1006G备考日记 by rodgood——生命因奋斗而绽放灿烂

rodgoodUID: 2619326

REBORN FROM THE ASHES组COMMENTS活动
12.18Getting warmer  https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1042731-1-1.html

My comments
As is mentioned in the report, the reason why there is no agreement in these protocols or conferences concerning the global warming is largely from neither techniques nor economics, but politics. However, as far as I’m concerned, the question could not be interpreted so easily.

This is an integrative problem combined with so many fields that each one has the responsibility and ability to affect the process of program. On the surface, the main difference among the nations is from politics, which refers to the emissions levels and money. But what determines the political standpoint of each nation? First of all, science and technology are supposed to research the efficient but inexpensive way to reduce the greenhouse-gas emission. Only when the cost of change is low enough could people accept it and the stress of the government be alleviated. Secondly, during the process of action, the economy of the world would not be flattened and the life of people would not be affected seriously. Last but importantly, medium and the consciousness of ordinary people are the most effective factors to influence the political view of the government.

The key to solve the tough problem is in our hands actually. It is the whole society that controls the development and the result of the conferences.

Useful words and phrases:

Clump，anthropogenic, pinewood，to date，barely perceptible，pin on，glacier，incline to the view that, curb，framework，mire，accrue，mitigate, rift, has fallen victim to, denigrate, marvel, legally binding agreement

Useful sentences:

1.In most of the world the climate changes to date are barely perceptible or hard to pin on warming.

2.The glaciers in south-eastern Greenland have picked up speed.

3.Predictions about a mechanism as complex as the climate cannot be made with any certainty.

4.The human race has almost all the tools it needs to continue leading much the sort of life it has been enjoying without causing a net increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

5.It is a prisoner’s dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one.

6.Ultimately, though, the international agreement has fallen victim to domestic politics.

7.  If they are ineffective, nothing will change. If they are inefficient, they will waste money. And if taxpayers decide that green policies are packed with pork, they will turn against them.

rodgoodUID: 2619326

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.19]
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1043113-1-1.html

请问下大家：Sotheby’s is still smarting from the public beating it received in America nearly a decade ago断句怎么断啊？几个动词把我搞晕了，谢谢

Useful words and expressions:
last hurrah最后一次成功, filed for申请, vertiginously眩晕地，飙升地, greed贪欲, bail-out救市方案, coincided with与……一致. Demise死亡, Impressionists印象派画家, volatile不稳定的，挥发性的, contraction缩进（contract-n.合同v.收缩，感染）, slump衰落，暴跌,  bounce back反弹, Straddle骑跨, shareholder股票持有者, blockbuster轰动, emporiums上场, consignment委托，托运, came to light曝光, inducements诱惑, quoted company上市公司, conspire with和……合作, smarting from伤心, consigned委托, chalked up取得，记下, lose momentum, take a particular interest in, noted collector, muscle in强行侵入

1. The best that can be said about the market at the moment is that it is holding its breath

2. The supply of the best works of art will always be limited, but in the longer run demand is bound to rise as wealth is spreading ever more widely across the globe.

3. But the proportion of all luxury spending that went on art increased as investors looked for assets that would hold their value in the longer term.

4. Straddling all areas of the art market is a handful of individuals who have emerged as the key figures in the art world in recent years.

5. It was only a matter of time before both auctioneers started to muscle in on areas that had previously been the preserve of private dealers.

My comments
The report is so long that it costs me one hour or more to read it twice. Sometimes I was distracted for some paragraphs are too boring. Fortunately, I succeeded.

The field of art market is somewhat far from our lives. But this report does offer something new to our knowledge. Looking insight of examples in it, what we can obtain is not just the collectors' tastes or the competition between the two auctioneers.

