【反衬】TPO阅读疑难解答贴--索引版(欢迎各位同学提问)

反衬UID: 2328867

Tpo13
第一篇
Paragraph 2：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance
4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
○ Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.( o' s/ ~* }; t5 H2 @1
○ Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
,○ Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.     
○ Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
这道题选第一个是根据simply cooperate判断的吗？？可是我理解的simply是指：“只是为了达到结果
而不形成关系”，和“是否合作”无关
这道题怎没考虑呢？

【反衬解答】
这道题目的关键在于这句话： Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. 而不是这一句More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance。

instead of是一个否定结构，这句话简单理解，就是：“有时候，是A而不是B”。所以我们要根据这句话来infer出，A是少数情况，而B是大多数情况，因此就得出一个结论，平时是against，有时候会变成with。而work against的同义替换就是not cooperate了。

所以第一个选项中的normally对应原文的occasionally的反面，not cooperate则对应原文的work against。所以选A。

要点：一定要把instead of看成否定和对比，找到对比双方，在infer题中，反推获得答案。
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Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.
○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups
○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns      
○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.
这道题选第三个
我就很纳闷了: r5 O* }% p( h1 j3 n
我觉得social solidarity  和society's cultural pattern  在原话中是并列关系，用and连接
可选项中都改成因果关系了，怎么还选第三个呢？






Paragraph 7：Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?7 O( y( k5 o( N1 O9 K" t
○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group' @/ c) S. f: N
○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group0 t+ p1 d0 ~, A6 `0 p, _
○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group& S3 b% y# b2 @. @. l" e+ M

○ To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?
这道题选第一个
这是怎麽从上下文推断出来的呢？
【反衬讲解】
我觉得这道题目完全是细心的问题。
[some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group." k3 @$ i7 U$ m; h
黑体字即为答案对应点

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■ Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■ Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning.■ For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.■

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.

Where would the sentence best fit?

为什么是B   从哪里可以看出~~~？

【反衬讲解】
Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. 5 }# h$ F$ @' \2 X0 t" `'
well-being= healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies 1 j, w( ?3 @! M$ w3 \( p' l" B8 U
% k: T; k: v" T4 J4 V, D2 k
看来这位同学的同义替换理解能力较弱。应加强这方面的锻炼。
方法一：把做过的题目的答案和原文的对应关系一一研究。
方法二：查字典多看英文解释。



第二篇

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.7 d9 k

8. In paragraph 2, the author provides evidence for the role of biological clocks by

○ listing the daily activities of an animal's cycle: sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones

○ describing the process of establishing the period of a biological clock

○ presenting cases in which an animal's daily schedule remained stable despite lack of environmental cues

○ contrasting animals whose daily schedules fluctuate with those of animals whose schedules are constant

我感觉这段讲了很多信息~~    答案选不好~~~  看好了之后有点晕~~ 不知道如何去定位找答案~~  为什么选C~~还有其他几个选项为什么错~~


10. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention that the period for different horseshoe crabs ranges from 22.2 to 25.5 hours?: z3 J$ Y  H) Y1 R/ n% D, R
○ To illustrate that an animal's internal clock seldom has a 24-hour cycle
○ To argue that different horseshoe crabs will shift from daytime to nighttime vision at different times3 z5 b( G; w* M
○ To illustrate the approximate range of the circadian rhythm of all animals
○ To support the idea that external cues are the only factors affecting an animal's periodic behavior, t5 D: _! w! M
为什么选4？我选3~
【反衬讲解】
这道题答案是第一个。

Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. ■Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.
0 |2 e1 {6 A0 e11. The word it in the passage refers to

) b% X7 v, B7 E! `: e○ an external cue such as sunrise
○ the daily rhythm of an animal

^○ the local solar day

○ a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours


14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.* g' c" U* L/ V+ T8 F7 K- e3
The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment.
Answer Choices
○ Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms.
○ The circadian period of an animal's internal clock is genetically determined and basically unchangeable.
○ Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal's clock.
○ Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even when environmental cues are absent.
○ Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans
○ Because an animal's internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.
哎
我极其怀疑这道题啊
怎麽答案是1 2 6？为什莫啊？？尤其对第四个疑问很大




第三篇

Paragraph 2：Such techniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be

unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult to quantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant's response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to a stimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus different than those identified by the investigator. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not over generalize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.

○ On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop a particular perceptual ability not observed in others.

○ To use data from one or two studies on infant's perceptual abilities, it is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence.

○ When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive.

