不沉的心。。tianswk的GRE1006 4.19 南京机考 备考日记

tianswkUID：2669790

4.19南京机考
已经没有多少天了。。。
很早就开始看作文
但总是不能尽心尽力
昨天晚上看作文时突然坚持不了了
心情很不好  后来到操场跑了几圈
躺在操场上  忽然有种如释重负的感觉
只要我们曾经努力过  又何必在乎结果
一个人静静的看得GRE  看着论坛
在看Encarta时竟然会为文章的好意境  好文采而感动
考G的确是一个好机会
我要学着锻炼自己  提高自己
就此写贴  记下心情感悟
也算有所依托吧   寄托天下  我心不老

tianswkUID：2669790

恰当使用小词smart  vocabulary
一、具体--抽象
1.bask     
bask in the glory of world cup
bask in jubilance
2.brew酿酒  表示酝酿
Storm are brewing on every frontier.
3.swallow
Surely, I know better than to swallow his words.
He had to swallow his words.  取消前言
4.gnaw 啃  咬
The feeling of guilt gnawed at my consious day and night.
5.wean 新生儿断奶  使放弃
The plants have succeed in weaning from the green house environment.

二、名词--动词
1.bridge  连接  消除鸿沟
bridge chasm,silence,difference,generation gap
2.budget 合理安排
She is extremely busy, so she has to budget her time carefully.
3.toy 漫不经心的摆弄
She toyed with a pencil, brooding on something like a hen.
4.braket 把某和某归入一类
John and Smiths were bracketed in a tie for the firsy prize.

三、由人到物
1.flatter  拟物后表示。。比真人好看
You are surely flattered by this dress.
2.flirt  不认真的对待
Flirt with the idea of resigning.
3.conspire 共同导致
Wrethed weather, nasty food and disgusting companions conspired to reduce my pinic to be a bad blanket.
4.coax  耐心处理  小心摆弄
Pianists have their difficulties on the piano hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion.

四、本意引申
1.throw  使处于 陷入 某种状态
Thousands were thrown into homeless by the war.
2.pitch 用适合的角度 方法表达
The program was pitched at just the right level.
3.blood  新手取得初次经验
Many revolutionary devotee were blooded in Wuchang Uprise.



十组“绝妙好词”
1.in terms of / with respect of
前者表示从某方面来说  用以列举和解释
后者 表示关于 至于  用来引出话题
My intuition is that the more a person shares in common with us--in terms of experience, heritage, disposition, motives, and even physical attributes--the more accessible that a person's herioc traits are to us, and the stronger their attraction as a role model.
With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments--no matter how great.

2.perspective/ viewpoint
都表示观点 视角  用来说明看问题的角度
From the perspective of an Imperialists, conquering other lands and peoples might be viewed as an unqualified success. However, from the viewpoint of the indigenous peoples who suffered at the hands of Imperialista, these so-called "achievements" are the source of widespread oppression and misery, and in turn discotent, to which any observant Native American of South African native could attest.

3.instesd of /rather than
均表示  而不是   用于对比
They should question what they are taught insted of accepting it passively.
Even in the arts, students must challenge established styles and forms rather than learn to imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely art will emerge.

4.due to/ result from/result in/ lead to
都表示因果关系  均接名词性结构
Modern art that violates these principles might held ephemeral appeal due to its novelty and brashness, but its appeal lacks staying power.
As for physical sciences, inovations and progress can only result from challenging conventinal theories--that is, the status quo(current situation).
Also, information overload can result in confusion, which in turn can diminish one's ability to assimilate information and apply it usefully.
These and further discoveries certainly will lead to progress in dealing dffectively with pressing social issues in the fields of education, juvenile deliquency, criminal reform, and mental illness.

5.despite/regardless of
即使尽管  无论   都用于让步
In sum, despite a deluge of information debunking our false notions about people who are different than us, as a society it appears we have not reversed our inclination towards prejudice.
Moreover, in the final analysis any business is indebted in the society in which it operates for its very existence, and thus has a moral duty, regardless of any legal obligations, to pay that debt.

6.counterproductive/unproductive
适得其反的   没有收益的
Although the critic can help us understand and appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective.