With the economic crisis recent years, many industries have been impacted severely. How to deal with such a tragedy? This report may show us some of the tactics. The first one, of course, is making use of globalization. Searching for international corporation, developing business contacts between countries, attracting customers not only home but also abroad and so on are all suggested. Additionally, develop new kinds of products to cater for customers’ new tastes would be helpful. Having experienced the depression of economy, customers may form a new life style, which leads to a new vision towards things. Therefore adjusting the direction of the development coincided to customers’ interests would be of great use.

rodgoodUID: 2619326

前两天看了comments活动的两篇文章，出现了不少问题。

首先就是速度问题。每篇文章看下来要一个多小时，加上摘录词句、写读后感要将近三个小时。急啊~

其次是长难句。动词一多就摸不着头脑了，还得向众位战友请教。

第三就是单词了。虽然读得下去，但还是算连猜带蒙。突然发现自己还有自动屏蔽生词的功能，第一遍还挺顺的，第二遍仔细一读，发现有些不认识的单词怎么在第一遍没见过。甚至在拜读战友帖子的时候才发现居然有这个单词？

看来问题还不少啊~~继续看书

rodgoodUID: 2619326

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.20]
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=1043352&page=1&extra=

My comments:

It is not scorn but warn, not a report but a critique, resource of not pity but momentum. I nearly want to memorize it for so many useful phrases and sentences. I think I’ll do it next morning.

Although there are some terms and expressions related to economical theory, I’m interested in such a topic analyzing the relationship between China and the US. China is always thought as one of the most challenging opponents in the world for its fast growing not only in economy but also in military. Our Chinese people are also getting used of this viewpoint and have the common knowledge that China is really growing stronger without any defects. However, behind the prosperity of the surface, more and more persistent problems have risen. Just like the report says, “Protests are on the rise, corruption is rampant, crime is surging”. What we should do mostly is thinking about the connotation of the “harmony”, proposed by President Hu, and doing our best to realize it.

On the other hand, now that in the US there is such a voice that China is not the threat of it actually, which may not the main idea, it would be a good chance for us to develop ourselves with little block from them. Therefore, paying attention to such a good report and reconsidering the problems in the course of advance are of great significance.

Useful words, phrases and sentences:

Supremacy至高无上、霸权、主权，precipitate加速、促进、沉淀物，tenaciously坚持地、顽强地，albeit虽然、尽管，tatter破布、一团糟，hint暗示，imminent即将到来的，playing up渲染、抬高、加油，in effect实际上， outbound向外的，spree狂欢，authoritarian霸权主义、独裁主义，  fraught with充满， be catalyzed by 被……促进、催化，grappling with扭打、混战，infrastructure基础设施，roil动荡、搅浑，frailty弱点，imperil使陷入危险，proliferation扩散、增殖，bloodshed流血、杀戮，lag拖延、滞后、蹒跚

opportunities that were opening up，simmering trade disputes
socialism with Chinese characteristics (as the Chinese call their brand of communism)
argues with a hint of resentment

A shared cultural and political heritage helped America to eclipse British power without bloodshed

They are now seen as near-equals whose co-operation is vital to solving the world’s problems, from finance to climate change and nuclear proliferation.

The financial crisis has sharpened fears of what Americans often see as another potential threat.

China is exploring the rubble of the global economy in hopes of accelerating its own rise.

China has long chafed at controls imposed by America on high-technology exports that could be used for military purposes.

China may have growing financial muscle, but it still lags far behind as a technological innovator and creator of global brands.

China’s and America’s common interest in dealing with the financial crisis will draw them closer together strategically too.

Nationalism is a powerful, growing and potentially disruptive force.

This year marks the 30th anniversary of the restoration of diplomatic ties between America and China, which proved a dramatic turning point in the cold war.

Mutual economic benefit emerged as a winning answer.

Politically, China is heading for a particularly unsettled period as preparations gather pace for sweeping leadership changes in 2012 and 2013.

China, far more than an economically challenged America, is roiled by social tensions. Protests are on the rise, corruption is rampant, crime is surging.

rodgoodUID: 2619326

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十二期——动词不定式、分词、动名词
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974260&highlight=

自己需要注意的：
动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

1stop to do——stop doing

2 forget to do—— forget doing

3remember to do——remember doing

4 regret to do—— regret doing

5cease to do—— cease doing

6 try to do——try doing

7go on to do—— go on doing

8 afraid to do—— afraid doing

9interested to do——interested doing
10 mean to do—— mean doing
11 begin/ start to do—— begin/ start doing

worth 的用法

worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj.　意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n.　 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"
be worth doing sth.　"……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy： be worthy of +n.　当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.

