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36套
第一套:
文章1
Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females.
与博弈论相关的是寄生黄蜂的性别比例,寄生黄蜂中有大量的母黄蜂。
In these species, fertilized eggs develop into female and unfertilized eggs into males.
在这些类别中,受精的蛋发育成母性,未受精的蛋发育为雄性。
A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lay by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
母黄蜂可以通过储存精子来决定其蛋对应的性别。
By Fisher’s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters.
按照费希尔遗传定律,性别比例取决于个体能最大数量繁殖下一代并且是基因复制传承,那么雌性应当产相同数量的雄性和雌性,
Hamilton, nothing that the eggs develop within their host --- the larva of another insect --- and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis.
H 一个现象卵在寄主上繁殖, 寄主为另一个昆虫幼体,并且新产生成年黄蜂会尽快的繁殖和消失,给出了一个很一致的分析。
Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.
由于一个雌蜂常常产卵在一个固定的幼虫上,因此产一个雄蜂便可,因为一个雄蜂可以在危机时候受精他的姐妹。
Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
和F一样,H寻找一个环境稳定的策略,但是他更进一步地意识到寻求策略。
文章2
生词:fluid 不定的
Egalitarian 平等的
Ephemeral 短暂的
Class-ridden plutocratic 富豪的
首先P反对T的说法
P开始用示例证明资产的稳定性
在递进强调J时代之前后之后都是这样的
文章3
生词:glycolysis 糖酵解
Torpid 麻痹的,迟缓的
Oxidative 氧化的
AG这过程提供能量,AG需要G,而G在湿重的0.5%,因此AG能量与体型成正比,然后剧恐龙的例子。
前提在于湿重和体积之间的联系。
文章5
Great comic art is never otherworldly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good.
伟大的喜剧艺术从来不超凡脱俗,他不去追求神话我们,并且他也不通过将坏变好的形式去否定矛盾。
Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extra social symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature.
伟大的喜剧艺术家认为真理能够经受一切考验,因此他追求强调社会行为中的矛盾,而不是通过掩盖或者超越他们通过一些超社会的符号。。。
The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods.
伟大喜剧艺术的超越时刻具有社会性,来自于尽管我们想成为神,但我们都是人类的信念。
The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally.
喜剧艺术家给我们呈现的喜剧社会是一个具有理性的,爱的,快乐,具有同情心并且愿意担当人类理性行为风险的社会。
Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouse courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.
没有祈求神灵和鬼怪,伟大喜剧艺术提升勇气,而其来自于人类可为人类做到一切。
论点说明型
第二套:
1.
否定大脑过程与大脑经验的关系
H 认为 感知与NE有关
NE的差异研究失败
NE是相同的
由于NE的释放位置导致的
Eg.
Aw-
文章2
M racial prejudice capitalist
Aw- 包含Jaw 和Chinese
M 认为其不属于种族歧视
M 忽略掉以上两类人 aw-
文章3
Startling 令人吃惊的
Codify 编成法献
文章5
现象解释性文章
Consanguinity 血统
TS
现象
解释
第3套
文章1
生词
Pocket 口袋,容器
Vicinity 附近
Vacuum 真空
新旧观点型文章
先旧观点,再新观点,最后总结新观点
文章2
In Hardy’s novel, various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often.
在H的小说中,各种冲动不可避免且经常地互为牺牲。
Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance.
不可避免的,因为H不关心像小说家F或J所关心的问题,因此他收到很少阻碍。
Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared.
因此一个冲动屈服于另一个冲动,缺少精确的妥协,然后简单地消失。
A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.
一种试图揭示现实但还未揭示的欲望被另一种欲望所让步,另一种欲望可理解为小说家精确而完整地记录花的结构和质地。
In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style.
在这个例子中,一个新的冲动必须是富有生命力的,并且其沉溺于此不会导致一种松散的风格。
But on the other occasions, Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly.
但是在另一方面,H放弃了危险,冒险和高活力的冲动,而去最求松散的冲动去抽象地归类和表达。
When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style --- that sure index of an author’s literary worth --- was certain to become verbose.
当松散的冲动得以放纵,能显示作者的文学风格,是毫无疑问变得冗赘。
注意关于情态的词语。
文章3
探讨现象性文章
Kw1 compass sense
Kw2 celestial navigation
Kw3 magnetic sense
看题得仔细!!!
文章4
观点争论型文章
Kw1 B women were dominant in many society + ev
Aw-
Eg aw-
分清楚作者是谁!!!
生词
Slain 杀害
Antitheses 对立面
文章5
先给出一个科学理论,在提出问题
两种理论阐释
最后表达意见
第4套
文章1
两个misconception
总结现状
文章2
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.
RR的黑人小说,试图用文学标准而不是社会政治学标准看待其主题,成功改变的大多数以前学术的方法。
As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.
正如R提到的,黑人小说的评论被认为是详细表述黑人历史的借口。
Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, ranting each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
举个例子,AG最近的作品,他明显用政治标准评价黑人小说,按照黑人小说提倡的黑人身份特性对每个作品进行评估。
Although fiction assuredly spring from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
尽管小说确实来自于政治环境,作者对该环境的并非意识的反应,从而主要以意识为工具谈论小说和故事阻碍的小说事业的发展。
Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.
R的文学分析阐明了黑人小说的喜好和联系,那是政治学中所忽略的。
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.
写出令人接受的黑人小说评论,却是在给出一系列问题满意回答的前提下。
First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by authors?
首先,除了作者的种族身份外,是否有充分的原因去将文章归为一类。
Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?
其次,黑人小说怎样使其小说独立于其他现代与其同时代的小说的。
Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable coherent literary tradition.
R表示黑人小说构建一个清晰连贯且与众不同的小说主体。
Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers …
实在湿太长了。。。
文章3
现象说明型
长难句:
But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content.
文章4
论点型
VW与其他评论家不同
VW是realistic
Ks novel的特点
总结
第5套
文章1
老观点:
Z和P是负相关的 -> H propose animal exclusion
Aw- kw1 L,R and R environment factors grazing factor –
Kw2 H and G 新方式 H发现新观点,肯定grazing
本文为观点对照型,注意观点的变化。
文章2
Kw1 C intuitive -> art
Aw- Kw2 ration ->art
P tech ->ration
P eg kw2 new tech to adopt eg
文章3
N compounds ->complex
Eg kw1 with metaphorical meanings
Kw2 juxtaposition
Con specific or essential
Note: elements 是元素与意思无关,想当然了!!!
总感觉10题B选项怪怪的,能这么揣度吗???
文章4
Kw1 skepticism
Eg. Schrodinger equation
Aw+ cp mathematics
Kw2 mathematics
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