7.counterpart/peer/match
具有相同功能的人或物    地位相等的人   十分详尽的人或物
An informed listener of popular music hears not the just the same plase sounds and pulsating rhythms as their naive counterparts, but also the rhythmic meiers, harmonic structure, and compositional forms used by the great classical composers of previous centuries, and which provided the foundation of modern music.
American children did less well in math than their peers in Japan.
As soon as he heard what was affot, the Foreign Secretary telephoned his German and Italian matches to protest.

8.unnecessary/infeasible/ineffective
没必要   没有条件   达不到预期目标  层层递进
Specifically, when it comes to learning rote fabts and figures, personal interaction with a teacher is unnecessary, and can even result in fatigue and burnout for the teacher.
Re-floating the sunken ship has been proved infeasible because of its fragility.
In sum, while ads portraying people we want to "be like" are undoubtly effective in selling products, they are equally ineffective in helping consumers feel better about themselves.

9.effective/efficient
达到预期目标   没有浪费时间
Few would agree that through their ability to inspire others and lift the huamn spirit Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King were eminently effective in leading others to effect social change through civil disobdience.
In sum, television and video can be more efficient than books as a means of staying abreast of current affairs, and for education in the arts that involve moving imagery.

10.available/accessible
可利用的  可获得的
The choice to forego this security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequences.
However, equally flunential was Johannes Guteberg, whose invention of the printing press several centuries later rendered Western knowledge and cullture accessible to every class of people throughout the known world.

tianswkUID：2669790

一直头疼的就是议论文，没有想到考G还是要解决这个问题，就找了找论证方法，看了看，其实不过如此；真正的应用还要靠实践，希望对和我一样有疑惑的人些许启示吧，一点点也足以了！
一、例证式
1、什么是例证式
例证式就是在提出问题或论点以后，举出实例，通过实例来说明或论证自己的观点，亦称“例证法”。     
例证式作文属于运用事实进行论证的议论文，更确切地说是用重点事例进行论证。即在经过审题，确定中心论点之后，选择一些自己熟悉的、有说服力的具体事例来加以论证。例证式作文的优点就在于用事实说话。俗话说“事实胜于雄辩”，恰当地运用这种论证方法有较强的说服力和论辩力。
2.例证式思维模式
论点→论据＋分析→结论
3．操作
①例证式作文的结构布局一般是先提出论点，然后举出一些事例证明论点的真实正确；也有的文章先提出论题，引入思索，然后举出一些事例，从事例中引出论点，再举出新的事例进一步深化论点。
②要选取真实、贴切、典型的事例，用来证明论点的成立。在例证式作文中的事实是作论据的，论据虚假，只能导致论点的动摇；所谓贴切就是所举事实与论点有着内在联系，不牵强附会；所谓典型，就是在同类事例中有代表性，在论证时能以一当十。其次是在论证过程中，切忌把证明论点的事例简单相加，宛然成形，却毫无生气。应该揭示事例和论点之间内在的逻辑联系，使论证过程变成一种理论上的阐发。
③在对论据的详尽的分析与阐述中自然而然地得出结论。
二.引证式
1.什么是引证式
引证式就是用引证法进行论证，写议论文。它是一种运用理论论据来证明论点的方法。理论论据一般包括名人名言、科学原理、公理、定理以及内含警策的格言、谚语、成语等。         
刘勰说：“明理引乎成辞。”成辞即所引的理论论据。由于“成辞”的内容已被公认，经得起考验，是客观真理，无须再加证明具有较大的权威性和鲜明的理论色彩，所以，直接引入证明文章的论点，既能增强文章的理论色彩，给人以确凿可靠、不容置喙的感觉，又能给人一精练深刻、生动活泼的印象。运用引证式提出问题，可以使人感到妙趣横生，发人深思。在分析问题、解决问题时运用引证法，引经据典，旁征博引，有不可辩驳的力量。
2.引证式议论文思维模式 论点→引据＋据例分析→结论
3.操作 引证式作文的布局，一般是先提出中心论题或中心论点，然后引经据典作为理论论据来阐发中心论点。引证式在文章中运用得好，要注意以下三点：第一，要注贴切、自然。即所引用言论的内容要和文的观点一致，使文章构成一个和谐的整体，切不可牵强附会，生搬硬套。 第二，要准确。即所引言论、事例要讲究内容的科学性，理解的正确性，运用的针对性。 第三，要精辟。即少而精，不可连篇累牍，堆砌引用的言论。必须注意使精当生动的“引言”与具体深刻的分析有机结合，努力做到有理有据，逻辑性强。
三、类比式
1 .什么是类比式
为了讲清一个道理，将有类似特点或相似关系的事物，放在一起进行比较，从而得出有关结论，叫类比式论证，它的特点是从特殊到特殊。议论文的“大忌”之一就是“空”。而“空”的原因，除文章本身缺乏充足的论据以外，谁缺乏有力的推理方法，不能把充当论据的材料系统地、科学地组织起来，通过严密的逻辑推理，有力地论证自己所提出的观点的正确性、科学性，从中接受作者通过类比所得出的结论，增强文章的说服力。
2.类比式思维模式 论点→甲事物＋类比事物→类比点→结论
四、对比式
1、什么是对比式把正反两个方面的事实或道理对举出来，通过对比分析来证明论点，这种方法叫对比式论证。 对比式论证是评论文章中常用的论证方法。古人说：“无反则正不显”，即没有反面事物的映衬，正面事物中蕴含的道理就不那么明白。正反一对比，人们就会更清楚地发现真理，认清事物的本质。古人说：“文有法，不拘成法”，运用对比分析，可以先反后正，先正后反或正反交叉使用，这是没有定法的。关键的问题是找准对比的着眼点，看看从哪几个方面进行比较才能把问题分析透彻，达到预定的写作目的。
2、对比式议论文思维模式：论点→甲事物＋对比事物→对比点→结论
五、归纳式
1、什么是归纳式列举一些事例，综合它们的共同特点概括出一条规律或结论，从个别到一般的论证方法就是归纳式论证。
2、归纳式议论文思维模式： 提出问题→列举事例→得出结论六、演绎式1什么是演绎式用公认的易解的一般道理，联系实际，推出一个新的结论，或用已知的知识来推一个未知的知识，这种由一般到个别的论证方法，就是演绎式谁论证。
2、演绎式议论文思维模式：一般道理→个别事物→分析→结论