3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth　 "值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.

rodgoodUID: 2619326

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十三期——独立主格、特殊词
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974273&highlight=

自己需要注意的地方：

5.cease to do 长时间.甚至永远停做某事.
cease doing 短时停止做某事.以后还会接着做.
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那个部门已不复存在.
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘们在老师走过时.停了会聊天.

6.try to do 努力.企图做某事.
try doing 试验.试着做某事.
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心.
I tried gardening but didn＇t succeed.
我试着种果木花卉.但未成功.

8.be afraid to do 不敢.胆怯去做某事.是主观上的原因不去做.意为"怕",
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况.结果. doing 是客观上造成的.意为"生怕.恐怕".
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着.而不敢在草丛中再走一步.
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫.
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫.

9.interested to do 对做某事感兴趣.想了解某事.
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣.doing 通常为想法.
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事. (想了解)
I＇m interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣.你想过这事吗? (一种想法)

10.mean to do 打算.想
mean doing 意味着
I mean to go. but my father would not allow me to.
我想去.但是我父亲不肯让我去.
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
赠加工资意味着增加购买力.

11.begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.

1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时.使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴?

2) begin. start用进行时时.后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry.
我开始生起气来.

3) 在attempt. intend. begin. start 后接know. understand. realize这类动词时.常用不定式to do.
I begin to understand the truth.
我开始明白真相.


不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人

a much-travelled man一个去过许多地方的人

a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴

rodgoodUID: 2619326

哎，今天又在实验室忙了一天，快10点了才坐下来读今天comments活动的文章。

现在都还没搞定comment。

回去继续奋斗~~今天又要熬夜了，哭了~~

rodgoodUID: 2619326

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.21]
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... p;extra=&page=1

My comments:

In this report many words I have memorized shows up. Unfortunately, I hardly caught their meanings. Just now a friend of mine, who is also preparing GRE, likened memorizing word to narcotic taking that if you don’t meet the words for a long time, you may forget and miss them.

Now here’s my comment. According to the report, economy of the world will recover as a new form having some differences to the old one, although some aspects remain the same. Because banks and customers maintain a conservative attitude towards lending or consuming, a persistent shortfall in demand will weigh on supply. Thus a long time for reviving of the economy is needed.

This reminds me a story prevailed many years ago in China that when an old Chinese lady was dying, she said, “I have finally saved up enough money to buy a house.” While when she was dying, an old American lady said, “I have finally repaid all the money used to buy this house.” Therefore, it is the ideology that makes such typical differences between the two ladies’ thought, and in a similar way, brings about the causes of the financial crisis.

Useful sentences:

1. He likened the economy to a piece of string stretched taut on a board.

2. But some forecasters now harbor higher expectations.

3. Growth will be subdued and unemployment will remain high. The banking system will be a shadow of its former self.

4. It is all the more forceful because these resources have been lying idle, waiting to be brought back into production.

5. Once inflation has subsided, the authorities are free to turn the taps back on.

6. When you are falling, you do not look up. Only when you hit bottom can you stop and contemplate the cliff you must now climb.

rodgoodUID: 2619326

My comments:

This is a report about the heal-care reform in the US. For me it is a little difficult to understand the medical reform in China, let alone that in America.

I understand the position of Obama. It is a stubborn problem that has not been solved by the former Presidents. He knows what blocks he will face. But what makes him to carry such a nearly impossible mission? As we know, Mr. Obama is the first black president in the US who grows up in a relatively normal family. "When my mother suffered from cancer, what I worried about is not only the situation of her illness, but also the possibilities of no insurance from private insurers if they assert that my mother has pre-existing medical history", he once said. Set aside other political and economical factors that force him to propel the bill taken effect, he does not forget where he comes from and what standpoint should take.

