1006G adammaksim的备考日记--杀G需用宰牛刀

adammaksimUID: 2675466

在GTER也逛了很久了，现在才想到发个像样的东西
开这个日志主要是为了自我监督，因为前一阵子感冒的关系，落下很多东西
2.10号的AW
一切从今天开始

adammaksimUID: 2675466

主谓一致：
There _is_ (is/are)much water in the thermos.

Ten thousand tons of coal _was_(was/were) produced last year.

Reading and writing _are_(is/are) very important.

The iron and steel industry _is_(is/are) very important to our life.
There _is_(is/are) a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.

There _are_(is/are) twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

Either you or she _is_(is/are)to go.

Here _is_(is/are)a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

The teacher together with some students _is_(is/are)visiting the factory.

He as well as I _wants_(want/wants) to go boating.

Each of us _has_(has/have)a tape-recorder.

There _is_(is/are)something wrong with my watch.

The Arabian Night _is_(is/are)a book known to lovers of English.

Three weeks _was_(was/were)allowed for making the necessary preparations.

Ten dollar _is_(is/are)enough.

All _is_(is/are)right. 一切顺利。

All _are_(is/are)present. 所有人都到齐了。

His family _is_(is not/are not) very large.他家不是一个大家庭。

His family _are_(is/are)music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

_is_(is/are)there any police around?

A number of books _have_(has/have)lent out.

The majority of the students_like_(like/ likes) English.

Most of his money _is_(is/are)spent on books.

Most of the students _are_(is/are)taking an active part in sports.

Many a person _has_(has/have) read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students _are_(is/are)from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市
1）但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.


2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.

3）但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 牛，人，机，警。。。
Are there any police around?

4）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
The majority of the students likes English.
但在另一个版本里看到这个majority后面是用plural的  ？
The numerical words "majority" can be plural or singular. When they refer to a group of people they are singular. Else you need to see the context. If you are using individual parts of the totality use plural - source Manhattan GMAT  


5） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。

6）. 看似单数却表复数概念
①The police is searching for the robbers. (×）
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)

[解析] the police译为“警方”，表示复数概念，而不是表示“那个警察”，因此第②句正确，类似的词有：people，the +形容词，the +姓+family等均表复数概念

7） trousers作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它被this pair of修饰时谓语动词由pair的单复数确定。
特别提醒 this kind of，a piece of，a bag of，a box of等，这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定，而与它们所修饰的名词无关。
高中的语法~~

irvine666UID: 2575525

...标题先改一改，我还以为是有人挖坟...

tracywlzUID: 2522388

吓到我了~

adammaksimUID: 2675466

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety看完还是很anxious~~


继续语法0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词
1—— 情态动词的语法特征

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

2 ——比较can 和be able to

1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。

3—— 比较may和might

1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.

4—— 比较have to和must

1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5—— must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

6 ——表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8—— should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。

9—— had better表示"最好"

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.

10—— would rather表示"宁愿"

would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。

11—— will和would

注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?

12 ——情态动词的回答方式

问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B.I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。

13—— 带to 的情态动词

带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：

Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.

14 ——比较need和dare

这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done

adammaksimUID: 2675466

Writer's Block
还是没进入正题。。。

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词
定冠词的用法
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。例如：     
The moon is our satellite. 月球是我们的卫星。     
The world is changing always. 世界一直在变化着。     
The sun is far away from the earth. 太阳离地球很远。     

⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：     
the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s   Republic of China 中华人民共和国   the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会     

⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。例如：     
the Yellow River 黄河the Black sea 黑海     
the West Lake 西湖 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山     
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Indian Ocean印度洋     

⑦用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。例如：     
the Greens 格林一家人   the Wangs 王家     
the Kings 肯一家人     
the Lis李家     

六.用与不用冠词的差异
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)

数词

一.基数词

基数词相当于名词，在句中可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.
I am twenty this year.
They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.

二.序数词

1)序数词的构成：
★大多数的序数词是由基数词加-th构成。如：seven—seventh；ten—tenth
★以-t结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h。如：eight—eighth
★以-ve结尾的基数词改-ve为f再加-th。如：five—fifth；twelve—twelfth
★以-y结尾的基数词改-y为-ie再加-th。如：twenty—twentieth，thirty—thirtieth
★几十几的序数词只在个位数体现。如：twenty-one—twenty-first；thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序数词：
one—first；two—second；three—third； nine—ninth

2)序数词在句中同样可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
June the first is Children’s Day.
When did you first meet each other?
She was the last to arrive.

