1006G备考日记 by rodgood——生命因奋斗而绽放灿烂

rodgoodUID: 2619326

听说虽然看不到刚发的帖，但是恢复后还是有的。所以还是来记记心情~~

昨天被打击了，也不好意思在这里牢骚。

出来混的，迟早是要还的。说得没错。

差距啊差距，怎么办呢？狂补作业吧。我要赶上大部队的脚步！！

rodgoodUID: 2619326

第十八期——Dangling Modifiers
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982677-1-1.html

Dangling Modifiers and How To Correct Them

A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept.
Having finished the assignment, Jill turned on the TV.
"Having finished" states an action but does not name the doer of that action. In English sentences, the doer must be the subject of the main clause that follows. In this sentence, it is Jill. She seems logically to be the one doing the action ("having finished"), and this sentence therefore does not have a dangling modifier.
The following sentence has an incorrect usage:
Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on.
"Having finished" is a participle expressing action, but the doer is not the TV set (the subject of the main clause): TV sets don't finish assignments. Since the doer of the action expressed in the participle has not been clearly stated, the participial phrase is said to be a dangling modifier.
分词里是“主动地”完成了作业，所以后面应该是完成作业的人。

Strategies for revising dangling modifiers:

1. Name the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause:
Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed.
Who arrived late? This sentence says that the written excuse arrived late. To revise, decide who actually arrived late. The possible revision might look like this:
Having arrived late for practice, the team captain needed a written excuse.
The main clause now names the person (the captain) who did the action in the modifying phrase (arrived late).

2. Change the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in that clause:
Without knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him.
Who didn't know his name? This sentence says that "it" didn't know his name. To revise, decide who was trying to introduce him. The revision might look something like this:
Because Maria did not know his name, it was difficult to introduce him.
The phrase is now a complete introductory clause; it does not modify any other part of the sentence, so is not considered "dangling."

3. Combine the phrase and main clause into one:
To improve his results, the experiment was done again.
Who wanted to improve results? This sentence says that the experiment was trying to improve its own results. To revise, combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence. The revision might look something like this:
He improved his results by doing the experiment again.
More examples of dangling modifiers and their revisions:

Incorrect: After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing.
Revised: After reading the original study, I find the article unconvincing.
Incorrect: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, your home should be a place to relax.
Revised: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, you should be able to relax at home.
Incorrect: The experiment was a failure, not having studied the lab manual carefully.
Revised: They failed the experiment, not having studied the lab manual carefully.

自我小结：首先看从句或分词的施动者是谁，或者描述的对象，是否和主句的主语一致。如果不一致，那么就需要修改主句或从句，使描述的对象或施动者前后一致。

rodgoodUID: 2619326

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=961830&highlight=

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
名词性从句主语从句1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
*It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
*It seems that the performance is very useful.
2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.
3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying. 这不是宾语从句吗？
宾语从句
1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.

表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　
　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……

　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……

　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

形容词性从句（即定语从句）
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom, whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。
The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.
1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
哦，意思是说如果介词在句末，没有和关系代词在一起时，就与一般情况一样了。
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
Even in comic books where (=in which) there are no words, the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why (=for which) he was so angry that day.

非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。
Every object has a gravitational pull, which is rather like magnetism.

*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)
自己好像就没把the same...as和such...as的定语从句搞清楚过，总是模模糊糊。
原来as是作为关系代词的啊。

rodgoodUID: 2619326

副词性从句（即状语从句）
时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.

2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.
地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.
Where I live there are plenty of trees.　　我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.

比较：because, since, as和for
1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.
说明直接原因用because, 推断的原因用for
结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

比较： so和 such

　其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
　so foolish　　　　　　　such a fool　　　　　　　
　so nice a flower　　　　such a nice flower　
　　
　so many / few flowers　 such nice flowers　　　　
　so much / little money. such rapid progress　　　
　so many people　　　　　such a lot of people　
　
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
　 so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
　 The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
　 He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
例如：
　　 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
　　 He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
　　 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
for fear that=lest

条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.　
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.　
A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or
　答案A。
句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.　B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.

