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发表于 2009-9-10 22:37:00 |只看该作者

[写作] 权威提炼：新托福高分作文加分点

一、句式变化
　　1. 变换句子的开头结构
　　l 名词做主语
　　l 介词短语作状语
　　l 副词作状语
　　l 状语从句
　　l 分词短语作状语
　　l 形容词短语作状语
　　l 主语从句
　　l 不定式短语做主语或状语
　　l 动名词做主语
　　To begin with, even in such areas as computer science, where it is estimated that much of what a student learns today will be obsolete in just five years, an advanced degree and the education it represents will continue to be of benefit. Unlike undergraduate education, which is divided into a number of small educational units every term, post-baccalaureate education is concentrated on deeper learning in fewer areas. Moreover, most graduate education requires extended, critical focus on complex issues or research projects. And even if the technical information relevant to completing a graduate-level project becomes outmoded, the learned critical methods and problem-solving approaches will not.

　　2. 使用不同的句型结构
　　Today’s education system places too much emphasis on students’ desires rather than their needs. Accordingly, students are searching for the easy way out, and educators are willingly conspiring with them. As opposed to this trend, I would argue that students should study what is presented to them rather than what is desired by them. Not only should educators determine the curriculum, but also they should strive to insure that each individual student truly gains from his/her education, rather than just breezes through it.

二、承上启下
　　1. 表示结论
　　in conclusion　　in sum　　to conclude　　to sum up
　　2. 表示肯定程度
　　certainly　　clearly　　obviously　　plainly　　apparently　　surely
　　undoubtedly　　naturally　　for certain　　for sure　　of course　　never
　 always　　possibly　　perhaps　　likely　　probably　　potentially　　presumably　　to some extend　　in a large sense　　generally speaking
　　in a sense　　generally　　in some sense　　normally　　ideally
　　3. 引出新观点
　　first　　second　　third　　finally　　in the first place　　in the second place
　　last but not least　　first of all　　next　　another　　In addition　　additionally
　　further　　furthermore　　moreover　　also　　likewise　　similarly
　　more importantly　　imagine　　suppose　　most importantly　　for one thing
　　for another
　　4. 引出详细解释
　　specifically　　particularly　　for example　　for instance　　in this case
　　in that case　　as well as　　in that　　such as　　in addition to
　　5. 表示对照或其他观点
　　otherwise　　however　　nevertheless　　though　　although　　yet
　　meanwhile　　while　　But　　instead　　still　　anyway　　unlike
　　on the contrary　　by contrast　　by comparison　　in any case　　at any rate
　　in spite of　　rather than　　on the one hand　　on the other hand　　even if
　　apart from　　instead of　　even so
6. 表示证据出现
　　since　　because　　actually　　in fact　　as a matter of fact　　as a result
　　due to　　owing to
　　7. 表示推理
　　as a result　　accordingly　　consequently　　hence　　thus　　ultimately
　　thereby　　therefore　　as a consequence　　if so　　if not　　according to
　　8. 表示反复说明
　　in other words　　briefly　　that is

三、巧用修辞
　　1. 排比对称结构
　　Despite all the evidence, experts continue to debate weather global warming exists, how extensive the problem is, what the likely effects will be and whether any remedy is possible.
　　Despite all the evidence, experts continue to debate the existence of global warming, the extent of the problem, its likely effects and any possible remedy.
　　2. 比喻
　　(1)明喻：比喻词出现：as, like, as if…
　　In many ways, no doubt, our world grows more and more complex, sputniks cannot be simple; yet how many of our complexities remain futile, how many of our artificialities false. Simplicity too can be subtle-as the straight lines of a Greek temple, like the Parthenon at Athens, are delicately curved in order to look straighter still.
　　(2)暗喻：比喻词不出现。
　　America has given the Negro people a bad check, which has come back marked insufficient funds.
　　3. 对照：加深印象
　　Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice; moderation is the pursuit of justice is no virtue.
　　4. 类比
　　The Negro has a callus growing on his soul and it is getting harder and harder to hurt him here. That is a simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a shoe that is too tight. The foot is nature’s and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you holler and scream. But sooner or later, if you do not take the shoe off, a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.
　　It is the same with the Negro in America. That shoe-the white man’s system—has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. But it did not. And how a callus has formed on his soul, and unless that system is adjusted to fit him, too, that callus is going to wear our that system.
　　5. 拟人
　　Dawn was beginning to prowl about the sky and put out the starts.
　　6. 夸张
　　For she was beautiful—her beauty made the bright world dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of a shade.

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