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed
C. can have missed D. might miss
解析：选B. “may have+过去分词”表示对过去动作的判断，意为：可能做了某事。注意：can表示可能时，只能用于疑问句和反问句。
6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been解析：选D. 表示：对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。
7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying
解析：选D. 意为：她刚才肯定一直在哭。对过去某事正发生的推测。
8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having
C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having
解析：选A. 对现在正在发生的事情的否定推测。
9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen
C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen
解析：选C. 对过去发生的事情 的肯定推测的被动式。
10. ______ Mr. Black_______ go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
解析：选C. used to do的疑问式，可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?
11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not
解析：选D. 说话人认为不必要乘车, need 为情态动词。
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
解析：选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称，也表示征求意见。
13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you?
---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. Must D. mustn’t
解析：选C. Yes的意思是：不。意为：恐怕我必须现在就做。
14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would
解析：选C. could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。
15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?
----Of course.
A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
解析：选B. shall 用在疑问句中，常用于第一，三人称， 表示征求意见或请求指示。
16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t
解析：选B. 根据句意用mustn’t
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
解析：选C. have to 表示客观需要，must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要。
18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?”
“Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done
C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do
解析：选B. would rather 加完成时表示对完成了的或过去了的事情的态度。意为：当时是不情愿做的。
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!”
“_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
解析：选D. A为错误的表达方式；B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can
解析：选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时，要用句子的实义动词
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will no tD. may not
解析：选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t
22. “Do you have to leave now?”
“I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’tB. haveC. shouldD. Must
解析：选D. 回答have to 的疑问句用must作肯定回答。
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”
“_________?”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you
D. No, we’d better not
解析：选D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此处D的语气比较婉转客气。
24. “Can I take it away?”
“ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. Could C. Would D. had
解析：选D. had better 与不带to 的不定式构成谓语，可以变成疑问句：Hadn’t you better----
25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t
解析：选B. 本来不必要做某事.
26. See who is there!______ it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will
解析：选C. 表推测时A，B都用作疑问句。
27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should
解析：选C. 断然的不定推测用can’t
28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. Can D. need
解析：选A. 表示有把握的肯定推测用must
29. Something______ to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done
解析：选D. “something must be done” 意为：必须采取措施。
30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. Can C. would D. should
解析：选D. ought 后应用to

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

冠词

一.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前，an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
例如：a boy，a university，a European country；an hour，an island，an elephant
二. 不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人、事或物；这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。
2.泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。
3.表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。
4.表示“每一”，相当于every. 例如，I go to school five days a week.
5.用在序数词前，表示“又一”。例如，I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
三.定冠词的用法

①用于上文已提到过的人或事物。例如：     
He has a new pen. The pen was bought in America. 他有一支新钢笔。这支钢笔是在美国买的。     
There is a book called “Gone with Wind”on my shelf. The book was written by a foreign writer.我的书架上有一本叫《飘》的书。这本书是一位外国作家写的。     
I saw a film last night. The fiim is very interesting. 昨天晚上我看了一部电影。这部电影非常有趣。


②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：     
The bag on the desk isn’t mine. 桌子上的书包不是我的。     
The angry man on the screen is David. 在荧屏上出现的那个生气的男人是大卫。     
Is the city of Nanjing beautiful? 南京城漂亮吗？


③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。例如：     
The moon is our satellite. 月球是我们的卫星。     
The world is changing always. 世界一直在变化着。     
The sun is far away from the earth. 太阳离地球很远。


④用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前。例如：     
The first lesson is as difficult as the last one. 第一课和最后一课一样难。     
This moon cake is the nicest of all. 这种月饼是所有的月饼中最好吃的。     
She is the only person who was late today. 她是今天惟一一个迟到者。


⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：

the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s   Republic of China 中华人民共和国   the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会


⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。例如：     
the Yellow River 黄河the Black sea 黑海     
the West Lake 西湖 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山     
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Indian Ocean印度洋


⑦用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。例如：     
the Greens 格林一家人   the Wangs 王家     
the Kings 肯一家人     
the Lis李家


注意.   “the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。 例如：     
The Greens are watching TV at the moment. 格林一家人现在正在看电视。     
The Whites do their cooking at home only at the weekend. 怀特夫妇仅在周末才在家做饭。


⑧the后加某些形容词，表示一类人或事物。例如：     
the old 老人   the young 年轻人the rich 富人     
the poor 穷人 the clever 聪明人 the blind 盲人


⑨用在乐器前面。例如：     
the piano 钢琴   the violin 小提琴


⑩用在“the＋形容词比较级＋the＋形容词比较级”结构中，表示“越来……越……”。例如：   
The more trees, the better. 树越多越好。     
The more exercise you take, the healthier you will be. 你锻炼得越多，身体就越健康。   
The more we get together,the happier we are. 我们越是在一起，就越高兴。


(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。例如：     
The man under the tree is my grandfather. 在树下的那个男人是我的爷爷。     
The one on the left is a new kind of machine. 在左边的那一个是一种新型机器。     
The girl in white is Mary. 那个穿白色衣服的女孩是玛丽。


(12)用在表示方向的名词前。例如：     
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部     
in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部 in the south 在南方


(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。例如：     
The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物。     
The camel is a useful animal. 骆驼是一种有用的动物。     
The computer is an interesting tool. 电脑是一种有趣的工具。


(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。例如：     
in the morning 在早上（上午） in the early morning 一大清早     
in the evening 在晚上 in the beginning 在开头（端）     
in the afternoon 在下午 by the way 顺便问     
in the end 最后，终于 the next day 第二天     
at the end of 在……快结尾的时候 the day after tomorrow 后天     
at the age of 在……岁的时候 in the front of 在……（内部）的前面     
the day before yesterday 前天 on the right(left)在右（左）边
四.零冠词的用法

1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如，Class Two，Tian’an Men Square，water

2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词（my，your，his，her等）、指示代词（this/these，that/those）、不定代词（some，any等）及所有格限制时。例如my book(正)；my the book(误)
3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如，They are teachers.