让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
Chile though he is, he can speak English fluently.

1）though, although
　注意：
当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
　Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　
　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
　He is very old, but he still works very hard.　
　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。
（谚语）
though 可以和yet连用
典型例题
___she is young, she knows quite a lot.　
A. When　B. However　 C. Although　 D. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2)　as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
这里的as和though是通用的
注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
　 = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)　even if, even though.　即使
　　We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or-　 不管……都
　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind.
　　 Whatever happened, he would not mind.
　 替换：no matter what = whatever
　　　　 no matter who = whoever
　　　　 no matter when = whenever
　　　　 no matter where = wherever
　　　　 no matter which = whichever
　　　　 no matter how = however
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。方式状语

no matter 只能引导状语从句，不能引导主语从句和宾语从句

rodgoodUID: 2619326

从句小结：1. in that 因为
except that 除了
but that 只是

2. as if
as though 引导表语从句

It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller. 14. The thick smog covered the whole city. It was _____ a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
A. that        B.  because        C.  as if        D.  even if

3. This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
意思是说如果介词在句末，没有和关系代词在一起时，就与一般情况一样了。

4. as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

5. for fear that=lest

6. Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。though 可以和yet连用


7. no matter 只能引导状语从句，不能引导主语从句和宾语从句
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。方式状语

8.错误的题目：
13. We’ll start off as we planned _____.
A. no matter he will come or not       B.  no matter whether he will come or not
C.  whether is he coming or not       D.  whether he comes or not
5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting.
A. by which        B.  in which       C.  that        D.  where
3. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the art of learning.
        A. than        B.  rather than        C.  nor       D.  as
5. I shall take you back to France _____ you are well enough to travel.
        A. presently        B.  quickly        C.  directly        D.  at once
7. Mr. Smith wanted to buy the house and he told me that _____ the house cost, it would be _____ it.
        A. however; worth        B.  how much; worth       C.  whatever; worth        D.  what; worthy
11. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone.
        A. to which        B.  the place which       C.  the place        D.  where
12. --- They don’t have much in their house yet.
      ---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture.
        A. While        B.  Although        C.  Since        D.  As far as
11. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone.
        A. to which        B.  the place which       C.  the place        D.  where
12. --- They don’t have much in their house yet.
      ---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture.
        A. While        B.  Although        C.  Since        D.  As far as

rodgoodUID: 2619326

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第七期——名词
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=962407&highlight=

名词可以分为
专有名词（Proper Nouns）
和
普通名词 (Common Nouns）。
专有名词
是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词
是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。

普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun，cup，desk，student。
　 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：class，team，family。
　 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：rice，water，cotton，air。
　 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：love，work，life。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）；
物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。

归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：

名 词	专有名词
	普通名词	个体名词	可数名词
		集体名词
		物质名词	不可数名词
		抽象名词

1 名词复数的规则变化
___________________________________________________
　情况　　
构成方法　　
读音　　　　例词
__________________________________________________
一般情况　　
　加 -s　
1.清辅音后读/s/;　
map-maps
　　　　　　　　　
　　2.浊辅音和元音后　
bag-bags
　　　　　　　　　　　
　读 /z/;　　　　
car-cars
___________________________________________________
以s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词　　加 -es　

读 /iz/　　　
　bus-buses
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　watch-watches
___________________________________________________
以ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾
的词　　　　　
加 –s 　　
读 /iz/　
license-licenses
___________________________________________________
以辅音字母+y　
变y 为i
结尾的词　　　
再加es　

读 /z/
　　baby---babies
___________________________________________________

2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
　
如：　two Marys
the Henrys

monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays
　比较：
层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
　　　　　　　　
radio---radios　
　zoo---zoos；
　　b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs
　　　　　　　　 safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；
　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　
　　　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves
　　　wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；
　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief:
　　　　　　　 handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
抄写一遍：beliefs, roofs, safes, gulfs