三.数词的用法：

3)表示编号。编号既可以用基数词表示，也可以用序数词表示。区别是基数词用在名词之后，序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词。如：Lesson Nine；the Ninth Lesson
4)介词 in one’s+整数数词的复数形式，表示年龄。如：
She is in her early forties.(她四十出头。)
5)序数词前加冠词“a”表示“再一次”。如：Can I try a second time?
6)在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有数词时为实数意义，它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加复数，并可和of连用，构成短语。如：five hundred students；millions of people

四.分数的构成

分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s，如：
1/5：one fifth
2/3：two thirds
2-：two and three quarters

五.小数的表示法

0.09：point zero nine
2.7：two point seven

六.百分数的表达法

90%：ninety percent
0.5%：point five percent

七.倍数表达法

表示两倍时用twice，表示三倍以上的倍数时用times。如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.

八.算式表达法：

5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four

九.与数词相关的主谓一致原则

2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式：如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.

4)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.

注意.   “the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。 例如：     
The Greens are watching TV at the moment. 格林一家人现在正在看电视。     
The Whites do their cooking at home only at the weekend. 怀特夫妇仅在周末才在家做饭。      

⑨用在乐器前面。例如：     
the piano 钢琴   the violin 小提琴     


(12)用在表示方向的名词前。例如：     
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部     
in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部 in the south 在南方     

(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。例如：     
The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物。     
The camel is a useful animal. 骆驼是一种有用的动物。     
The computer is an interesting tool. 电脑是一种有趣的工具。     

(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。例如：     
in the morning 在早上（上午） in the early morning 一大清早     
in the evening 在晚上 in the beginning 在开头（端）     
in the afternoon 在下午 by the way 顺便问     
in the end 最后，终于 the next day 第二天     
at the end of 在……快结尾的时候 the day after tomorrow 后天     
at the age of 在……岁的时候 in the front of 在……（内部）的前面     
the day before yesterday 前天 on the right(left)在右（左）边

四.零冠词的用法

1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如，Class Two，Tian’an Men Square，water

4.在星期，月份，季节，节日前。on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day
(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)

5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Tom，Mum

6.在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如：I have lunch at school every day.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)

7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。例如：No.25 Middle School

8.某些固定词组中不用冠词。

(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处
(3)介词词组：in surprise；on foot；on duty；at work；on time；in class；on show；in bed等
(4)go 短语：go home；go to bed；go to school ；go to work；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing

冠词练习题

1．--Does Jim have ___B____ ruler？
   --Yes，he has _______．
A．an；some   B．a；one   C．a；／   D．any；one

2． __C_____ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay．
A．The    B．A    C．An    D．Two

3．--How many books do you have？
   --I have _____C__  book．That's _______  English book．
A．a；an  B．a；one C．one；an   D．one；one

4．At that time Tom was ___A____ one-year-old baby．
A．a      B．an      C．the      D．／

5． _______ tiger is ____C___  China．
A．The；a    B．A；the    C．The；from    D．The；the

6．We can't see ____B___  sun at _______  night．
A．the；the  B．the；／   C．a；／      D．／；／

7． _______ old lady with white hair spoke ____D___  English well at _______ meeting．
A．An；an；a   B．The；／；an  C．The；／；a   D．The；／；the

8． _____C__ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River．
A．The；a  B．A；／       C．A；the    D．An；the

9． _____B__ woman over there is _______  popular teacher in our school．
A．A；an   B．The；a      C．The；the  D．A；the

10．He used to be ____D___  teacher but later he turned _______  writer．
A．a；a    B．a；the      C．／；a     D．a；／

11．They made him ____D___  king．
A．a      B．the      C．an     D．／

12．Does Tom often play _______  football after ___A____  school？
A．／；／  B．／；the   C．the；／   D．a；／


数词练习题
1.Could you tell us how to read the number 18,306,211?B
　　A.eighteen million, three hundred and six thousands, two hundred eleven
　　B.eighteen million, three hundred and six thousand, two hundred and eleven
　　C.eighteen millions, three hundred six thousands, two hundreds and eleven
　　D.eighteen thousand, three hundred and six, two hundred eleven

2.Shakespeare was born in ______。　A.1660s        B.1660’s
　　C.the 1660s    D.the 1660’s

3.Bill said they were going to have _____ holiday。B
　　A.a two-weeks’
　　B.a two-week
　　C.two weeks’
　　D.two weeks

4.Over ______ of the articles on education have been published。A
　　A.two thirds
　　B.two third
　　C.seconds three
　　D.seconds third

5.My father left home at about __。A
　　A.six thirty
　　B.thirty six
　　C.thirty to six
　　D.six past thirty

6.We all think that the ______ century will bring us more hopes。A
　　A.twenty-first
　　B.twentieth-first
　　C.twenty-one
　　D.twentieth-one

7.——What’s your room number?D
　　——It’s ______。
　　A.The 601 Room
　　B.601 Room
　　C.The Room 601
　　D.Room 601
房间号的表达属于专有名词类，也不用冠词，所以首字母要大些，号码用阿拉伯数字表达。第几排也是同样的表达方法，如：第5排=Row 5。
8.______ the students usually surf on the Internet and get information。
　　C.60 percent of D.60 percents

9.Several _______ new books were sold out last week。D
　　A.of thousand    B.thousands
　　C.thousand of    D.thousand

