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本帖最后由 雨馨 于 2010-8-9 11:14 编辑
抱走#104
抱歉昨天不能修改,现在补上:
TOPIC: ARGUMENT16 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia.
"Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."
[整体格式,段首不必缩进,段间空一行]
In this argument, the arguer concludes that Impecunia should establish a state lottery like the one in Luria, which supplements tax revenues for education and health. To support the claim, the arguer points out Lucria's improvements on education and health, such as the spending of money on per pupil and health program that treats lots of people. In addition, he indicates the average money citizens of Impecunia spend per year cited from a survey. [要指出是用在赌博上的啊,这个漏掉文意就不对了] At the first glance, the conclusion seems to be somewhat convincing, however, further reflection tells me that the argument suffers from some fallacies.
[开头段稍显冗长,大多只是相当于复述,没有必要。太过模板化了。建议要么是更逻辑地把三句整合起来,要凸显它的几个最主要的错误,这个你不说是不行的,比如要暗示说arguer think Impecunia should … because Lucira … with hasty 用like没有用because这样来能够暗示作者的逻辑链。如果做不到这一点,还不如直陈错误。就如同某范文那样:我认为这东西没道理。然后把三个或几个攻击点列一下:因为…;…;….都比你现在的这种清楚]
First and foremost, the arguer commits a fallacy of false analogy. [这句效率很高] The arguer simply assumes that Lucria' success can be copied by Impecunia, which is unwarranted for he does not provide any evidence to prove that the economic situation and other factors such as the population and personal income as well as the health program [这四个因素,可以不用那么多连词的……当然你的用法还算顺畅] between Lucria and Impecunia are similar. If Impecunia has more pupils than those in Lucria, it is likely to happen that the average amount of money spent on pupils from Impecunia will be cut [cut用得不对啊,cut是缩减,为什么人多反而要缩减呢?没有道理也和文章无关,应该说lower或者naturally lower than that in Lucria]. Likewise, we are not informed whether the health programs of the two states have the same quality though the one in Lucria treats far more people.
[抓到点子了,但攻击不够啊,more pupil放在这里是证明什么的?比如可以说明是因为I的小学生比L多得多,并且已经花了非常多的钱在教育上,L通过搞彩票弄来的钱,放在I,也就相当于个零头,还是不能有本质的提升。这一点本身不够有说服力,而下一句直接偷懒likewise了,也要举具体的例子啊,比如治的人少不是钱的问题,比如人口本来就不一样多,ETS很看重例子的。]
Another weakness worth pointing out [这句稍显别扭] is that the survey conducted in the capital city is not representative to reflect the general attitude of the citizens about lottery. Mostly, citizens from capital city, who usually earn more money than those from rural places and thus lead better lives, tend to spend more money on amusement. Therefore, we have good reasons to doubt if the sample is large enough and representative as a whole. Besides, lottery is just a kind of gambling and we can not [cannot] ensure all the money for gambling is totally used for lottery.
[这个Besides是属于下段的内容吧,你这段不是在说城市以偏盖全的问题么?放到下段然后再让步比较好]
Last but not least, even if the citizens spend an average of $50 per person per year on lottery, which is of course an unpersuasive assumption [不必要而且会造成歧义:到底是作者unpersuasive还是你自己unpersuasive], it does not follow that they will spend their money on this specific lottery. Common sense tells us that most people purchase lottery just for the reason of regaining more money, they care only about the bonus and the rates instead of where the extra money will be used. Without further and adequate evidence, we cannot make a conclusion that the lottery would doubtless be successful.
To sum up, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate the exact effects that the lottery bring to Lucria along with the detailed and credible evidence and information about the reason why Impecunia would gain the similar success. In addition, the arguer must provide the procedure on how to begin a state lottery and the way to satisfy the citizens to buy the lottery.
有一个比较新颖的论点说买彩票不是看种类而是看获奖率,但是这和文章并不太相关,因为文章根本没提到手段问题,但还是能够体现思维的缜密。
同时,漏了一个很明显的攻击点:每个小孩投入多=教育好?治疗的人多=医疗好?造成只有第一段在论述比较重要的问题,而后两段都在绕着比较次要的最后一句打转,如果能加个第二段着力论述这个问题,整篇应该会出彩很多。
还有语言方面,感觉看了词汇和用语已经够多,但是用在论证、举例上的却很少,通篇都是说理,并且用了很多不必要的冗长的表达。通篇的可能性只有一个小学生人数不同。用常识反驳只有两处:城里有钱人多和人买彩票是为了赢。这个方面是非常不足的,感觉老美看重的不是你说了啥,而是每一句背后的凭什么。比如凭什么医疗和教育就能similar呢?你就要跟他举例子了吧!
一般WORD不划小绿线我看着也顺畅的话,我不太能够细改语法错误,你的句子模板感觉比较多,很长很绕,我没有把握说你不对。
所以推荐一个在线语法查错的,比WORD靠谱一点:
http://www.whitesmoke.com/free-online-checker
有不确定的句子可以自己仔细再查过。
个人意见,希望对你有帮助
我的(又遇到发帖限制):
TOPIC: ARGUMENT195 - The following is a letter from an editor at Liber Publishing Company to the company's president.
"In recent years, Liber has unfortunately moved away from its original mission: to publish the works of regional small-town authors instead of those of big-city authors. Just last year, 90 percent of the novels we published were written by authors who maintain a residence in a big city. Although this change must have been intended to increase profits, it has obviously backfired, because Liber is now in serious financial trouble. The only way to address this problem is to return to our original mission. If we return to publishing only the works of regional small-town authors, our financial troubles will soon be resolved."
WORDS: 448 TIME: 00:30:00 DATE: 2010-8-5 14:39:30
The argument indicates the financial trouble of Liber is in result to the changing of its original mission and only by returning to its original mission can it resolve the problem. The logical chain of which is shown to be flawed after a careful analysis.
In the first place, the statement "Liber has moved away from its original mission" is not well-grounded according to the argument. The letter points out that 90 percent of the novels Liber published were written by authors who maintain a residence in a big city. However, it fails to tell the reader what percentage do novels share in Liber's business. For instance, if Liber prints much more magazines than novels and all of the magazines are from regional small-town authors, it is too justify to say Liber has changed its original mission. In addition, authors who maintain a residence in a big city may not be big-city authors. The type of the authors may depend on his or her life experience and childhood memories. The argument could be largely improved if it attaches a detailed comparison between the Liber's business nowadays and years ago.
Moreover, the argument provides little evidence to prove that there is a causal relationship between the publishing changes and the serious financial trouble. Perhaps the financial trouble occurred before last year, which has nothing to do with the changing policy, and Liber was trying to solve it by making changes. That is entirely possible that if Liber did not move away from its original mission, the problem would be worse. In addition to this, it is also possible that the percentage of publications is just a red herring to the financial trouble. The management and the financial policy of Liber might be the real cause of the problem. More information about the financial trouble is needed to sufficiently prove that it is the changing in publishing the works that causes Liber's financial problem.
Even if Liber do move its mission and it does caused the financial problem, it does not necessarily indicates that to switch to the original mission is the only effective way to solve the problem. To switch a company's mission takes time and acquires money and resources. For Liber, it might be difficult at the time. There might be some other ways as selling part of their business, changing the managers and directors of the company, introducing new policies to stimulate the employees' passion and so on. Without crossing out these possible solutions, the argument is not persuasive enough.
To sum up, although the argument provides a logical line to prove that Liber should return to its original mission, it is not reasonable enough due to a large lack of supporting materials. |
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