Knives, leaves, wolves, wives, lives, thieves

3 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children
　foot---feet　
tooth---teeth
　　mouse---mice　　
man---men　 woman---women　
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
　如： an Englishman, two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。

2）单复同形　如：
　　deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
　　li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
　
如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
　　　如： The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　 a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
　　 b. news 是不可数名词。
　　 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
　　 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
　　　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
　　　<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes
　
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers


6）
另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼
Goods, waters, fishes
4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
　　a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
　　　
比较：　Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
　　　　　　　 These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
　　b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
　　　This factory produces steel.　(不可数)
　　　We need various steels.　(可数)
　　c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
　　　Our country is famous for tea.
　　　我国因茶叶而闻名。
　　　Two teas, please.
　　　请来两杯茶。
以前一直说two cups of tea. 原来还可以Two teas.

2）
抽象名词有时也可数。
　　four freedoms 四大自由
　　the four modernizations四个现代化
　　物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
　　如：
　　a glass of water 一杯水　
a piece of advice　一条建议
four freedoms
the four modernizations

rodgoodUID: 2619326

5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
　1) 用复数作定语。
　　
如：sports meeting 运动会
　　　　 students reading-room 学生阅览室　
　　　　 talks table 谈判桌　
　　　　 the foreign languages department 外语系

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
　
如：men workers　　women teachers
gentlemen officials

3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
　
如：goods train (货车)
　　　 arms produce　武器生产
　　　 customs papers 海关文件
　　　 clothes brush衣刷

4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
　如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)　
　
　 a ten-mile walk 十里路　

　　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树
　
　 a five-year plan.　一个五年计划
　　
个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child
这里为什么是seven-years child呢？为什么不是year呢？

6 不同国家的人的单复数
名称　　
总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　
两个人


the
an　　

　　two
中国人　　the Chinese　　
a Chinese　 two Chinese
瑞士人　　the Swiss
a Swiss　　
two Swiss
日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese


法国人　　the French　　
a Frenchman　 two
Frenchmen
英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　 two Englishmen


德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　
　two Germans


澳大利亚人Australians　　
Australian　

Australians
俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　
two Russians
意大利人　the Italians　　 an Italian　


two Italians
希腊人　　the Greek　　

a Greek　　

two Greeks
美国人　　the Americans　an American　
two Americans
印度人　　the Indians　
　an Indian　　

two Indians
加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　

two Canadians
瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　　

two Swedes　　


7 名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）
单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，
如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2）
若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，
如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。
3）
凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，
如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，
如：the barber's 理发店。
5）
如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）
前面的自测就错在了这里。
6）
复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
　
如：a month or two's absence


======================================================================

3、名词用法难点

一、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：、
　　1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
　　advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计
　　equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
　　furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色
　　information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
　　knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量
　　baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
　　cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声
　　apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
　　clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动
　　paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
抄写一遍：advice, living, equipment, progress, furniture, scenery, information, machinery, knowledge, traffic, baggage, luggage, trouble, cash, thunder, apparatus, weather, clothing, work, paper, luck, technology, jewelry
　　2． 复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
　　economics 经济学 measles 麻疹
　　physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
　　mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病，佝偻病
　　dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
　　The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报

二、与名词相关的主谓一致关系
　　英语中，主语和谓语在数、性和格上应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语，故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：
　　1． 复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时；主语由both … and … 连接时，谓语动词用复数。
　　Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.
　　Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。
　　
2． 就近原则： 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引导的主语， 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
　　Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.