10.Which is right?B
　　A.2009, June 25
　　B.25th June, 2009
　　C.June 25, 2009
　　D.June 25st, 2009
10.C。年月日的表达法：“月份+日期，年代”，日期写序数词或基数词都可，一般都习惯写基数词，但读时要读成序数词
11.We have stayed at this school for ___C____ 。
　　Which following choice is wrong?
　　A.two and a half years
　　B.two years and a half
　　C.two years and half a year
　　D.both A and B

adammaksimUID: 2675466

第四期——虚拟语气
一、介绍：虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。

可大致分为三类：

1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”

If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

其他一些重要的语言点：



4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

5、wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
　　

	真实状况	wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were)	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could+动词原形

　　　
例句：
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
　　　
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
　　　
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish to do表达法。
例句： Wish sb / sth to do
　　　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　　　
6、比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.

8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

9、as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　
　I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等
lest  
conj.唯恐，免得


例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

adammaksimUID: 2675466

【什么是倒装】

如果句子谓语提前，则句子为倒装语序（inverted order），分为 完全倒装（full inversion）和部分倒装（partial inversion）

Full inversion: 整个谓语提前，如：
Down fell half a dozen apples
忽然掉下来五六个苹果。
There comes the bus
公车来了。

Partial inversion: 只有部分谓语提前，如：
How are you doing?
  。            

【一些常见的倒装句】
2, 由there , here, now, then 等副词引导的句子。
There comes the rest of the party.
。
3, 由so, neither, nor 引导的句子：
I like singing and so does Helen
I don’t eat meat and neither does Tom.
Nor will I deny that
。
。
【一些状语从句中的倒装语序】

1、有些有If引导的条件状语从句（主要包含有were, had, should 的从句），可以把IF省略，把上述动词放到主语前面去：（虚拟语气）
。
Were it not for their assitance, we wouldn’t be able to do so well.

Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train.

Should Mary call, say that I'll be back in an hour.


2、有些让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况，（主要把表语或部分谓语提前）：（让步）
。
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.

Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind.

Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.

Search as they would, they could find no one in the wood



【某些副词或状语引导的倒装句】

1、些又否定意义的副词，若放在句首，句子常用倒装。
。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Never before has such a high standard been achieved.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came
。
2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时，有时也会有这个现象：

Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.
。
3, 有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序：

On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.

一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until,（Not until quite recently did I have any idea what a guided missile ）
at no point
还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
。

。
【一些谓语前移的情况】

1、<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前，而把主语放在谓语后面去。（不至头重脚轻）

Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原

After the banquet came a firework display in the garden. 宴会后花园里燃放了烟火。

From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处传来零星的枪声。

In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。

2、为了描绘更生动，有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首，把主语放在谓语后面。

Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。

She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。

Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。




【分词和表语移到句首的情况】

1、进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首，来对这个动作加以强调。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
Standing beside the table was an interpreter
Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists.
。
2, 已过去分词做表语的句子，过去分词有时也可以提前，把主语放到后面去。
The most widely distributed is the Hui people
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc.
。
3, 作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前。
Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment.
Around the lake are a huge number of farms.
Near the sourthen end of the village was a large pear orchard.
。
4, 其他表语也可提前（形容词）
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Below is a restaurant.
Higher up were forests of white birches. 在往上去是一片白桦林。
。。


【其他倒装句】

1，祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁！
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。

2、间接引语后的插入语，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
。
3, 有时修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人，没问题。

