GRE作文6分教学博客

天天羊言UID：3678367

第一次习作，还请老师指教！基本上参考老师的思路，但是其中的说理过程加入了自己的想法~
另外，结尾的做法也有所不同，不知是否合适~
PS：发现老师在范文中有个单词overlooked不小心拼错了，写成了overloooked

Issue 15
Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

习作：
I strongly disagree of the speaker’s view that educational institutions should encourage their students to choose the lucrative fields of study. First, what we called “lucrative careers” at present may not be still resplendent in the future (PT1); moreover, students are difficult to arrive at the success if they choose the careers they are not interested in (PT2). While some people argue that this policy will lead to more donate from the students for they are bent on the lucrative careers, in reality they would be unable to or unwilling to do it (PT3).

(PT1) To begin with, there is no guarantee that lucrative careers would not change from one field to another. The elements deciding whether a career is lucrative are demand and support; the demand stands how many people employers need and the support stands how many people majors have. It is obvious that demand and support will fluctuate with the economic conditions, popularity, preference and so on. For example, maybe finance is the lucrative careers now. But these fields will become saturated even surplus if many people flood in and the economic decrease. In other words, the notion that certain fields of study can “prepare” students for lucrative careers is nothing but wishful thinking.

(PT2) Another reason why this policy is not desirable is that students almost can not get the success in their uninterested fields. “Interests are the best teachers”; as a great momentum, they can lead the person to considering how to improve the current situations and pursuing the perfect results, which are indispensable with a success. Without these pushing fuels, a student will be meshed in the mediocre. Just as the complaints on the social platforms, too many students indicate that they are regret on previous selection of the career, which almost depends on the parents who follow the criteria of “lucrative” at that time.

(PT3) Although some people argue that there will be more donate for the education institutions to improve their qualities of teaching under this policy, because of cultivating more high income students. Considering the reasons above-mentioned, we can deduce that this kind of students will be extremely scarce. Their choices do not ensure the lucrative careers in the future and they do not have the interests to improve their careers. How can we conclude that there are a large number of successful alumni?

In conclusion, while it is understandable that education institutions may want to encourage their students to choose some lucrative careers, this policy is not helpful for students. Referring the lucrative advice includes the practical consideration, but following the heart is the most important factor for the long-term careers decision.

tesolchinaUID：2191404

天天羊言 发表于 2015-12-13 13:02
第一次习作，还请老师指教！基本上参考老师的思路，但是其中的说理过程加入了自己的想法~
另外，结尾的做法 ...

谢谢指出typo 已更正
I strongly disagree of the speaker’s view that educational institutions should encourage their students to choose the lucrative fields of study. First, what we called “lucrative careers” at present may not be still resplendent in the future (PT1); moreover, students are difficult to arrive at the success if they choose the careers they are not interested in (PT2). While some people argue that this policy will lead to more donate from the students for they are bent on the lucrative careers, in reality they would be unable to or unwilling to do it (PT3).

基本结构按照1+3来写不错
看到一些表达方面的问题
what we called “lucrative careers” at present may not be still resplendent in the future比如这句话不太make sense  

arrive at the success 这个搭配也有问题  

Another reason why this policy is not desirable is that students almost can not get the success in their uninterested fields.然后这里似乎假设了学生会对相关领域不感兴趣 这种假设是需要事先说明的 不能直接这么写

天天羊言UID：3678367

tesolchina 发表于 2015-12-13 20:21
谢谢指出typo 已更正
I strongly disagree of the speaker’s view that educational institutions sho ...

非常感谢王老师的点评！

关于您说的第1个问题：what we called “lucrative careers” at present may not be still resplendent in the future.的表达不清，可能是我用的resplendent这个词不太好，换成gainful应该会清楚些。这应该还是学生同义转换不够熟练的问题。

关于您说的第2个问题：arrive at the success表达不合适，这个表达是原来一战时模板里的:L，写的时候习惯性地拿过来，这个以后会注意的。

关于您说的第3个问题：Another reason why this policy is not desirable is that students almost can not get the success in their uninterested fields.假设了学生会对相关领域不感兴趣，这个句子本意是学生在不感兴趣的领域难以成功，可能是表述的问题，我下去再想一想~

