[YB2] 7月6号作业 by AdelineShen

AdelineShenUID: 2630498

抱歉了，时间紧迫，又是刚刚开始上手，实在写不了太多，今天只能交一篇Argument了！
188A
new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.
逻辑错误：
1. 数据模糊：痛楚的程度完全是主观感受，难以比较
2. 止痛时间长不一定好
3. 样本过小：调查对象只有28名男子和20名女子，只调查了一种止痛药
4. 调查对象：男性和女性的年龄、身体状况等是否相近，否则将导致错误类比

The speaker argues that doctors should prescribe different pain medications considering the differences between men and women on pain experience. The speaker concludes that kappa opioids—a painkiller— should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. To support the conclusion, the arguer cites the result of a recent study that 28 men and 20 women were administered the same dosage of kappa opioids and had their wisdom teeth extracted. According to the study, the women were reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. In addition, the arguer reasons that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.

To begin with, the validity of the survey is doubtful. Lacking  information such as the age and physical condition of the men and women surveyed, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 28 men were all in their twenties while 20 women were more than 30 years old, the conclusion would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out these interpretations, the results of the survey are insufficient to support the conclusion.

Next, samples for the survey should be statistically reliable. Unfortunately, from the survey we find little sign of such procedures for sampling, thus doubting whether the respondents constitute a sufficiently large sample so as to be representative of the overall population of the nation. Also, it is far from enough to  
survey only one kind of painkiller.

Finally, the survey results as reported by the speaker are too vague to support any firm conclusion. The speaker reports that women felt much less pain than men. Yet the speaker does not indicate the evaluation standard on the severity of pain. As pain is a kind of subjective feelings, it is difficult to compare with each other. How can they tell women felt much less pain than men?

In conclusion, the argument is logically unsound. To strengthen it the speaker must survey more men and women in the same age and similar health condition. To better assess the argument the speaker would need to offer a convincing standard which can tell the severity of pain.