adammaksimUID: 2675466

今天阅读

Barack Obama's healthcare reform bill passes first hurdle
The House of Representatives handed President Obama the first major domestic victory of his presidency when it narrowly passed a sweeping reform Bill to provide healthcare to all Americans.
Mr Obama called the vote on Saturday “historic” and said that he was absolutely confident that he would sign a health reform Bill by the end of the year. All eyes now turn to the next battleground in the Senate, where passage of legislation is still far from assured.
Democrats have sought for decades to provide universal health coverage and when the Bill was passed by 220 votes to 215 late Saturday night, cheers erupted as Nancy Pelosi, the House Speaker, declared victory.
The vote marked the first time that a chambe（腔，室） of Congress(加起来就是众议院吧，众议院就是一个屋子嘛) has voted to back such sweeping reform of the US health industry. Mrs Pelosi compared the moment to the passage of a state pension system in 1935 and government health coverage for the elderly and poor in 1965.
Yet Mr Obama and his allies on Capitol Hill still face a tough battle to achieve his signature domestic issue. There is a significant risk that the debate will slide into 2010, a mid-term election year when vulnerable Democrats in conservative and moderate districts might fail to back a final Bill because of its huge cost.
Many are mindful of the Democratic losses last week in Virginia and New Jersey’s gubernatorial（of or relating to a governor） races, when voters declared their misgivings about Mr Obama’s spending plans at a time of record deficits. On Saturday night 39 Democrats voted against the Bill. Only one Republican backed it.
The Senate must now come up with its own version of a health reform Bill and Harry Reid, the Democratic leader in the chamber, is under enormous pressure from the White House to win passage before the end of the year. Mr Reid is struggling to find the 60 votes that he needs to overcome Republican blocking tactics despite his party’s Senate majority.
Even if Mr Reid succeeds in getting legislation out of the Senate, his bill — which will be markedly different from the liberal, 1,990-page, $1.2 trillion (&pound;720 billion) behemoth(贝希摩斯 圣经里的巨兽 a mighty animal 也比喻 something of monstrous size or power) passed by the House — will have to be reconciled into one piece of legislation in negotiations with the lower chamber, another very difficult challenge.
The success of the House Bill was, despite the obstacles ahead, a major victory for Mr Obama and provided significant political momentum In his drive for health reform. The vote came after he visited Capitol Hill on Saturday afternoon to corral(n.畜栏,防御设施 v.构筑工事，畜栏 gather collect 应该是取最后一个意思 译做争取) wavering Democrats.
“It provides coverage for 96 per cent of Americans. It offers everyone, regardless of health or income, the peace of mind that comes from knowing they will have access to affordable health care when they need it,” declared John Dingell, the 83-year-old Michigan Democrat who has introduced universal health insurance legislation in every Congress since his arrival in 1955.
The huge package will transform large parts of the health industry, which currently accounts for a sixth of the US economy. Private insurers will no longer be able to deny coverage to people with pre-existing conditions, limit coverage or drop it altogether when people become ill.
The Bill also contains a government-run health insurance option to provide competition to private insurers, something that is bitterly opposed by Republicans and an issue that triggered heated and sometimes violent popular protests during the summer.
Under the House Bill most people will be required to obtain health insurance if it is not provided by their employers. All but the smallest companies will have to give employees coverage or face a fine as high as 8 per cent of payroll. Overall, the Bill would cover an additional 36 million Americans, leaving 18 million without insurance by 2019, about a third of them illegal immigrants.
The package will be paid for by increasing taxes on individuals earning more than $500,000 (&pound;300,000) and on families taking in over $1 million a year by more than five per cent. The scope of that tax will increase quickly because the income thresholds would not be indexed to inflation.
Republicans remain almost unanimously opposed, decrying its huge cost and the tax increases needed to pay for it.

adammaksimUID: 2675466

这么快就到deadline了
作业还没补完。。。

第三次作业：

分析写作部分概述

GRE分析写作部分是于2002年10月新引入的部分，旨在测试考生的批判性思维和分析性写作能力。它能够评价你衔接、支撑复杂观点，分析论辩以及架构支持一个观点明确，前后连贯的论述的能力。它并不要求考生具备特别的知识。

分析写作部分包含两个分开记时的写作任务：
限时45分钟的“对事件表明你的立场”任务
限时30分钟的“分析一段论辩”任务

你将可以在两个事件主题之间进行选择。每一个主题都对一个受到广泛关注的事件陈述了一个观点并要求你从任何你喜欢的立场对此事件进行分析，同时提供相关的理由和事例解释支持你的观点。
对于分析论辩部分，只有一个主题。Argument部分体现了一个不同于Issue的挑战：它要求你通过讨论论辩的合理性来对给出的论辩进行评价。你将会需要考虑它逻辑的缜密程度而不是表明你对它的认同或否定。

两个任务形成互补：在issue部分要求你选定立场，构建自己的论辩观点并对其提供论据支持；而在argument部分要求你通过评价其主张，考虑论据的价值来挑剔其他人的论辩。

对于argument部分的准备

每个人，即使是最熟练，自信的作者，都应该在他们进入考试中心前花一些时间为分析写作部分做准备。回顾它所提及的技巧，标准方法，评分标准以及对每个分数段的描述，主题范例，已评分的范文，批阅者的评价是十分重要的。

分析写作的主题涉及范围很广——从艺术人文到社会物理学科，但是没有主题要求特殊内容的知识。事实上每个主题都是经过挑选以确保它们具备以下几种特征：
1、 GRE的考生，无论他们的研究领域和兴趣，都能够理解并容易的讨论主题
2、主题能体现出大学教员所认为对在研究生院获得成功十分重要的复杂思考及说服性写作的能力
3、回答在内容和作者展开观点的方法上可以多种多样

为了你能够更好的准备考试，我们出版了全套题库。

分析写作部分的应试策略

预先规划好你的时间是很重要的。在Issue部分所规定的45分钟内，你将需要为在两个主题之间进行选择，思考你所选择的主题，构思你的应答和写作文章留出足够的时间。在argument部分所限定的30分钟内，你需要为分析论辩，构思评价和完成写作留出时间。虽然GRE的阅卷者会理解你写作时的时间限制并把你的回答作为初稿来看待，你还是应该希望它能成为你在考试环境下写作能力的最好范例。
在每个部分的最后留出几分钟来检查明显的错误。虽然一个偶然的拼写或语法错误并不会影响你的得分，然而严重而持续的错误会削弱你整个文章的有效性。