　　3． 就远原则：主语，＋ as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
　　My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
　　我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等
这些短语的重心都在前面，所以谓语的选择就看前面咯
抄写一遍：with…, together with…, along with…, including…, in addition to…, besides…, except…, as much as…, accompanied by…, rather than…

　　4． 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
　　One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.
　　Twenty days have passed since I met her last time.
　　自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 ( twenty days 这里不作整体看待， 故谓语动词用复数。)

　　5． and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
　　War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
　　战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
　　同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
　　law and order
bread and butter
　　apple pie and ice cream
folk and knife
　　wheel and axle 轮轴
needle and thread
　 love and hate
egg and rice 蛋炒饭
　
The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)
　 The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指两个人)


A black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指两只狗)
　　A black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)

　　6．动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语(当有and 连接两个主语时，还是要看是不是指同一性质的事情)
　　 Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
　　( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
　　To work hard is necessary
　 What I said and did is of no concern to you.
　 Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )

rodgoodUID: 2619326

7． many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。
　　Many a student has made such a mistake.
　 More than one stranger agrees with me.
　　[注意]
　　在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
　　More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。
这里在主谓一致性讲过。Many a 和more than one后跟单数。More… than one后面跟复数。

　　8． 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
　　Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
　　No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him. 但是在这里word提醒应该是have啊！！？?但个人认为还是单数

　　9. 由 all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语，谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。
　　 All of us are going to see the game.
　　All of his time was spent on gambling
　　 Three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
　　 同例： plenty of…， one fourth of…， none of…， some of …， majority of …， … percent of …， the rest of …， reminder of …。

　　10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
　　the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词， 谓语动词用单数。
　　A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
　　The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
　　同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of

　　11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of… 的用法。
　　 One of those men likes to drive fast.
　　 One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
　　 He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.

　　12. 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
　　More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
　　Neither is satisfactory.
　　Is either of the singers reading now?

　　13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时， 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时， 谓语动词用单数。
　　The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
　　病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。
　　同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
　　We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.
　　我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。
　　The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。

　　14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词(如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers)作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
　　My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。

　　15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。

　　One and a half apples is left on the plate.

　　16. 当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。
　　A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.
　　A large portion of her poems was published after her death.
错误的题目：
1.
A lot of ___deers________(deer) are eating grass at the foot of the hill.
2.
The ___Jacksons_______ (Jackson) are coming to dinner with me.
3. They are ___________.

A. Kate and Mary mother
B. Kate and Mary’s mothers

C. Kate and Mary’s mother
D. Kate’s and Mary’s mothers
5. Would you like some ________? Yes, please. I’m a little thirsty.
  A. bread
B. meat
C. beef
D. orange
13. Tables are made of ______
A. wood
B. woods

C. wooden

D. some woods
20. What____! Where did you get them?
A. big fish   B. a big fish C a piece of big fish D. big a fish
21. Have you received ______ of his coming ?
A. a word
B. words
C, the word

D. word
24. Last night, there was a food accident. Ten _____ were ill, but no _____ were lost.
A. child, lives
B, children, life
C. children, lives
D. child, life

rodgoodUID: 2619326

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十期——连词
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974236&highlight=

自己需要注意的地方：
1.有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：

在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
There is no air and no water on the moon.
(错) We will die without air and water.
(错) We can't live without air or water.
(对) We will die without air or water.
(对) We can't live without air and water.

2.for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。


for
判断改错：

(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.

(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.


3. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed. 这里and, or 都是并列连词啊？
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
although… yet…，但although不与 but连用。

(错)Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..

4.(对)Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

5. such a lot of people

rodgoodUID: 2619326

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第九期——动词的时态
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974035&highlight=

自己应该注意的：
1.表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
记住：真理格言是永远不变的，所以不管什么情况下时态也不变。

2.操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

3.It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.意思是说你现在已经来了

4. wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.

5.be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

6.下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

7.It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

8.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
had no … when还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

9.叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

10.My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't findB. is missing, don't findC. has lost, haven't foundD. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

11.表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.