Useful words and sentences:

Senate, partisan, in favour, whatsoever, Democratic caucus, filibuster, premium, price-tag, contend, enact, back up that claim, unprecedented, bipartisan

have been fighting tooth-and-nail to block passage of the bill

have those worries lifted from their shoulders

What the vote really represented was a crucial exercise in nose-counting.

From the point of view of the Democrats, this victory has come at a high price.

The version of the bill already passed by the House of Representatives does contain just such a public option, one of several reasons why final passage of a reconciled bill is still a way off. Some Democrats hope, however, that a public option can be added later on, after the initial bill has gone into effect.

The Senate version does tick most Democratic boxes.

And it makes it illegal for insurers to refuse people coverage on the basis of pre-existing medical conditions.

As of today though, health-care reform, expensive and imperfect though it is, is looking a lot more likely.

Completion of work on the bill is by no means a formality.

rodgoodUID: 2619326

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（13）-（15）Proofreading
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-941110-1-1.html

自己需要的注意的：

复合句逗号


1.找出并列连词，看是否两边都是完整的句子，如果是，就在连词前面加逗号。

2.看每个逗号两边是否都是完整的句子，如果是，就可以采取以下措施：


  1.把其中一边的句子变成下一级的或独立的从句；


  2.在逗号前加并列连词；


  3.把逗号换成分号；


  4.把逗号换成一段时间，或问号，或感叹号，然后把第二个句子的首字母大写，即变成两个句子

引导句逗号


1.在dependent marker such as while, because, when, if, after, when等等引导的句子后加逗号


2.如果句子前有动词的ing形式、不定式形式的引导短语或诸如well, yes. moreover等等引导词，则在后面完整的句子前，即在引导短语后加逗号。如果句子前面的介词短语长度大于3个单词，就要在主句之前加逗号。

破坏性的逗号


1.如果并列连词两边的句子不都是完整的，就不能在连词前面加逗号

2.主谓之间不能加逗号。但是在主谓之间的不是必要的修饰主语的从句或短语可以用两个逗号圈起来。

3.逗号连接并列的元素。但最后一个元素前不加。

rodgoodUID: 2619326

这是前几天修改argument题库翻译的作业

136 作为我们新的教育改革计划的一部分，我们确定了最急需改善的10所学校。一个顾问委员会现在建议我们雇佣顾问来进一步研究这些学校的问题并提出行动方案。然而仅仅在两年以前，另一组顾问确定我们区的一些学校由于校长没有经验而出现了问题。因此，如果我们想要看到我们学校的亟待改善的问题并节省本地区用于雇佣更多顾问的花费的话，我们应该让本地区的10个最有经验的校长来代替这10所最差学校的校长。

137 当前，Mason市很少利用附近的Mason河来进行娱乐活动，尽管对该地区居民的一些调查一致把水上运动（游泳、垂钓和划船）评为他们最喜欢的娱乐形式。由于曾经存在对于这条河水质的抱怨，一定是因为居民认为河水不够干净所以才不愿在这里。但这种情况将要改变了：我们地区负责河流管理的部门公布了清理Mason河的计划。因此，河流的娱乐用途很可能将会增加，因而Mason市的市委有必要增加用于改善Mason河沿岸公共土地的预算。

138 我们应该废止当前为服务Southside大学校园而另加购买巴士的五年计划，因为那里的学生不太可能用到它们。请想一想Southside大学的环保俱乐部最近发起的运动的结果：在校园广播站的一个节目中，俱乐部让学生打电话到节目台保证每周至少有一天坐公交车上学而不是坐小汽车。只有10％的学生打了电话并做了保证。鉴于这次活动没有获得成功，我们可以认为我们现在提供的公交服务可以继续满足这所大学的需求。

rodgoodUID: 2619326

哈哈~~今天comments阅读东西不少，但是是两天的任务，窃喜中。

还不晓得读起来什么感觉，是什么economist debate。期待中……

赶紧开始。

rodgoodUID: 2619326

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）段落的逻辑顺序问题
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-933980-1-1.html

关于权重排序的资料：

l
支持论据１：

Climactic Order (Order of Importance)
A third common principle of organization is climactic order or order of importance. In this pattern, items are arranged from least important to most important. Typical transitions would include more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet, and so on. This is a flexible principle of organization, and may guide the organization of all or part of example, comparison & contrast, cause & effect, and description.