分析写作部分的评分标准

每篇应答会根据公布在GRE分析写作部分指南的标准被总体性的给予一个满分为6分的评价。整体性评分表示每个应该会被作为一个整体来看待：阅卷人不会将应答分拆为各个组成部分并对每个部分如观点，组织，句式结构或语言进行单独评分。相反，阅卷人评分是基于整个文章的品质，并用整合的观点来考虑其所有的特点。举例来说，优秀的组织架构和有欠缺的组织将会是阅卷人对文章整体映像的一部分并影响评分，然而组织架构，作为一个单独的特征，并没有特殊的权重。
总体来说，GRE阅卷人是有经验的大学教员，他们教授的课程需要良好的写作和批判性思维技能。所有的GRE阅卷人都经历过认真的培训，并通过了严格的GRE资格考试，这表明他们有能力去维持评分的准确性。

为确保评分的公正、客观性：
考卷将被随即分发给阅卷人
所有考生相关的个人信息将对阅卷人隐藏
每篇文章将由两个人评分
评分程序要求每篇文章从两位阅卷人得到一致或相近的评分，任何其他的分数情况将由第三位阅卷人给予评价。

最终的分数是两个部分分数的平均值。分析写作的主要评分点侧重于评判性思维及分析性写作技能。

如出现以下情况，将被判为作弊：
文本与其他GRE考试应答及其相似
引用或复述出现在其他出版或未出版的资源里的语言和观点，而不予说明。
使用与其他人合作的成果而不提及他人的贡献
由他人代写或借用他人的文章

当上述情况出现的时候，你的文章将不法代表考试所需要检测的独立，分析性写作的技能。因此，ETS将会取消文章的得分。

被取消分数者将被没收报名费。但是取消分数的情况不会被大学了解。

如何在issue部分表明立场

理解issue部分

issue部分评价你评判性的思考一个大众关心的问题并清晰地表明观点的能力。每个在双引号内的主题，表明了一个主张，每个考生能够从不同的角度去讨论它，并能使用于不同的情况。你的任务是为你自己的立场展现一个有说服力的实例。确定你已仔细阅读issue的主张并从多个不同角度去思考，联系多个角度来考虑其复杂性。然后，为你希望展开的立场做好记录并列出你用来支持这一观点的主要理由和事例。

issue部分允许多样化的回应角度。虽然陈述中心事件很重要，然而你可以自由选择你所选用的方法。例如，你可以：
1、完全赞同其观点，完全否定其观点或只同意部分观点。
2、质疑主张中所进行的假设
3、评价其中的每一个措辞，特别是定义并应用这一措辞的方法对你将展开的角度十分重要的情况下
4、指出其主张在何种情况下有效，而在其他情况下则不然。
5、评价与你的角度相反的观点。
6、用多个例子或一个单独深挖的例子来支持你的理由并展开你的观点。

GRE阅卷人在为你的文章评分时并不是在寻找一个“对”的答案——事实上，并不存在一个正确的立场。相反，读者是在评价你衔接深发一个主张并制成你的立场的能力。

理解写作的背景：目的和观众

issue部分是一个对于批判性思维和说服性写作的锻炼。这一部分的目的在于考察你能在多大程度上构建一个具有说服力的论辩来支持你自己对某一事件的立场，并通过写作有效地与其他学术上的读者交流的能力。你的读者包括受过培训的大学教员，他们能很好地应用评分指南中的评分标准。

为了对GRE阅卷人如何应用issue的评分标准对一个真实的考例评分，你应该回顾那些已被评分的issue范文和阅卷者的评价。范文，尤其是达到5，6分的，能够为你展示各种各样的组织，深发和交流一个有说服力的论辩的成功策略。读者的点评分析讨论了分析和写作的某些方面，比如例子的应用，发展和支撑，组织，语言的流畅性和措辞。对于每一个答卷，点评指出了它特别有说服力的方面同时也说明了那些削弱了行文效力的方面。

为issue所做的准备

因为issue部分旨在评价你在你的教育过程中所获得的说服性写作的技能，它既不要求一对某一特别课程的学习也不会让那些接受过特殊训练的学生具有优势。

许多大学的作文讲义提供了你可能觉得有用的对于说服性写作的建议，然而即使这些建议也对于你将面临的issue部分也显得太过技巧性和特殊。你不必知道批判性思维或写作的术语和策略，相反你应该有能力去应用说理，证据和实例去佐证你的观点。假设一个issue的主题要求你去考略为艺术博物馆提供财政支持对政府是否重要。如果你的观点是政府应该支持艺术博物馆，你应该通过讨论艺术重要的原因并解释艺术馆是一个艺术对公众开放的公共场所来支持你的观点。另一方面，如果你的观点是政府不应该支持艺术馆，你应该指出，在政府财政有限的情况下，相比其他更加重要的社会设施，艺术馆并不值得政府资助。或者，如果你只赞成政府在一些特定情况下资助艺术馆，你应该集中论述艺术的标准，文化考量或政治的情况，这些你认为能够决定一个艺术馆是否应该得到资助的因素。重要的不是你做支持的立场，你在深发观点的过程中所展现的批判性思维的能力才是最重要的。