hefengzhouUID：2764288

:)

tianswkUID：2669790

英语写作中句式的多样化

编辑：admin | 作者：... | 发布日期：2002-11-10 22:09:42

句式就是句子的结构方式，也就是句子的式样或格式。不同的思想内容要用不同的句式来表达；而同一思想内容也可以用不同的句式来表达。句式不同，表达效果也就不同。只有句式多样化，文章才会生动有趣，充满活力。可是，在实际写作中，初学写作的学生往往一篇文章都是千篇一律的简单句，文章单调乏味，毫无生气。笔者认为，恰当地使用某些方法或手段有助于实际表达形式的多样化，增强表达效果。兹将常用方法简单介绍如下。
一、改变句子开头
许多学生在写作中倾向于用与人有关系的词性，用名词和代词作为句子的开头，如 People，We，I，He，They，She等。但这种开头见多了，难免让人厌倦。试比较：
A．People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food．
B．There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food．
第一句改用非人称名词作为主语开头，第二句则用there ＋be句型开头。这样既改变了主语＋谓语＋宾语单调句型，又把想强调的意思突出出来。实际上，为了把文章写得生动活泼，除了用主语开头外，还可以用句子的其他成分开头。
1．用副词开头
Too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests．
2．用同位语开头
Air，water and oxygen，everything that is necessary for life．
3．用状语开头
Dark and empty，the house looked very different from the way I remembered it．
4．用表语开头
Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort．
5．用宾语开头
My advice you would not listen to；my helps you laughed at．Now you will have what you asked for．
6．以短语修饰语开头
1）以介词短语开头
To me the news was very interesting，but to my wife very boring．
2）以分词短语开头
Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades，Menchester took flight for the pacific islands．
3）以不定式短语开头
To pass the exam，you should work very hard．
二、巧用连接词
有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用连接词，尤其是一些表示从属关系的连接词，如 who，which，that，because，since，although，after，as，before，when，whenever，if，unless，as if等，不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：
Natural resources are very limited．They will be exhausted in the near future．It is not true．But it becomes a major concern around the world．This is a widely accepted fact．
这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用连接词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。例如：
It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future，though it is unlikely to be true．
再如：
The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world，and in spring time it often overflows its banks，and the lives of many people are endangered．
此句用and把三个分句一贯到底，既乏味又可笑。如果使用了关系代词which，语义就会更连贯，语言也会更流畅：
The Mississippi River，which is one of the longest rivers in the world，often overflows its banks in the spring time，endangering the lives of many people．
三、长短句交插
长句和短句是就句子的字数多少、形体长短而言的。长句和短句各有其优点和缺点。长句，因为使用的定语、状语较多，限制了概念的外延，增大了概念的内涵，所以比较精确、严密，但使用起来不够活泼简便。短句，由于字数少，直截了当，一般比较简洁、明快、有力，但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在具体语言活动中，最好长短句交替使用。这既体现了节奏上的要求，也是意义上的需要。例如：
（1）We can imagine the beautiful surroundings．（2）There are many trees along the streets．（3）There is a clean river in the city．（4） There are many fishes in the river．（5）There are willow trees on the one side．（6）There are some pieces of grassland on the other side．（7）There are many flowers on them．
文中七个句子都是简单句，句型结构单一，而且句子长短同一，都在七、八词左右，十分单调。下面是修改后的段落：
（1）Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener．（2）Green trees line the streets．（3）A clean river winds through the city，in which a lot of fishes abound．（4）On the one side stand rows of willow trees．（5）On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers．
改写后的这段文字，有长句（1）、（3）、（5），也有短句（2）和（4），一长一短，抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交插，而且句型结构变化也很大，使文章流畅自然，生动活泼。
四、利用倒装结构
英语的基本句型是S＋V＋O，如果偶尔打破常规，改变某一成分的位置，不仅可以丰富句型，而且能强调、突出被倒装的部分，收到意想不到的表达效果。例如：
1）In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games．
2）Faith in the Chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose．
总之，英语的句式是多种多样的，只要从要表达的内容出发合理选用，文章的句式就会富于变化。同时，在学习写作的过程中，学生应不断练习构造各种各样句式，以提高语言表达能力。