A variation of climactic order is called psychological order. This pattern or organization grows from our learning that readers or listeners usually give most attention to what comes at the beginning and the end, and least attention to what is in the middle. In this pattern, then, you decide what is most important and put it at the beginning or the end; next you choose what is second most important and put it at the end or the beginning (whichever remains); the less important or powerful items are then arranged in the middle. If the order of importance followed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with 5 being most important, psychological order might follow the order 4, 3, 1, 2, 5.

Still other principles of organization based on emphasis include
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity, and so on.

对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly

这里提出了几种组织顺序，包括Climactic Order (Order of Importance)， psychological order，general-to-specific order, specific-to general order, most-familiar-to-least-familiar, simplest-to-most-complex, order of frequency, order of familiarity, and so on.


l
支持论据２：
In a historically-oriented paper (e.g. "The Early Conquests of Alexander the Great"), you might simply want to move the paper along chronologically.

In an analysis of issues related to a topic, you can follow an ascending or climactic order, looking at smaller factors or arguments first, then moving up to the more crucial factors. Your last section could begin, "The most serious difficulty with…, however, is…" Ascending or climactic order adds power to a paper by leading the reader into increasing tension, much like an action movie builds to a climax. Resist giving away the most exciting parts of your paper early on – if you use up the good stuff early, you’ll have little left to keep the reader interested in the rest of what you have to say.

哦，意思是说要把最好的材料放在最后，逐渐将问题深化和高潮化。

If you are comparing or contrasting two or more viewpoints, there are basically two ways to go about it.
If the two views you are discussing are relatively simple to explain and analyze, try a longitudinal method by which you discuss all aspects of view A and then moved on to discuss all aspects of view B. Suppose, for example, you were dealing with two views on the issue of cloning – Go Ahead and Wait A Minute – What Do You Think You’re Doing?

Your outline might look like this:
Introduction
The Go Ahead Position
All Science is Legitimate.
We Can Trust Scientists Not To Put Us At Risk.
The Benefits Outweigh The Risks.
The Wait A Minute Position
Is all Science Legitimate?
Can We Trust Scientists Not To Put Us At Risk?
Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks?
Conclusion

You can see that we are presenting one position, then using the other position to deal with the arguments of the dissenting position. Thus the Go Ahead Position will be described as objectively as possible. The analysis will come with The Wait A Minute Position.
But suppose that the arguments are getting complicated, and you’re afraid your reader will have forgotten what the first position said about the legitimacy of science   before you have time to discuss it in the second position. In a complex situation,   you’ll need a cross-sectional approach, which deals with both sides of each sub-topic in turn:

Introduction
Is All Science Legitimate?
Yes
          Maybe not
Can We Trust The Scientists?
Yes
Not always
Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
Yes
Maybe not
Conclusion
Now you have the chance to deal with both sides of each issue in turn. By the time you get to your conclusion, your reader should have a cumulative understanding of the issues and of the reasons for your position.
Avoid stringing out a list of 7 or more headings without subheadings, because this tends to damage the unity and coherence of your paper (just like leading someone down a winding path creates more confusion than leading the same person down a short city block with sights to see on all sides).  How do you cover the ground without multiplying your outline headings?  You do it by using fewer main headings and adding subheadings to them.  Thus you group your points, arguments, etc. under 3 or 4 main categories and let subheadings pick up the detail.  This makes a tighter structure that has more of a chance of achieving unity in the paper.  See the outlines above for examples of useful ways to do this.

这里提出

1.1.最好把最好的材料放在最后论述。在渐进过程中记得使用过渡词如first, then, finally等等
2.提出了纵向论述和横向论述longitudinal method and cross-sectional approach
3.论述中如果标题太多容易使结构松散不紧凑，所以可以列较少的大标题，然后每个大标题列小标题即可。

l
支持论据３：
After you have formed your dominant impression into a thesis, make a plan to organize the relevant supporting details into three basic parts. Each part will comprise one Roman numeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper. For the dingy cafe, you might use the walls, the booths, and the counter as the three parts in climactic order, that is, ascending from least to most important. You will not outline your introductory paragraph since the thesis sentence that appears in this first paragraph also appears on the outline page, nor will you outline your concluding paragraph since it summarizes or re-emphasizes the material that you have already discussed.