再次谢谢王老师~！

ananan1523UID：2528829

写作第九次训练

Argument 71

Two years ago, radio station WCQP in Rockville decided to increase the number of call-in advice programs that it broadcast; since that time, its share of the radio audience in the Rockville listening area has increased significantly. Given WCQP's recent success with call-in advice programming, and citing a nationwide survey indicating that many radio listeners are quite interested in such programs, the station manager of KICK in Medway recommends that KICK include more call-in advice programs in an attempt to gain a larger audience share in its listening area.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

本次训练目的：
根据范文写提纲和例子

指引分类：
还需要回答什么问题才能决定文章的建议和结论是合理的。
问题的答案必须要能为建议服务

题目Premise
/its share of the radio audience in the Rockville listening area has increased significanly
/Many radio listeners are quite interested in such programs

题目recommendation
/The station manager of KICK in Medway recommends that KICK include more call-in advice programs in an attempt to gain a larger audience share in its listening area.

提纲Background (paraphrase)
The KICK manager suggests that the station should introduce more call-in advice programs in order to attract more listeners given the fact that WCQP has increased its share of audience after a similar move and a nationwide survey indicated that many listeners were interested in such programs.

TS提纲_回应指引
We need to answer questions about why WCQP achieved the increased share of audience, whether it is feasible to include more call-in programs for KICK and whether the call-in programs will attract more listeners for KICK.

Pt1=why WCQP achieved the increased share of audience
Pt2= whether it is feasible to include more call-in programs for KICK
PT3=whether the call-in programs will attract more listeners for KICK

提纲pt1 = why WCQP achieved the increased share of audience
Pt1/ The first question we need to investigate is whether the inclusion of more call-in programs really caused the increase of audience share for WCQP.

Example and explain 1_four sentences/ While it is true that, managed to attract---it does not follow that, caused the increasing popularity of WCQP-----There are other possible reasons why WCQP won more listeners-----For example, maybe, quality of other programs, real cause-----Also, a new DJ
四句话，承认—概括-例1-例2

Conclusion/ If WCQP attracted more listeners for reasons other than the call-in program, the recommendation would not help KICK to produce the desired effect.


提纲PT2= whether it is feasible to include more call-in programs for KICK

Pt2/ In addition, we need to know if it is feasible for KICK to include more call-in programs.

example and explain/ For example, how many, and whether, enough staff-----if, already many hours, it makes little sense, as, take away the space of other important programs.----Also, staff with specialized training in fields such as counselling----if, enough staff, extra funding to hire such personnels, not work very well

四句话，概括例子—假设1---原因2---假设2

提纲PT3=whether the call-in programs will attract more listeners for KICK
Pt3/Finally, we need to ask whether KICK listeners would actually tune in for the call-in advice programs that would be added.

Example and explain/The nationwide survey results, apply to----We need to compare, demographic information, samples used in the nationwide survey, how useful is for making the decision-----Meanwhile, interested in the call-in programs----Maybe, do not have the time, other more interesting

四句话，问题2—答案1—问题2---答案2

Conclusion/ if that is the case, the recommendation would not be very helpful.

提纲CONCLUSION
paraphrase /In conclusion, It is understandable that KICK manager is interested in follow example of WCQP to invest more time and efforts on call-in advice programs.

paraphrase/But we need to collect more information to answer the questions discussed in order to decide if the proposed move would help the station to attract more listeners.

天天羊言UID：3678367

第二次习作，请王老师指教！今天刚出了一战的作文分，只有3.5，果然仓促准备+盲目套用模板是不行。。。
这次习作仍然参考王老师范文的思路，有些起承转合之处觉得王老师的表达很合适也记录了下来。不过当中的说理过程自己做了修改。尤其像Issue113这种围绕某个概念来展开的题目，分论点为“证明某个概念的道理”时很难继续用抽象的语言说理，只能换用举例说明。
PS：王老师工作量很大，难免出现typo~范文中第1段的achievements打成了achievments，第3段的scientists打成了scientitsts，第4段的abundant打成了adundant，第5段的useful打成了vseful~

Issue 113
Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.
Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.

习作：
In order to discuss this issue, we need to clarify the definition of “great nation” at first. I hold the belief that a nation which has a significant impact on the contemporary world can be regarded as the great nation. Besides, a nation has great contributions to the history of mankind should also be considered as the great nation. Given this understanding of the greatness, I would first discuss the general welfare is not a suitable indicator of a great nation (PT1). I will then discuss some examples in modern society and in history to illustrate why the achievement of the elites is a better indicator based on the definition above (PT2, modern society/history).