一个优秀的准备issue的方法是用公布的主题进行联系写作。这里没有最好的方法：一些人喜欢一开始练习不限时，其他人宁愿采取一个限时的写作。无论你采取哪一个方法，你都应该回顾此部分的指导，然后
1、
仔细阅读主题中表明的主张并确保你能理解其中的争议所在；如果它看起来不太明确，于你的老师或朋友讨论。
2、
联系你自己的观点和经历，你所读到的事件以及你所认识的人来考虑这一争议性问题；这些是你阐述一个有说服力的理由的知识基础以及在你的论辩中能够加强、反驳或评价争议中的主张的论据。
3、
决定你在这一争议中将捍卫的立场——记住你可以自己决定完全同意还是反对或者只是部分同意其观点。
4、
决定你将采用何种有力的论据来支撑你的观点。
记住这是一个考察批判性思维和说服性写作的考试。因此，你可能会发现询问自己以下问题将会对你探究某一主张的复杂性有所裨益：
1、
准确地讲中心争议是什么？
2、
自己是否同意或反对其中的某一部分，为什么。
3、
这一主张是否做了某些假设，如果有的话，是什么
4、
这一主张是否只在特定条件下有效，如果是，在哪些条件下
5、
你是否需要对其中特定的术语或概念进行解释
6、
如果你采取了一个特定立场，你可以拿什么理由来支撑自己的观点
7、
有什么实例——真实的或假设的——能够被你用来阐述那些理由并提升你的观点。哪些例子是最具说服力的。

一旦你决定你将采取的立场，考虑其他人的角度，他们是否会反对你的观点。问问你自己
1、
其他人可以用那些理由来反驳你的观点
2、
你应该怎样承认或捍卫自己文中的观点

为了规划你的作答，你可能会想总结你的观点并对你能够如何支撑你的将采取的观点做简要的笔记。当你做完这些工作后，回顾你的记录并决定你将如何架构你的作答。然后写出你对于争议的观点。即使你没有完整地写出一篇文章，你也会觉得通过一些issue的主题来架构你可能的回应是有所裨益的。在你已经练习过一些主题以后，试着在规定的45分钟内完成一篇文章以便于你对如何应用自己的事件能有一个清晰的概念。

从一个教授批判性思维和写作的导师那里获取一些对你文章的意见或者与其他学生交换同主题的文章并根据评分指南来讨论他人的文章将会是有帮助的。试着评价一篇文章是否达到或未能达到评分细则中的标准。讲你自己的文章与评分指南进行比较将帮助你明白你能够在哪里，如何进行提高。

决定选择哪个争议主题

记住标准化考试将从题库中选择两个争议性的主题；你并需在两个里面选择一个。因为45分钟的时限是从你一看到这两个话题开始的，所以你不能花太多事件在选择主题上。相反，试着快速地选择一个你觉得能够更好地论述的主题

在做出选择前，仔细阅读每一个主题。然后决定对于哪一个主题你能够阐发一个更有力，更具说服力的论辩。为了做出这一决定，你应该问自己：
1、
哪一个话题是我觉得更有趣更吸引人的
2、
哪一个话题更贴近我的学术领域或其他经历
3、
对于哪一个主题我更能清晰地解释和捍卫我的观点
4、
对于哪一个主题我能更迅速地相处有力的理由和事例来支撑我的观点
你对这些问题的答案将帮助你做出你的决定

你作答的形式

你可以以任何你觉得能够有效地论述你观点的方式来自由地组织和阐发你的答复。你的答复可以，担不是必须，包含在英语写作或大学写作加强课程中学到的特别写作策略。GRE的阅卷人不会寻找特别的阐发技巧或写作模式；事实上当他们经过训练以后，在审查成百上千篇在内容和形式上有极大差异的考卷的时候，他们的评分能够体现出相似的对于批判性思维和说服性写作评价的水准。读者将看到一些6分的issue作答只是简单地通过总结作者对于争议的立场来开始然后清洗地阐明轮变得中心。读者们也将看到其他人通过做出假设来导入作者的观点提出一连串的问题，描述一个场景，或定义一个重要的术语。读者知道作者能够通过给出多样性的实例或阐明一个单一的经过深发的实例来获得一个较高的分数。看一看那些5分或6分的文章，来了解其他作者是如何成功地阐发并组织他们的论辩的。

你可以对你的文章任意分段，只要对文章的说理是恰当的——例如当你转向一个新的观点的时候，你大概可以开始一个新段落了。重要的并不是事例的数量，段落的数量或者文章的形式，重要的是你观点的清晰和说服力以及你同学术读者讨论这些观点的技巧。

Issue题目示例：

“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can provide broad perspectives."

