本帖最后由 反衬 于 2011-2-13 13:59 编辑
TPO11
第二篇
The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. . I# I% b( l$ U: l/ B
The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and in the process, raised new questions./ i
红色的句子应该怎么翻译呢，为何the question is 后面要加一个not呢。。。。
Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was. in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order
6. According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless?. {# J) Z1 m! T' c8 _
○ When the weather is overcast
○ When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route
○ When their normal time for migration arrives. l- E" N- d8 d0 `0 l) X$ p
○ When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the Sun& {" K& F! e& j5
答案是C，不解，求教
Paragraph 5：In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. * o) \% v, U) V6 n
8. According to paragraph 5, how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible?
○ They kept the direction of their flight constant.
○ They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.
○ They kept flying toward the Sun.8 }7 ]7 n- ]' O) ^% Z. K
○ They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun
为什么选Ａ不选Ｂ
Paragraph 3：Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry
vseparate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.: M% Y$ g5 10. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about wooden statues is true? ○Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues. ○Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood. ○Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front. ○Wooden statues had a different effect on the viewer than stone statues. 答案是D，前三个选项我知道为什么不对，请问D选项从本段结尾可看出他们的function是相同的，VIEWER的角度来看怎么不同？ 【反衬讲解】
The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, 看你划的部分的前面。
比较级。 问：谢谢回答，但是还是有点不理解，这句话的”the effect"指代的是什么？是前面的一大段描述吗？为啥这个就是“viewer”的角度啊？/ ^/ Z& z) o- k: m! k3 d; Q
: N( u% o1 G6 i8 L
呃~~可能问题有点蠢
还有个问题，也是tpo11 ，第二篇
11. Which of the following best describes the author's presentation of information in the passage?
○A number of experiments are described to support the idea that birds use the Sun and the night sky to navigate.. i* k6 H. U% D, O9 a, C9 m7 n
○The author uses logic to show that the biological clock in birds is inaccurate.○
○A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.-g
○The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.6 O U. K1 g( q6 M
答案是A我选C，是因为C太泛了，而A相对较具体所以选A吗？
嘿嘿，辛苦了，回答下吧， 答：前面还有一个地方讲到。psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, 关键问题错了。
第三个
的argument，argument是驳论，与本文的概括不符。
4：So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. 13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass. Where would the sentence best fit?
第三篇
Paragraph 1：Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.* A7 x5 l& ~. g1 a)
2. According to paragraph 1, the experiment with tapes of begging tree swallows establishes which of the following?
A Begging by nestling birds can attract the attention of predators to the nest.& s- w% R* q/ D: x' A) I2 J
B Nest predators attack nests that contain nestlings more frequently than they attack nests that contain only eggs
C Tapes of begging nestlings attract predators to the nest less frequently than real begging calls do.
Nest predators have no other means of locating bird nests except the begging calls of nestling birds.8 m: n u- f8 v+ ]1 Y/ u& R
答案选A，我觉得B对! {. @1 K" V, S6 w1 y/ \2 J! ]8 f
理由：the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.在37次试验中有29次noisy的被吃掉，不就说明了more frequently吗？而且他的tape就是模仿的nests that contain nestlings 。当然我觉得A也没错，但我觉得B更对; I z0 l! R/ _2 g( G
【反衬讲解】
原文讲的是before，是时间先后关系，不是频繁关系。这是其一* G9 u( t2 T)
其二，B当中比较对象与原文不符。
原文： noisy 对quiet。选项B: nestlings 对 only eggs
Paragraph 2：Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls. 4. Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers ○ put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience ○ can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers ○ are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers ○ have higher frequencies than those of ground nesting warblers 这道题选B。比较迷糊的一点就是不知道A如何排除 【反衬讲解】
kFurther evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences inthe begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those thatnest in the relative safety of trees. 这句话表面树上是相对安全的。段落结尾的比较地点仍旧在ground上面，而不是树上。风险首先是由地点带来的，而不是声音。
说声音让树上的鸟更危险，所以不对。
Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls
The experiment described in paragraph 2 supports which of the following conclusions?
○ Predators are unable to distinguish between the begging cheeps of ground-nesting and those of tree-nesting warblers except by the differing frequencies of the calls. ○ When they can find them, predators prefer the eggs of tree-nesting warblers to those of ground-nesting warblers. ○ The higher frequencies of the begging cheeps of ground-nesting warblers are an adaptation to the threat that ground-nesting birds face from predators ○ The danger of begging depends more on the frequency of the begging cheep than on how loud it is. 为社么答案是C C答案里的adaptation to threat是哪里看出来的~ Experiments have shed much light on the begging behaviors of baby songbirds( \+ m. I3 w5 o6 d# a! ]" t
Answer Choices% |) q: R) o5 x3 z1 c' `
○ Songbird species that are especially vulnerable to predators have evolved ways of reducing the dangers associated with begging calls.
○ Songbird parents focus their feeding effort on the nestlings that beg loudest for food ○ It is genetically disadvantageous for nestlings to behave as if they are really hungry when they are not really hungry.
○ The begging calls of songbird nestlings provide a good example of overly damaging cost to signalers of signaling. 7 p, w# O9 W- d" p& j
○ The success with which songbird nestlings communicate their hunger to their parents is dependent on the frequencies of the nestlings' begging calls.
○ Songbird nestlings have evolved several different ways to communicate the intensity of their hunger to their parents.0 x# U7 z1 K+ t0 [. ?
答案是123，
请问一下4 哪里错了，4貌似就是全文第一句的改写啊？ | 
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发表于 2010-9-8 11:37:40
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