(PT1)While there is no doubt that citizens living in a nation with high quality welfare is admirable, the general welfare can not serve as a reasonable indicator to measure the national greatness. The nation with high welfare can shape a good environment for their people, such as better personal incomes and better public services. However, a good environment for living does not mean a good environment for creating, which is indispensable for the great impacts and contributions for humans. For example, maybe the North Europe is an admirable region because of its high welfare after the WW2, but we can not indicate that those countries are the great nations in the world.

(PT2.1)In modern society, great nations are usually regarded as the one with strong influence on the world, which is tightly related to the achievements of their elites, as a better indicator of greatness. To illustrate this point clearly, we can see that the economists getting Noble Prize are largely from the United States. These economists create the most advanced ideas and analysis tools, leading the trend of economics whole the world, so that almost all students in the major of economics regard as a great chance studying an economics degree in the United States. It is obvious that these elites in economics, representing the United States with the label of “great nation”, have a great impact on the contemporary world.

(PT2.2)If we take a historical view, it is also clear that the achievements of the elites, which have great contributions to the humans, are the better indicator of whether a nation is great. An appropriate example is the Four Great Inventions in ancient China. It is acknowledged that most common people in ancient China are lack of personal freedom, class mobility and family wealthy, which can be considered as the low welfare. However, the Four Great Inventions, which are invented by the officials, have the long-term influence on the development of human history. Without these inventions, we would not have the paper to write, the powder to provide the momentum, the printing technology to publish books and the compasses to lead our adventures. As this example to clearly illustrate, the achievements of elites can be used to indicate the greatness of a nation.

Overall speaking, people may disagree on what makes a great nation; as a result, opinions over this issue may vary greatly among people. If the national greatness is defined as the impact and the contributions to the world, contemporary or historical, the achievements of elites are better indicators. Meanwhile, the general welfare is a criterion to measure the living quality, not equal to the definition of greatness.


PS：据说这样全文贴上来，会被ETS扫描到，这是真的么~？

tesolchinaUID：2191404

天天羊言 发表于 2015-12-15 17:14
第二次习作，请王老师指教！今天刚出了一战的作文分，只有3.5，果然仓促准备+盲目套用模板是不行。。。
这 ...

我重新设了权限 应该不用担心
typo我晚点会改 谢谢提醒
感觉你在模仿我的文章时有些句型和表达可能太相近 这方面要注意一下  
你可以考虑换一些说法 比如If we take a historical view 可以改为Historically speaking; From the perspective of history
关于经济学家的例子 强调学生学习和国家的伟大 有点远 或许从理论研究的成果和世界经济政策等方面讲更合适

再就是句子层面的问题 总的来说写得不错  搭配还是有些问题比如 shape a good environment
然后后面such as better personal incomes and better public services. 也不合适  

ananan1523UID：2528829

写作第十次训练
Argument 71

The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times.

"Traffic here in Waymarsh is becoming a problem. Although just three years ago a state traffic survey showed that the typical driving commuter took 20 minutes to get to work, the commute now takes closer to 40 minutes, according to the survey just completed. Members of the town council already have suggested more road building to address the problem, but as well as being expensive, the new construction will surely disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods. It would be better to follow the example of the nearby city of Garville. Last year Garville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work, giving them coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Garville have dropped since the policy was implemented, and people from Garville tell me that commuting times have fallen considerably. There is no reason why a policy like Garville's shouldn't work equally well in Waymarsh."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

本次训练目的：
根据范文写提纲和例子

指引分类：
还需要什么evidence
这个evidence如何加强或减弱argument

题目Premise
/Pollution levels in Garville have dropped since policy was implemented
/People from Garville tell me that commuting times have fallen considerably.

题目Counter premise
/Although just three years ago a state traffic survey showed that the typical driving commuter took 20 minutes to get to work, the commute now takes closer to 40 minutes, according to the survey just completed.
/Members of the town council already have suggested more road building to address the problem, but as well as being expensive, the new construction will surely disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods.

题目assumption
/There is no reason why a policy like Garville’s shouldn’t work equally well in Waymarsh.

PF_提纲Background (paraphrase)
According to this letter, Waymarsh should introduce a policy similar to that of Garville to encourage more drivers to share rides with others to solve a perceived traffic problem. This policy will be better than the road building project proposed by the city council.