对此题目的分析策略
这一主张引出了一个相关问题：成为一个通才或专才意味着什么，他们对社会分别有着怎样的价值。一个社会真的需要更多的通才，专才的价值真的被高估了么？

对这一题目你能采取如下基本立场：
是的，社会需要更过的通才并且高估了专才的价值。
不，反过来才对。
或者，它绝定于多种因素。
抑或，两个群体在当今的文化中都是重要的，它们都没有被高估。
你的分析可以从某一社会或国家、社会的一个或多个领域、各种不同的情况中援引例证。你可以集中于通才和专才在通信、交通、政治、信息或技术领域所扮演的角色。当你使用相关的理由和事例来佐证你的观点的时候，以上任何方式都是有价值的。

在你构筑一个观点前，花一点时间再次阅读这一主张。分析它，思考以下问题：
1、
通才于专才的主要区别何在，他们各自的强项又在哪里
2、
这些区别在任何领域和情况下就存在么？会不会有一些专才，需要拥有广泛的知识面和普遍的技能来较好地完成他的工作？
3、
在你的领域中专才和通才是如何起作用的
4、
社会赋予通才和专才怎样的价值？专才是否在某些情形下被高估了，而在其他情况下没有
5、
社会真的需要比现在更多的通才么？如果是，需要他们来干什么。

你可以将你的思考分为两组：
1、
支撑主张的理由和事例
2、
支持相反观点的理由和事例

如果你发现一个观点明显比另一观点更具说服力，你可以考虑从那个角度来深发你的观点。当你构建你的论辩的时候，时刻铭记另一个你需要加以反驳的观点。

如果两方观点都具有说服力的点，你可以考虑提出一个论断，并不完全支持题目中主张，而是支持一个更复杂更具限定性的观点。然后你运用两方的理由和事例来佐证你的观点。
                                                                                                           

adammaksimUID: 2675466

继续补作业
第二次作业

第一篇argument 顺产，畸形。。。  https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=1034032&page=1&extra=
第一篇issue 难产。。。 https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1034030-1-1.html

ibt9.12UID: 2581152

啦啦啦啦~~~来看看你 加油~~~:loveliness:

fighting

adammaksimUID: 2675466

economis 阅读


IT HAS become a tedious tradition for Westerners dealing with China to garnish their speeches with wisdom from the Chinese classics. Barack Obama, addressing Chinese and American leaders in July, used not just a banal（迂腐的） quotation from Mencius, a Confucian sage, but a punchier one from Yao Ming, a Chinese basketball player: “No matter whether you are new or an old team member, you need time to adjust to one another.” Though it is 30 years since the two countries re-established diplomatic ties（恢复外交关系）
severed by the Communist takeover, both sides still badly need to adjust.

The heart of the problem is a profound uncertainty in both countries about where the relationship may lead. In many respects the two countries are in the same bed. Their economies have become interlocked, especially in the past decade. America is the world’s biggest debtor and China its biggest creditor. From climate change to the economic recovery, the world faces problems that demand China and America work in concert (means together).

Prussian blues, Chinese reds

Yet relations are dogged by fears of a new cold war, or even a hot one, breaking out. Some Americans in Washington, DC, talk of China as “the new Prussia”. China has engaged in a rapid military build-up that could challenge America as the defender of Asian peace (and Taiwan’s sovereignty). Unannounced, China is building its first aircraft-carrier（航空母舰）, yet its generals(将军) often refuse even to talk to their American peers.

Underlying the strategic competition is China’s economic rise. Its companies are “colonising” swathes（指割草机留下的长而宽的条 cut a swath）
of Africa and Latin America, cosying up（应该是作“讨好”讲） to regimes Westerners shun. Its huge foreign-exchange holdings and its sniffing（sniff v.嗅，闻
也做轻蔑） of bargains mean Chinese investment in the West will grow rapidly in the coming years. And to cap it all(in sum), China owns $800 billion of American government debt—enough to give it power of life and death over the American economy.

Tensions will get worse in the next few years for two reasons. The first is unavoidable: 2012 witnesses important political transitions in the form of elections in Taiwan and America and a Communist Party Congress in China. Second—and more generally—there has been a recalibration of perceived power. There is now talk of a G2 of China and America, implying that their global weights are nearly equal. In fact, as our special report argues, this is a misperception(错觉), and a dangerous one.


China’s economy is still less than a third the size of America’s at market exchange-rates（汇率）. Its GDP per head is one-fourteenth that of America. The innovation gap between the two countries remains huge. America’s defence budget is still six times China’s. As for the Treasury bills（美国国债）, dumping（倾卸，抛售） them is not an option for China: a tumbling（跌倒，摔下） dollar would hurt its own economy .And as American consumers spend less, while Chinese stimulus boosts its domestic spending, the huge and politically troublesome trade imbalances are shrinking. In the meantime, the danger of overegging（egg的动词意 incite to action） China’s economic expansion abroad is that it will fuel protectionism at a time when American unemployment is painfully high.