将相关的支持论据分成3部分来列出提纲。但是不要把T和conclusion列在提纲中。

l
支持论据４：
Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
It is very important to present information to readers in a logical order.
Order your examples in a paragraph, for instance, from least to most important. Be sure to use appropriate transitions (first, then, finally) in order to guide your reader.
Another way to organize is by cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.
Still another way is to organize by problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.
Remember: Out of order paragraphs and essays are hard to read and understand.

要有一个明确的逻辑顺序便于readers阅读。如依次渐强顺序，cause-effect, problem-solution and etc.

l
反例一：

DECREASING ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: when you want to tell your readers that something new has happened and why they should be interested -- then fill them in on the details

INCREASING COMPLEXITY: a sequence that leads your readers gently into a complex subject

STEPS OF A PROCESS: when you want to focus on a process itself, not the end result

A SPATIAL SEQUENCE: when you want your reader to see the way different aspects of your subject are spatially interrelated or lie in contrast

A TEMPORAL SEQUENCE: for emphasizing the time relations among things or events

l
反例２：





l
反例３：
·
Messages are clear, precise, and free of errors
·
Correct, complete sentences are used and are varied, smooth, and polished
·
There are no mechanical, grammatical, or word usage errors
·
A businesslike, courteous, and professional tone is maintained with language that is highly consistent with standard business English
·
The writing style flows smoothly
·
The information is presented in a logical order; for example, the writer may rearrange the information so that the important part comes first

l
反例４：you have for each in a logical order and one that most effectively organizes your argument:
Most important to least important
Least important to most important
Compare and Contrast
Cause and Effect

l
反例5：
A possible outline template for an analytical paper
This is for an essay that happens to have three main answers, again listed in ascending order as in our argumentative paper template. How you order them will entirely depend on which ones you feel, given all the evidence, are the most or least convincing. If we take our research question example from before, perhaps the first answer would be from researchers who believe music has no effect on studying, the second about studies that show how detrimental it is, and the third one pointing out the positive aspects. In your conclusion, you might point out how certain conditions (e.g., absence of lyrics, tempo, volume, type of studying student is engaged in etc.) appear to be incredibly important.
  
Working Title (*optional here. You may want to wait until after your first draft)
Introductory Paragraph
·
What do I need to say to set up my research question? Background?
·
Research Question (stated within a sentence, not as a question. E.g., "In light of à.., it seems worthwhile to consider just what the effects ofà.are onà.")

_________________________
·
(You may want to outline what's to come below briefly)
Transition (you don't have to write these out now but you should know what they'd roughly be)
· Answer #3 = _________________________
·
one possible answer to the question + explication/summary
·
strengths and weaknesses of the position
Transition
Reason #2 = _________________________
·
another possible answer + explication/summary (especially how it addresses weaknesses of the previous paragraph or completely counters it).
Transition
Reason #1 = _________________________
·
best answer so far ˆ what does it say?
·
why is it a better consideration of the research question? Or is it really?
Transition
Concluding Paragraph
·
sum up what different angles have shown re: research question
·
critically evaluate what is still needed in the field, or if you looked at three equally strong cases, analyze why one is still more convincing
·
look at the implications

通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．
并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．
实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion

rodgoodUID: 2619326

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（11）怎么写conclusion
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-933980-1-1.html

目的：

• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

建议：

• Answer the question "So What?"
  （强调文章的重要性）

• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize

• Redirect your readers
  从简单到复杂，从具体到一般，从目前到未来，使读者扩宽思维。

• Create a new meaning
  不是提出新的观点，给出新的信息，而是表明思维的结合性，从而展开新的画面
• Point to broader implications.