tianswkUID：2669790

Issue 的常用论证方法

1.论据法
举例： 个人的例子（尽量少用） 名人名事
举例用到的句式：
（1）a varieties of scientist/polticians can be cited to illustrate this point....
(2) while such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally.
(3)Pargons, such as A and B, respectively, come to my mind..
(4)One telling historical example involves..

2.引用法
引用的内容包括：谚语，名人名言，数据调查
引用名人名言的句式：
（1）“Knowledge is power." such is a remark of Bacon, one of the greatest famous educators.
(2)According to a well known scientist X, and I paraphase,... Which is to say/This illustrate the point that/The saying is used ironcally to point out that...

3.引申法
引申：一个理由说完后接着过渡到第二个层次或理由

4.反证法
正反对比论证是一种最有效的论证方法，它能有效的使文章那个在逻辑不变的同时，又能在逻辑层面上扩充

5.类比法
深入浅出的通过一个通俗的东西引述一个深刻的东西
by the same token   in like manner  similiarly   likewise

6.定义法解析
在Issue 中很重要


Issue写作要注意的细节问题
用词、句式、全局变量词汇（在每篇文章中都用的词汇）
1.全局变量词汇
第一组：表明了  替换show
indicate  reveal  confirm  reflect  demonstrate  convey  imply  iillustrate
第二组 重要的  替换important
vital  crucial  essential(本质的） significant  profound(有深远意义的）  play a key role
第三组 我认为 替换 I think
I guess  I suppose  I assume  I maintain that   I insist that
Personnaly  from the personal perspective..  in my eyes.. in my view    I am convinced that ..
第四组  事件、现象  替换problems  question
issue   incident  event  occurrence
第五组 热门的
heated  urgent  burning  pressing   pervasive  rampant  prevalent
第六组 面临、见证
confront   encounter  witness
第七组  争议、讨论
controversy   debate  contend  dispute
第八组  难以解决的问题
intractable    involved   troublesome  tough  stubborn
第九组  解决方案
solution  approach  recipe   scheme
第十组 迅速的、有效地
valid  sound  effectual  efficacious  potent



话题类Issue词汇
1.counterproductive适得其反的、产生相反效果的
e.g. It is conunterproductive to bee too tough; it just makes the staff resentful.
Over-extented competition could be counterproductive.