PF_TS提纲
To evaluate this argument, we need more evidence about the surveys indicating the traffic problem, the policy implemented in Garville that is now proposed for Waymarsh, as well as its strengths and weaknesses relative to the road construction plan.

Pt1=the surveys indicating the traffic problem
Pt2=the policy implemented in Garville that is now proposed for Waymarsh
PT3=its strengths and weaknesses relative to the road construction plan

PM_提纲pt1 = the surveys indicating the traffic problem
Pt1/ To begin with, we need to examine the surveys more critically to decide if there is indeed a traffic problem in Waymarsh

Example and explain 1/We need to know more, participants were recruited, results are comparable---- Maybe one survey focused more, 6am, 8am-----Under such circumstances, difference, turned worse

3sentences---general---某种可能性---指这种情况下，会发生什么，往往是和原题相反或者矛盾的情况

Example and explain 2/Also, it is important to look into, reliable, self-reported data, both surveys---Drivers, recall, commuting, estimation, deviate considerably from the reality---If the survey authors, collect data, verify the results, conclusion based on the surveys would be questionable.

3 sentences----回应题目，另一种需要的信息----其它可能性----指出这种可能性下，结论不成立

Conclusion/ If Waymarsh traffic has no problem, there is no need to introduce the proposed policy.
呼应主题句，指出这个点和原文论证某个基础的关系。

1.        提出需要的证据
2.        提出其他可能性
3.        指出这种可能性成立对原论证的影响

PM_提纲PT2= the policy implemented in Garville that is now proposed for Waymarsh

Pt2/ In addition, we need to collect more information about how the policy has changed the traffic in Garville and how a similar policy will affect people’s behaviors in Waymarsh.
回应题目要求，指出需要哪些方面的证据和信息

example and explain/ The fact that, imply, amount of exhaust----Maybe, draconian measures, pollution caused by factories-----Also, it was not clear that, commuting time, anecdotal evidence, collected through casual conversation----More systematic data collection, evaluate the effectiveness of the policy

质疑原题对某个事实潜在的诠释----提出其他可能性----质疑原题中的证据的可靠性----提出需要更多的数据


example and explain/ -Meanwhile, we do not know, attractive, coupons would seem to----Maybe, income level, small amount of saving, enough incentives, give up their privacy and share rides with strangers.-------Likewise, concerned with safety, reluctant, despite the financial rewards.

提出另一个问题，-----提出其他可能性----再提出其他可能性


Conclusion/ Unless we know more about Waymarsh drivers and commuters’ attitudes towards the policy, we cannot be sure whether the policy will work in Waymarsh.

总结

PM_提纲PT3= its strengths and weaknesses relative to the road construction plan
Pt3/Finally, we need to compare the cost and benefits of the ride sharing policy with the proposed road construction project.

Example and explain/ It is true that, live with noise and disruption---But this disruption, be measured quantitatively by offering the affected residents some monetary compensation.----On the other hand, gas coupons, cost money---not to mention, extra police forces, ensure the safety---Ultimately, calculate the total costs of both proposals, compared them with the benefits of each in terms of time that can be saved for commuting.

对原题的事实做出回应和让步---经济学的思考方式，所有东西都换算成货币----指出另个方案的成本，除了明显的成本，还有隐形的成本，呼应前面提到的安全问题----基于前面对两种方案的成本的分析，提出需要计算总的成本进行比较。

Conclusion/ Unless we have more quantitative data about the cost and benefit of both solutions, it is difficult for use to decide which one is more desirable.

最后总结，提出需要定量数据

PE_提纲CONCLUSION
General /In conclusion, while the proposed policy seems useful, we need to collect more information to address the issues discussed above to evaluate the soundness of the argument.

ananan1523UID：2528829

作文第十一次训练
Issue91、
The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.  

本次训练目的：
根据范文改写提纲和例子

题目分类：
是否同意命题及不同情况下是否正确

PF_ paraphrase the issue
/In today’s world, the economic development has been constantly driven by the advances of new technologies and the ways we live our lives are regularly transformed by new shifts in technological paradigms.

重要性/It is important for us to reflect on the goal of technological development and its consequences.

PF_point
My point/I agree that the primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people’s efficiency in a variety of activities.

PF_回应写作指导及TS
/But whether or not people will have and enjoy more leisure time depends on the roles different people play in the society and the goals they have in their life.