那么采取的方法呢？
Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）
Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维）
Looking to the future:（展望未来）
Posing questions:（提出问题）

需要避免的结论类型：·
Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）
·
Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.即不要在结论中第一次声明主题
·
Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.不要在结论中介绍新的思想和分论点
·
Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.即立场要坚定，不要在结论中摇摆
·
Making sentimental, emotional appeals (out of character with the rest of an analytical paper).要避免在结论中情感诉求
·
Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.避免还在结论中使用证据


4种作用不大的结论：

1.仅仅重复主题且太简短的结论

2.福尔摩斯式的结论，让读者去猜

3.带有情感色彩的结论

4.带有其他与文章不相关信息的结论

rodgoodUID: 2619326

第四次作业 第22篇

TOPIC: ARGUMENT17 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.

"Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ-which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks-has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."
题目思路：1.EZ每周收两次，而ABC只收一次。->推论1：成本增加

2.EZ新订购了卡车，而ABC还是原来那么多车。->推论2：有更多的车可以为本镇服务

推论1，2->推论3：EZ提高价钱是理所当然的

3.去年调查显示80%的被调查者催EZ的服务表示满意。

推论3+3->结论：应该继续请EZ服务
反驳思路：1.要考察实际情况本镇是否需要一周收两次垃圾，如果不需要，那EZ得优势就不存在了，也就不能支持结论。
2．EZ订购了新车，但是没有证据表明新车都会用于为本镇服务以及本镇的服务会提高。以上两点不能作为EZ提高价格的证据，因此不能支持论点。
3.文中说80%的被调查者，而非80%的本镇居民。被调查者的意见是否能代表全镇居民的意见，没有证据支持。
By citing that EZ ,which will have more trucks than ABC, collects trash twice per week more than ABC' once and 80 percent of the respondents claimed they were satisfied with EZ, the author wants to convince us that Walnut Grove(WG) town should continue using EZ as their trash disposer. However, after taking a thoroughly examination, the argument is weakened in several points.
On the whole, the author implies us that EZ's performance merits the 500 dollar's surcharge. This is what the entire argument is based on. Yet, being lacking in more detailed information, the assumption or implication is soundless. The author implies us that if ABC is to collect twice per week, ABC will charge $4000 while EZ 'only' charges $2500. So, EZ is obviously deserved to choose. However, the arguer fails to provide the details about the 2 company's service. It’s quite possible that ABC uses a more advanced and environmentally harmless technique to deal with the trash while EZ just burn or bury it. Thus considering the saved expenditure in environmental protection, ABC may be a much smarter choice. So, without supplying more details about the 2 company's services, the assumption is groundless.
作者着重分析了数据，这点值得自己学习。之前好像看过斑竹对这篇题目的分析，现在回想起来，的确也对这里的数据作了反驳。
     Secondly, ignoring other possible alternatives, the author simply equates more trucks with better performance. Yet no evidence has shown that EZ will use these additionally ordered trucks to improve its performance in WG. Further more, it’s equally possible that these trucks will be used to expand EZ's service to other towns or cities. If that's the case, these trucks are meaningless to WG.（同时还有可能降低对本镇的服务质量） Also, if 20 trucks are enough for the collection in WG, there’s no reason to claim more trucks will have better performance than ABC. Without ruling out these possibilitis, the claim is weakened.
     Finally, the survey results actually contribute little in proving EZ is a better choice even when EZ charges 500 dollars more. Even though 80% respondents feel satisfied with EZ, we still can't say EZ will do better than ABC .For 10 years, people in WG have already been used to EZ being their trash disposer. （这个理由自己倒没有想到，呵呵）To take a step further, they actually have no idea about whether other company's performance will be better or not. Maybe when WG choose ABC, more respondents will admit they are satisfied. Even if ABC has fewer supporters, is EZ’s performance worthy of the extra $500 ? （哦？还可以这么说？）It still needs to be evaluated statistically. So, the mere fact that the survey provides does nothing in bolstering the argument.
For the reasons above, the argument is not strongly surpported. In order to convince us WG town should continue using EZ, the author should provide more details and statistics for us to evaluate the claim all-sidedly.