2.seminal 萌芽的 潜在的 开创性的  有重大影响的
in the seminal state
seminal thoughts
seminal thoughts

3.forgo 放弃
e.g. The choice to forgo this security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequence.

4.intuition 直觉

5.statisfy 证明是正当的  公证的
e.g. In the analysis, government cannot philosophically statisfy assisting large cities for the  purpose of either promoting or preserving the nation's cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends.

6.resort to 诉诸

7.hinge on 以。。为转移  靠。。转动

8.lend some credence

9.amount to

10.dimension 大小  体积  程度

11.inspire
inspire sb to do sth      inspiration

12.provide necessary impetus for..

13.paradigm典范

14.obscure 使阴暗 使朦胧

15.nascent初生的

16.irrespective of whether 无论如何

17.draw a distinction between

18.catalyst

19.proviso限制条件
Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I foundementally disagree with the speaker's claim...

20.proceeding 行动进行 会议记录
international proceeding

21.thwart 反对妨碍 挫败

22.unprecedented 空前的 史无前例的

23.inexorable  不可阻挡的  无情的

24.take precedence over  优先于。。

25.serve as a substitute for  取代 替代 be superceded by

26.emerge from  源自

27.名人  
celebrity/ elite/ personality/ notable figures

28.普遍  普及
prevailing  

29.灌输  教育
instill  inculcate  impart  foster  nurture

30.若干重 若干刃
a double-edged sword
a two-edged weapon
twofold/threefold/manifold

31.消除 减轻
eliminate  diminish  undermine

32.恶化 加剧
exacerbate

33.过度  过分
exorbitant    undue

34.导致  造成
pose
render
breed
burgeon
outgrowth

35.探求 努力
seek to
strive to
probe 探求  探查 v./n

36.资助赞助
subsidize
patron
on the patronage of..
under the auspices of..

37.增强 提高
escalate
enhance/ promote/ augment(v)/ elevate






逻辑连接类词汇

第一组  先后次序
previously  anteriorly
simultaneously  
ultimately  eventually
posteriorly

第二组  表示因果关系的词
being that   owing to     in virtue of   in view of
in respect that    on account of
consequently  hence  inevitablely   resultingly  thereupon  whereupon

第三组  表示转折关系的词
nevertheless    whereas   however  albeit   instead  
conversely   notwithstanding  虽然尽管

第四组 表示递进关系的词
furthermore   withal(moreover)   ulteriorly进一步的
detailed   minutely详细的

第五组 表示对比关系的词
similiarly   in like manner   likewise  analogously
approximately

第六组 表示强调关系的词
的确是  无可辩驳的是  尤其
especially  particularly   determinately  authentically  
undoubtedly   undeniablely    definitely   demonstrately  assuredly

   





句式的变换
1.复杂句与简单句结合交替使用
2.肯定句与否定句结合使用
  用肯定形式表达否定含义比否定形式好
3.主动句与被动句结合使用
  多含有被动句能显示文章的客观性

tianswkUID：2669790

今天先看这么多
开始有计划的写了
争取一天1Issue  1Argument
光看不写  总是不行的
加油了  呵呵

tianswkUID：2669790

今天模考了一下
不过很不在状态
Issue写了208字  Argument 写了347字
郁闷啊。。。
看来模板是很必要的  
起码可以在无思路的情况下写出点东西
还可以为思考留下宝贵的时间
想了一下模板的事，感觉要造出自己风格的模板
呵呵  加油了
考G路上  仗剑踽踽

藕香UID：2441197

加油~~:handshake

坚持就是胜利

tianswkUID：2669790

9# 藕香

谢谢  我会努力的

tianswkUID：2669790

今天看提纲  看了一些 好像有点感觉了
看了一些官方指南（GREBIBE)
感觉Issue不是主要考思想的 也不是主要考逻辑的  而是
考说服力的  而这个才是终极目标
不管文采再好  逻辑再强
还得有说服力
例子不必用名人
感觉用生活常识会更好  呵呵

Argument 主要考分析
反面要多反方面  有说服力
不能随便  同时要有建设性建议就更好了。。

努力中   加油

Intro727UID：2763246

我也是 4.19 南京.......

tianswkUID：2669790

13# Intro727
呵呵  共同努力  加油了