立论办法
分类讨论

TS
pt1=students and researchers
pt2=white-collar workers and business managers
pt3=retired elderly

PM1_pt1=students and researchers
TS/When developing technologies used by students and researchers in higher education, the goal should be to help them work on their academic studies and research projects more efficiently.

Example and explain/One of the major challenges, students and scholars, keep pace, digital forms----Search engines such as Google Scholar and Citation management softwares such as Zotero, access and manage, articles---Yet, blessings of, not enjoy more leisure time----With the increasing competition, for places for further education and research funding, expectations are high, academic performance and research output

4 sentences---general---examples----explain----explain

conclusion/Therefore, it is likely that students and researchers have to work long hours to meet such expectations.

PM_pt2 = white-collar workers and business managers

TS/Likewise, the primary concern of advancing technologies for white-collar workers and business managers should also be efficiency, especially when it comes to teamwork.

Example and explain/ For example, teleconferencing, work from home by staying in touch with colleagues through microphone and camera---thereby saving the commuting time and increasing the overall work efficiency.----This is, in fact, primary goal----But this new development, instead of, threatens to take away the time, families----After all, boundary, blurred, with the demand of more work eating away our family time.


PM3_pt3=retired elderly people.
TS/ The only group of people that actually can enjoy more leisure time as a result of technological innovation is the retired elderly people.

Example and explain/The technological solutions designed for them, have efficiency, top priority, more time-----By shopping online via stores such as Amazon. Com and eBay, get everything they need by delivery-----Smart refrigerators, keep track of the grocery items, automatically, and facilitate the ordering in a much more efficient way.----In addition, latest mobile technologies, certain body checkup via smart wristwatches, making it unnecessary to visit the doctor under certain circumstances.

Conclusion/The time they saved will go to their favorite leisure activities as they have retired and do not have any commitment to jobs.

CONCLUSION
argument/In conclusion, It is reasonable to argue that the main goal of technological development is to increase people’s efficiency in doing different things and save our precious time.

Pt1+pt2/But for most people who have to work and make a living, they would not be able to enjoy more leisure time but often find themselves working long hours to keep up with the pace of modern life.

/Yet, for the retired elderly, to live in today’s world full of technological innovation is a true blessing as they can enjoy a great amount of leisure time.

木婴UID：3589207

第一次发帖求，文章怎么写都感觉没进展，弱爆了，模仿了老师的结构写，怕模仿的痕迹太重，都是自己的想法，也不知道偏没偏题，求老师指导，谢谢老师
61. People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.

(PT1)I quite agree with that it is useful for people to carefully consider the consequences before undertaking risky action. (PT2)However, people usually have no time to consider the consequences of risky action in an emergency. (PT3)Therefore, people should take precautions before dangerous activity.


however前后矛盾
你这三个point并不能形成一个完整的观点啊  
看不出为什么therefore前后有因果关系

我觉得像这篇文章 你一开始立论就出了问题 往下面写就是浪费时间了  
我的意见是初学者不要拍脑袋写全文 先模仿我的范文写全文

你们怎么就不听呢？




(PT1)It is a good way to avoid worst result happening which you cannot accept after carefully consider the consequences. For example, when you decide to continue the education after college graduation, you will have serious risks for your life. You will lose some opportunity for a good job. After all, when you graduation again, you may not find a job which was better than before. At the same time, during your study, you cannot make money as the others and you may hard to live. Therefore, before you taking a risky action to go on the study, you need to carefully consider the consequences. If you can accept the worst result, you can go on the study. But if not, it is not necessary to do so.

(PT2)On the other hand, sometimes, you may not have opportunity to carefully consider the consequences. For example, on your way home, you encounter a robber. You have no chance to thinking before a risky action. If you take more time to think, the robber may kill you. The best thing is making a risky and right decision as soon as possible, such as running away or giving money to the robber. May 12 in 2008，a big earthquake attacked China. A lot of people were died. They were no time to carefully consider when the earthquake happened. Some people jump from a building or run out of the building. They may alive. However a lot of people were thinking what to do. They were killed by falling stone. Therefore, if an urgent problem happed，the first thing is to take a risky action before carefully consideration.

(PT3)During our life, we often encounter many things that need to our think. Some of them are urgent, and the others may have enough time to consider. If we also have enough time to carefully consider the consequences in urgent matter, we will avoid many terrible things happened. In that earthquake, if people had learned how to save themselves, it would save a lot of people. It means that they have carefully considered consequences in different situation before taking risky action. They have a chance to choose a best action for themselves, although the action may dangerous. Not just the earthquake, much accident of what we think need to get ready ahead.