我觉得
作者既否定了overgeneralize，又不支持光从数据里得出结论啊。那为什么会选A啊。: }! y% I# L5 {7 `- w" f2 ?
6 c  i. n9 D3 v! n! `5 y莫非我对 not to...or to 的理解有误？

反衬UID: 2328867

TPO16

susunino 发表于 2010-9-11 13:19

第一步：定位。
第二步：定位句之后有个分号。所以与定位句最有联系的就是分号后面的文字。
选项C对应分号后的文字，所以选C
其他选项没有与文章对应的地方。

反衬UID: 2328867

Tpo15
第一篇

第二篇
Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower as surface¬to-volum e ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantotherrny. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do a. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be T C (12.6° F) warmer than the waters it swims through.
Gigantothermy, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat).: r- h9 B$ j3 P$ r& `2 }# E
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Contraryto what we would expect of reptiles. the leatherback turtle is actually warm-blooded.
Answer Choices
Even though they swim into cold ocean waters, leatherbacks¡ maintain their body heat in much the same way as sea turtles in warm southern oceans do.
7 The leatherback turtle uses a countercurrent exchange system in order to keep the flippers from drawing heat away from the rest of the body.3 v/ Y7 X) \" D) B) O! ?1 U
The shape of the leatherback turtle's flippers is especially important in maintaining heat in extremely cold northern waters.' m- S& I% ^0 c! l
The leatherback turtle is able to maintain body heat through sheer size.
Leatherbacks have an insulating layer that can be " V! n0 [% X1 Z$ L; V% F/ L# }( vconsidered the reptilian version of blubber.
Young leatherbacks often do not survive to¡ adulthood r because they are not able to switch from a cold-blooded way of life to a warm-blooded one quickly enough.
答案为什么有第4个？这句话在原文哪句话有体现？我把和size有关的原文贴上了~~/ T; t+ o' `/ K" F1 H


第三篇

Paragraph2: Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system's input and melt water as the system’s main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes. If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.

6. Paragraph 2 implies that which of the following conditions produces the fastest moving glaciers?

○A climate characteristic of the Polar Regions

○A thick layer of ice in a temperate climate

○Warm summers

○Snow, firm and ice that have been buried for several years

答案是B,我选的是C。我B的定位在文章中没有找到啊。

【反衬解答】 Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers. 这两句中得出答案 Surplus snowfall+ flow得出thick，temperate glaciers比polar的要快，得出B了

paragraph 4: American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and am monoids was just one of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.2 q+ z" N& S0 G  m
7.According to paragraph 4, what aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis supposedly clarify?# w+ ]1 y1 ?; s; k' n( ?
Their location9 v/ k6 Y# G& Y3 H% h& D) V
  Their frequency* {$ {  K4 _: T! x5 N
  Their duration
Their severity
为什么选第二个？因为这段讲的就是周期？

【反衬讲解】

The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star.....- g* V% D( T5 |1 i7 z
读懂这句话中recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses就知道前后的关系了

Paragraph3: Glaciers are part of Earth's hydrologic cycle and are second only to the oceans in the total amount of water contained. About 2 percent of Earth's water is currently frozen as ice. Two percent may be a deceiving figure, however, since over 80 percent of the world's freshwater is locked up as ice in glaciers, with the majority of it in Antarctica. The total amount of ice is even more awesome if we estimate the water released upon the hypothetical melting of the world's glaciers. Sea level would rise about 60 meters. This would change the geography of the planet considerably. In contrast, should another ice age occur, sea level would drop drastically. During the last ice age, sea level dropped about 120 meters

9. The discussion in paragraph 3 answers all the following questions EXCEPT:

○Where is most of Earth's freshwater?

○What effect would a new ice age have on sea levels?

○What is the total amount of water in Earth's oceans?

○How much of Earth's water is in ice?

答案是C，我选的是A，文中地点没提到吧？难道locked up as ice in glaciers也算是一种地点？

Tpo17
第一篇
The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeansto reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in thecontext of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and.to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and theContinent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed,new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing sovast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begincommercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profitsthat such East-West trade could create. Spices were the mostsought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved thetaste of the European diet but also were used to manufactureperfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commoditieslike spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify theexpense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all theway to India and China.- I- M5 ~( x  v! p

it can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from asia were desirable in europe in the middle ages because they:
1, were easily transported in large quantities2 P5 }+ d: Y/ {$ [( g9 {
2. could not produced in european coutries! u# c8 Q- D$ I
3. could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicins
4.were expected to increase in value over time: G1 R3 p! Q# t, N. ?, [! B. x
我选了4，
首先，我可以马上判断1，3错。 2我就很犹豫，因为2是常识，但是2又没有在文中提过，4却可以从文中推断出来。7 W) [9 J9 Y* Y9 _: U- n4 y( B7 f1 L
我想问的是，如果2是正确的，那就说明了，读这个文章是很笨的事情，因为整个文章都是无用信息，只用常识就可以判断。1 q' D: q# _% c: t1 m
请问老师，是不是这样？

那以后我首先就看选项，然后就用大众常识判断，行不？
真要这样，我还省时间了。

第二篇

第三篇
At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.! T8 i* ^4 F;

3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites?

○Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.

○Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.

○The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.

○Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.
在A、D两项之间有些徘徊。

反衬UID: 2328867

预留楼层

sl4499UID: 2607495

TPO16 第一篇的第四题 请楼主解答~谢谢

niunianUID: 2864048

lz辛苦了，这种总结非常好

susuninoUID: 2718667

susuninoUID: 2718667

我把在那个帖子上的粘过来了~

501# 反衬
太巧了我也是这个题有问题

我一开始选A看了答案自己分析了一下，觉得A的错误在于把因果给倒置了~不知道对么
关键是这题太迷惑了，from the fact that所以我就往前面找答案
谁知道答案是后面关于goverment跟我原来的解题思路完全对不上


还有就是，我觉得这套题明显很多事实题和推断题（这个比较正常）都闷老长
我以前都是先看题找关键词 但是这套题里关键词都不明显，我不知道是先读文章段还是先看题了~

而且有的题段前断后都有答案排除也特别费劲

我还想问一下：看文章到底是顺着给翻译下来，还是扫过去找信息点呢？ 前者很耗时间啊，像这段我读了几遍都不太明白句子的逻辑关系。。可能还是太弱了~但是我TPO13一篇也就错1~2个。。

（说的有点多希望大家帮忙~谢谢）

反衬UID: 2328867

susunino 发表于 2010-9-11 13:19

第一步：定位。
第二步：定位句之后有个分号。所以与定位句最有联系的就是分号后面的文字。
选项C对应分号后的文字，所以选C
其他选项没有与文章对应的地方。

反衬UID: 2328867

我把在那个帖子上的粘过来了~
反衬
太巧了我也是这个题有问题: v. ?3 c: O$ F" c! y* s# ]
9 o) {- E5 h% e6 k! Z/ a
我一开始选A看了答案自己分析了一下，觉得A的错误在于把因果给倒置了~不知道对么4 C- G$ T! M7 n% T9 l; A
关键是这题太迷惑了，from the fact that所以我就往前面找答案* R: g; A5 F  e; U* F
谁知道答案是后面关于goverment跟我原来的解题思路完全对不上


还有就是，我觉得这套题明显很多事实题和推断题（这个比较正常）都闷老长- W! T$ E% E) P: c, K7 u
我以前都是先看题找关键词 但是这套题里关键词都不明显，我不知道是先读文章段还是先看题了~

而且有的题段前断后都有答案排除也特别费劲* {% M$ ]' E  M; S2 G
6 t' [/ b+ k+ q/ ^
我还想问一下：看文章到底是顺着给翻译下来，还是扫过去找信息点呢？ 前者很耗时间啊，像这段我读了几遍都不太明白句子的逻辑关系。。可能还是太弱了~但是我TPO13一篇也就错1~2个。。

（说的有点多希望大家帮忙~谢谢）susunino 发表于 2010-9-11 13:21

1.关于阅读文章：尽量不要翻译。翻译是非常浪费时间的，而且你还不一定翻得对。翻译的过程往往要加入自己的主观理解。如果句子阅读能力本来就不高，还要搞翻译，那么翻译出来的东西与原文相比往往会走样。阅读句子关键的是还是抓住原文的主干和逻辑关系。用原文的主干和逻辑去比照选项的主干和逻辑，这样就够了。
2.做题到底是看上文还是下文是以原文为准。 form the fact that本身并没有告诉我们到底是上还是下。倒是那个分号告诉我们要看下面。

glly7UID: 2675646

tpo15   第一篇   a warmer-blooded turtle
Paragraph 1：When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.





2222. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
¡  They are considered by some to be reptiles.
¡  Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures
¡  They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
¡  They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
     每个选项怎么推得呢？我感觉有点问题。请求指点


¡ E       还有最后一题的第2个
¡    The leatherback turtle uses a countercurrent exchange system in order to keep the flippers from drawing heat away from the rest of the body.


         谢谢指点
¡   

江沁然UID: 2861588

多谢哦~~辛苦lz了~

反衬UID: 2328867

各楼层陆续更新中

hycqyUID: 2819662

各楼层陆续更新中
反衬 发表于 2011-2-13 11:03

反衬老师回来了？ 那很好啊！

反衬UID: 2328867

反衬老师回来了？ 那很好啊！
hycqy 发表于 2011-2-13 12:10

呵呵。