12.表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)

rodgoodUID: 2619326

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（12）Conciseness
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-940023-1-1.html

自己需要注意的：
1.
kind of
sort of
type of
really
basically
for all intents and purposes
        definitely
actually
generally
individual
specific
particular


以上这些短语词汇尽量在文章中避免。

2.尽可能地把修饰的部分简化，诸如with..., 动名词， 同位语等等尽量用形容词等等代替。

3.有些定语从句也是很累赘的，尽量换成形容词修饰。

4.减少it is..., there be句型的使用。

5.尽量多用主动语态，少用被动语态。

6.在不影响意思表达的情况下，少使用动词的名词形式，尽量使用动词本身。

7.累赘的动词不定式少用，尽量换成一般形式。

8.
the reason for
for the reason that
owing/due to the fact that
in light of the fact that
considering the fact that
on the grounds that
this is why
        =because, since, why


on the occasion of
in a situation in which
under circumstances in which
        =when


as regards
in reference to
with regard to
concerning the matter of
where ________ is concerned
        =about


it is crucial that
it is necessary that
there is a need/necessity for
it is important that
cannot be avoided

  
        =must, should

is able to
has the opportunity to
has the capacity for
has the ability to

        =can

it is possible that
there is a chance that
it could happen that
the possibility exists for
        =may, might, could


以上表格左边的短语可以使用右边的词语简化，特别是在写作中，能起到简化文章的作用。

9.还有就是不要太啰嗦，在大家熟知的问题上尽量简化，重点放在需要强调的地方。

10. past memories
various differences
each individual
basic fundamentals
true facts
important essentials
future plans

terrible tragedy
end result
final outcome
free gift
past history
unexpected surprise
sudden crisis

large in size
often times
of a bright color
heavy in weight
period in time
round in shape
at an early time
economics field

of cheap quality
honest in character
of an uncertain condition
in a confused state
unusual in nature
extreme in degree
of a strange type


以上是自己需要特别注意的地方。其中有些在中文里很正常，但是在英文中就是不必要的重复了。

rodgoodUID: 2619326

哈~~今天看了三篇语法和文法的东东，感觉很好。特别是连词和动词时态上很多还是之前就了解滴。但是在conciseness上很矛盾呢！

看来真的需要在简洁和丰富中平衡啊~~

睡觉

rodgoodUID: 2619326

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-942609-1-1.html

Why use metaphors?

1.They enliven ordinary language.

2.They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation.

3.They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words.

4.They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary.

5.They are a sign of genius.

6.Creative ways to use metaphors:as verbs  : The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile.


as adjectives and adverbs : Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.


as prepositional phrases : The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.


as appositives or modifiers : On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.

就如文章中所说，metaphor在帮助作者有效地表达思想，体现智慧的火花，帮助读者更轻松地理解文意上有很大的作用。但是这必然要求作者在词汇的积累上，文化的理解上有很深的功底。一旦失误，也如文章中所说，就会扭曲事实，造成误解。
唉，这恰恰是自己的弱项啊～～～看来要用好metaphor，自己还要下大功夫啊
继续学习中……

rodgoodUID: 2619326

哈～～刚刚看了一个团队合作的帖子（帖子名忘咯）和
米饭的“你真的准备考AW么”帖https://bbs.gter.net/thread-962761-1-7.html

一下就冲动了一把，改了除了完成作业之外的第一篇A，真是兴奋啊，也担心自己都还是菜鸟，不晓得会不会被骂呢。

不过还是豁出去了。以后要多多努力，多学，多看，多改。啦啦。

rodgoodUID: 2619326

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十一期——动词、动词语态
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974250&highlight=

自己需要注意的地方：
1.系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。以上两处注意不是被动语态
表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。
c.征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢？


2.will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:

He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）

3.should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：

"What shall I do next week?"I asked.

"我下周干什么？"我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）

4.不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.

Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

5.主动形式表示被动意义

1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well.这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。

2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.

3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。

4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.

The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选 A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。
典：done，"不可能已经"。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时)。