At last, a risky action without carefully consideration may lead a terrible result. We should try our best to carefully consideration before the risky action，only if we have no chance to think.

天天羊言UID：3678367

tesolchina 发表于 2015-12-15 20:34
我重新设了权限 应该不用担心
typo我晚点会改 谢谢提醒
感觉你在模仿我的文章时有些句型和表达可能太 ...

非常感谢王老师细致的点评！
这几天我也想了一下，关于模仿太相近的问题：自己在同义转换上面确实不太擅长，以致于看到老师的句子，觉得“这很好啊！“，然后就拿过来了:L。。。虽然老师此前有个同义转换练习帖，但好像已经是14年的事了~不知道老师有什么建议关于自己单独练习同义转换呢~？
关于经济学家的例子：老师说的会更合适，事后看来把学习和国家伟大连起来会有些牵强，主要是因为我自己就是经济学的学生，所以写的时候很自然想到了这个。。
关于搭配的问题：shape a good environment可能换成bulid a good environment会好一些吧，然后用定于从句连接better personal incomes and better public services

天天羊言UID：3678367

这是学生的第3篇习作~还请老师指教！
李建林那本只收录到Issue 149为止，这道Issue 152在一战准备的时候完全没看过。。得亏没考这道题，不然当时肯定傻了。。。
这篇文章老师此前只提供了提纲，学生看了之后基本沿袭老师的思路，但是对于说理点做了修改~
PS：同义转换能力确实是个大问题，光光”处理垃圾“这个短语就得想好几种表达法。。


Issue 152
The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the amount of trash they will accept from each household.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

习作：
Imposing strict limits on the amount of trash is not a suitable way to solve these problems. Because this policy overlooked the possibility that residents dispose waste illegally (PT1). An alternative method is applying many new technologies such as the incinerator to deal with more trash (PT2). While the incinerator has a little impact on the environment, the overall cost is fewer than what we need to dispose of littering; and the technology will be improved in the future (PT3).

(PT1) To begin with, limiting on the amount of trash could not decrease the realistic amount of waste. If there is no strict monitoring to residents’ behaviors, it is possible that the residents litter the rubbish surreptitiously. As a result, the towns and cities will be filled with trash, which affects the living qualities seriously. Maybe there are many channels to monitor. But the large scales of monitoring means a large number of costs to sustain. From this perspective, this way is not the best obviously.

(PT2) There are many alternative methods to solve the problems about trash, one of them is introducing the new technologies. New technologies can increase the efficiency of discomposing the waste, so that decreasing the time and space originally taken up by dealing with the trash. An appropriate example is incinerator, which is able to release the pressure of waste through burning a large number of trashes within little time. Thus, it doesn’t need to limit the amount of trash if we can ameliorate the efficiency by many new technologies.

(PT3) Although some people argue that many technologies like incinerator would destroy the environment, resulting in other problems such as air pollution. Just as the incinerator has many advanced versions, what we can not overlook is the improvement of the technologies in the future. Those advanced incinerators have the processes to clean the gas after burning the trash, which prevent the air pollution caused by these equipments. Other technologies make the same sense that they will make more improvements to decrease their negative effects while dealing with the trash.

In conclusion, nevertheless the strict limits on the amount of trash may be a method to solve the problems, we can entirely select the better ways such as new technologies to get the similar results or greater results. The key point is not merely how to solve the problems, but how to solve them efficiently.

ananan1523UID：2528829

最近寄托好卡呀

ananan1523UID：2528829

提纲第十二次训练
Argument 132

The following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of Centerville.
"All students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School. In the past two years, several accidents in and around Centerville have involved teenage drivers. Since a number of parents in Centerville have complained that they are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure that these teenagers are safe drivers. Although there are two driving schools in Centerville, parents on a tight budget cannot afford to pay for driving instruction. Therefore an effective and mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this serious problem."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

本次训练目的：
根据范文写提纲和例子

指引分类：
检视assumption
解释argument是如何依靠assumption
这样的argument会有什么样的implcation，如果assumption不成立

题目Premise
/In the past two years, several accidents in and around Centerville have involved teenage drivers
/A number of parents in Centerville have complained that they are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive
/there are two driving schools in Centerville, parents on a tight budget cannot afford to pay for driving instruction.

