【阅读题讨论】36套E12/7

风潇水涵UID：3365443

阅读36套 E12 第7题
7. It can be inferred from the passage that the use  
of flux in processing copper ore can alter the  
lead isotope composition of the resulting metal  
EXCEPT when
(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in  
the flux than in the copper ore  
(B) the concentration of lead in the flux is  
equivalent to that of the lead in the ore  
(C) some of the lead in the flux evaporates  
during processing  
(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic  
composition as the lead in the ore  
(E) other metals are added during processing

答案是D，很多人给的解释是D 有any 太绝对话了，Line45 有some

但如果具体看选项A和B似乎是矛盾的选项， B和D 似乎是相似选项，D只是多了个any.，
所以看似应该选A。【原文也没有仔细翻译，考试也不需要吧，所以现在也不是非常理解文义，如果有人能解释下最好，但撇开理解，纯按照逻辑结构是如何选出D的？】

The determination of the sources of copper ore used in   
the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze   
Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of   
cultural contacts and trade in that era. Researchers have   
5 analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements,   
but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed   
to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the   
objects. Elemental composition can vary within the same   
copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of   
10 other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic. And   
high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts,   
appear in a variety of copper-ore sources. Moreover, the   
processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes   
in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the   
15 resulting metal. Some elements evaporate during smelting   
and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce   
different degrees of loss. Finally, flux, which is sometimes   
added during smelting to remove waste material from the   
ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.   
20 An elemental property that is unchanged through these   
chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each   
metallic element in the ore. Isotopic composition, the   
percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given   
sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an   
25 indicator of the sources of the ore. Of course, for this purpose   
it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition   
is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but   
varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from   
one geographic region to another.   
30 The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to   
investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper   
itself. It has been shown that small but measurable variations   
occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.   
However, the variations are large enough only in rare   
35 ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper,   
isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have   
not been found. An alternative choice is lead, which occurs   
in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in  
amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the   
40 copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. The isotopic   
composition of lead often varies from one source of   
common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding   
the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate   
virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a   
45 single copper-ore source. While some of the lead found in   
an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when   
other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in   
Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic   
composition as the lead in the copper ore. Lead isotope   
50 studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the   
archaeological record of the Bronze Age.  

裤子李UID：3370014

这就是个细节题嘛。你看这句话：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding  the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.(L40的):Lead同位素大多在铜矿和铜矿之间不同；而研究表明lead同位素在来自于同一个铜矿是完全相同（virtually uniform ）
题目问的是：除了那种情况外，加入flux会改变同位素成分。其实就是问那种情况不会改变同位素嘛
L45又说：some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux .Lead又是来自于flux的
所以，不会改变同位素的情况当然就是：lead来自于同一个铜矿的时候了，具有相同同位素。
其实D的any应该对应是“virtually uniform ”，题目中的some只是说了lead一部分来自于flux，D的any lead 是说在来自于flux的lead里面的any lead。所以不影响啊。
反之“如果原文说some flux 中又lead，这个any绝对化就错了。