4.在星期，月份，季节，节日前。例如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day
(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)
5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Tom，Mum
6.在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如：I have lunch at school every day.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)

7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。例如：No.25 Middle School

8.某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处
(3)介词词组：in surprise；on foot；on duty；at work；on time；in class；on show；in bed等
(4)go 短语：go home；go to bed；go to school ；go to work；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing
六.用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)

dingyi0311UID: 2627919

冠词练习题

1．--Does Jim have ____B___ ruler？
   --Yes，he has _______．
A．an；some   B．a；one   C．a；／   D．any；one
2． ____C___ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay．
A．The    B．A    C．An    D．Two
3．--How many books do you have？
   --I have ___A____  book．That's _______  English book．
A．a；an  B．a；one C．one；an   D．one；one
4．At that time Tom was __B_____ one-year-old baby．
A．a      B．an      C．the      D．／
5． ___C____ tiger is _______  China．
A．The；a    B．A；the    C．The；from    D．The；the
6．We can't see ____B___  sun at _______  night．
A．the；the  B．the；／   C．a；／      D．／；／
7． __D_____ old lady with white hair spoke _______  English well at _______ meeting．
A．An；an；a   B．The；／；an  C．The；／；a   D．The；／；the
8． ____C___ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River．
A．The；a  B．A；／       C．A；the    D．An；the
9． ___B____ woman over there is _______  popular teacher in our school．
A．A；an   B．The；a      C．The；the  D．A；the
10．He used to be __D_____  teacher but later he turned _______  writer．
A．a；a    B．a；the      C．／；a     D．a；／
11．They made him ___B___  king．
A．a      B．the      C．an    D．／
12．Does Tom often play _A______  football after _______  school？
A．／；／  B．／；the   C．the；／   D．a；／
冠词用法专项练习答案与详解
1．B。第一空是泛指；第二空的 one 是不定代词，用以替代前面的 ruler。
2．C。这是一句谚语，意思是“一天吃一个苹果，用不着看医生。”
3．C。one 强调数量，用以回答“How many …？”问句；第二个空是泛指，故用 an。
4．A。one 虽以元音字母开头，但以辅音音素［w］开头，故填 a。
5．C。此句意为：“这只老虎来自中国。”
6．B。在“太阳、月亮、地球”的前面一般都加定冠词 the；at night“在夜晚”，注意该短语中没有冠词。
7．D。第一个空填 the，是特指那个“白发老太太”；第二个空不填冠词，是因为在语言名称前面一般不加冠词。English 后面如有 language，就得说 the English language。“在会议上”应为 at the meeting。
8．C。第一个空是泛指，用 a；第二个空是河流名称，故用 the。
9．B。第一个空：“那边的那个妇女”，是特指；第二个空是指那个妇女的身份、职业，是泛指。
10．D。第一个空是泛指；第二个空用“零冠词”是因为 turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。
11．D。表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。
12．A。after school 放学以后
我以为我的这些基本语法已经很好了，还是错了三个，郁闷

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一、介绍：虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。

可大致分为三类：

1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例句：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事实上，I’m not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
(事实上，She doesn’t know, so she still feels joyous.)
If they were here, they would help you.

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
(事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”

If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
(对将来的虚拟我都忘记了，罪过啊)
其他一些重要的语言点：



4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

5、wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
　　

	真实状况	wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were)	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could+动词原形

　　　
例句：
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
　　　
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
　　　
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish to do表达法。
例句： Wish sb / sth to do
　　　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　　　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

6、比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.
这个我也快忘记了啊
8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)


9、as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：






Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

很好，很有用






注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　
　I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等

例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

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从句
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
名词性从句主语从句1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
*It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
*It seems that the performance is very useful.
2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.
3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.
宾语从句
1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
宾语补足语原来就是这个啊
3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　
　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……

　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……

　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

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副词性从句（即状语从句）
时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.
地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.
Where I live there are plenty of trees.　　我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.
比较：because, since, as和for
1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。（表示推断，for也不能乱用啊）
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.
结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

比较： so和 such

　其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
　so foolish　　　　　　　such a fool　　　　　　　
　so nice a flower　　　　such a nice flower　
　　
　so many / few flowers　 such nice flowers　　　　
　so much / little money. such rapid progress　　　
　so many people　　　　　such a lot of people　
　
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
　 so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
　 The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
　 He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
例如：
　　 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
　　 He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
　　 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.　
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.　
A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or
　答案A。
句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.　B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.

让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
这在写作当中很重要啊

1）though, although
　注意：
当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
　Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　
　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
　He is very old, but he still works very hard.　
　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。
（谚语）
典型例题
___she is young, she knows quite a lot.　
A. When　B. However　 C. Although　 D. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2)　as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
　 = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)　even if, even though.　即使
　　We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or-　 不管……都
　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind.
　　 Whatever happened, he would not mind.
　 替换：no matter what = whatever
　　　　 no matter who = whoever
　　　　 no matter when = whenever
　　　　 no matter where = wherever
　　　　 no matter which = whichever
　　　　 no matter how = however
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。方式状语