题目assumption
/An effective and mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this serious problem.

PF_提纲Background (paraphrase)
The author of the letter argues that the only way to solve the problem of accidents involving teenage drivers is to introduce a compulsory program funded by Centervill High School.

PF_TS提纲
We need to gather more information to examine a number of assumptions about the accidents, the parents, the driving schools and the high school in order to decide whether the argument is reasonable.

Pt1=the accidents
Pt2=the parents
PT3=the driving schools
PT4= the high school

PM_提纲pt1 = the accidents
Pt1/It is assumed that the problem of accidents involving teenage drivers is serious enough to justify the resources required to run the proposed program.

Example and explain 1/ The author mentioned, involving teenage drivers-----But we do not know how serious------Were there people killed-----Were automobiles, destroyed----If, not serious, not worthwhile, run an education program

Example and explain 2/In addition, actual causes, be blamed---Maybe, be due to, adult drivers---Or, due to mechanical failure

Conclusion/ In such scenarios, the education programs would not be helpful.


PM_提纲PT2= the parents

Pt2/ Another assumption is that most parents were too busy to teach their children how to drive safely.

example and explain/ According to the letter, did not have the time----But we do not know, how widespread the problem is among all the parents in Centerville----We need more information, in average, can afford to teach, assess the claim, could not help solve the problem.

Conclusion/ More information regarding these issues is needed.


PM_提纲PT3= the driving schools
Pt3/With regard to the driving schools, it is assumed that parents could not afford the instructions due to the tight budgets.

Example and explain/ To examine this assumption, more information is required---and they perceive the needs, educate children-----if the parents consider it essential, offer their children the instruction, pay for the courses of the driving schools, despite their tight budgets.




PM_提纲PT4= school
Pt3/When the program is proposed, it is further assumed that Centerville school has the authority to require all students to take the course and the capabilities and funding to run an effective course.

Example and explain/ Since driving, curriculum, authority or power, make it compulsory---In addition, enough experience and human resources to run an effective program----Also, the Centerville school, enough funding

Conclusion/Therefore, we need more information about all these issues to check the assumptions.


PM_提纲PT5= 新可能
Pt3/Finally, it is assumed the proposed program is the only solution to the problem.

Example and explain/ There are alternative solutions that need to be explored.------For example, maybe, outsource the teaching jobs----as they are, more experienced, running such programs----may do so at lower costs-----And if the problem is due to, drink and drive or speeding, more rigorous law enforcement

Conclusion/Without thoroughly investigating other possible solutions, it is unwise to accept the proposed program as the only solution.

PE_提纲CONCLUSION
General /In conclusion, this mandatory program may be helpful for addressing the problem. But we need to scrutinize the assumptions discussed above with more empirical data to evaluate the validity of the argument.

ananan1523UID：2528829

提纲第十三次训练

Issue108/110、

Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

本次训练目的：
根据范文改写提纲和例子

题目分类：
是否同意命题及不同情况下是否正确

PF_TS
/In some fields such as pure mathematics, only experts in the field could offer valuable critical comments on the works; In other fields such as cosmology, experts from other fields, for example, mathematics and computer scientists may also offer some interesting insights; In more practical fields such as industrial design and movie production, the general public as end users may also contribute to the judgement.


立论办法
分情况讨论

TS
pt1=pure mathematics
pt2=cosmology
pt3=industrial design and movie production

PM1_pt1== pure mathematics
TS/In certain fields where outsiders can hardly understand the materials, this statement probably holds true.
-example: pure mathematics (Green-Tao theorem)
-difficult for outsiders without proper training to understand
-outsiders not able to make judgement


PM_pt2 = cosmology

TS/In some fields experts from related fields may judge the works with regard to the methodology.

-example: cosmology (involves mathematical modeling and high-performance computing for analyzing data)
- mathematicians may judge the validity of the math model
- Computer scientists may judge the efficiency of the algorithms for dealing with the data.

PM_pt3= industrial design and movie production
TS/ The general public without any specialized training may also judge work in certain fields such as industrial design and movie.

-        Apple ran numerous focus group discussion to collect comments from layperson end users on their design.
-        One of the key principle of user interface design is user-friendliness (users should find it
easy to use)
-        Hollywood movie studios also run workshops for layperson to read stories before the the screenplays are finalized.

玛格丽特琦UID：3632076

谢谢老师