In terms of geopolitical power, China has neither the clout nor the inclination(既无心，也无力) to challenge America. Confidently though China’s leaders now strut（趾高气昂地走） the world stage, they remain preoccupied by simmering（simmer v.煨，炖） discontent at home: there are tens of thousands of protests each year. For all the economic progress, all sorts of tensions—social, cultural, demographic, even religious—haunt the regime and help explain why it resorts to nationalism so often. So it is odd, and wrong, that America’s approach towards China is driven by its own insecurities.

To simplify enormously, the danger is that a frightened United States will be too tough on China over the economy, especially trade; and not tough enough on human rights. On money matters, Mr. Obama’s foolish decision to slap tariffs on Chinese tyres has given dangerous encouragement to protectionists in America. As unemployment there climbs inexorably（无情地）
towards 10%, the pressure will grow for Congress to fuel a self-defeating attack on Chinese exports and the undervalued yuan. This is bad economics: both China and America would lose enormously from a trade war.

If economic freedom is one American value that Mr Obama should not sacrifice on his first visit to China next month, the other is personal freedom. Chinese authoritarianism is not somehow more acceptable because China is a rising power; nor are human rights bargaining chips to be played only when expedient. That Mr. Obama needs Chinese help to fix the global economy and on climate-change mitigation does not mean the leader of the free world should stifle criticism of its political system. Avoiding a meeting with the Dalai Lama in Washington this month was an unnecessary sop（安慰剂） to his hosts. The Communist Party, keen to bolster its image at home, wants the trip to appear successful as much as Mr. Obama does.

Same bed, different dreams—and one is stronger

A more confident approach is a bet on whose sort of system of government will prove ultimately stronger. At the moment China’s responses on the climate, the financial crisis and the emerging swine-flu pandemic have won it praise internationally. But they have also borne the hallmarks of（被打上。。。烙印） an authoritarian system. For instance, on greenery, it is clear that if China had exposed its response to the rigours（rigor） of democratic debate, it would have acted more slowly: China’s system enables it to mobilise（调动）
huge resources and make politically difficult decisions. But an effective long-term response to climate change needs public understanding of the issues and a legal environment that allows foreign owners of green technologies to transfer them without fear of theft. China lacks both.

Behind China’s fa&ccedil;ade of strength, on stunning display with its parade of tanks and missiles through Beijing on October 1st, lie fretful frailties—also on display that day, when spectators were banned for fear of protests. Social tensions in China are likely to rise, even as it grows richer. Locking up activists, as China has been wont to do recently, is not a lasting solution. Mr Obama should meet some of them in Beijing to find out for himself. If his hosts have a hissy fit(发脾气), let them

adammaksimUID: 2675466

哎  过12点了啊。。。还算做27号的吧。。。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement

Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis

What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

很不错的东西。有空多看几遍

语法  从句

文章信息密度如何压缩

从句

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

名词性从句
1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有： （平衡句子结构）

*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
*It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
*It seems that the performance is very useful.

2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.

3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.



宾语从句

1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.（无that）
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.

2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.

3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。 (否定词提前)
He didn't think that the money was well spent.

表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.


同位语从句 (区别于表语从句，是对已有表语的解释说明)

同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：(联系虚拟语气)

　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　

　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……

　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……

　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

adammaksimUID: 2675466

刚做完第六次作业，再回过头来看一下20问
虽然之前有看过，但是没有做笔记，说实话是有点混乱的20问，因为X可以指代很多东西
现在尝试着稍微理一下   针对issue而言

1. What does X mean? (Definition)
某一issue所围绕的主题，而issue本身应该是就这一主题所提出的一个有争议性的主张
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
思考此主题的特征，认识的第一步：是什么
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
此处X应该可以指一个具体事物或事件，也可指抽象感念  是对2的补充
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
此处X肯定是指一个具体的东西 和14类似 不过14可以应用于抽象概念
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
带有作者观点 与4形成对比
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
本质探究，X的主要功能
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis)
有点类似4  此处X应指一个具体事件或现象
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
与7构成一个完整的因果分析
9. What are the types or X? (Classification)
对X归类 可以认为是对2的补充 感觉不太实用
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
当X具有相似而又不完全相同的概念Y的时候，可以使用对比突出X的特征
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
现状如何   2在时间上的展开
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
同18
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
X应指一个具体事件
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
似4  描述X产生的过程
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
X肯定指人了  感觉是2+3对人的版本
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
作者的主观感受
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
与11呼应
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
不才  不知道 value和significance到底有什么区别
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
最后对观点的提炼
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
援引事例

建议还是找个题目实际操作一下比较有体会
确实是有用的20问