寄托天下
查看: 11896|回复: 49
打印 上一主题 下一主题

[经验感悟] 1006G SPECTACULAR 备考日记 by tequilawine [无]--最初的梦想绝对会到达 [复制链接]

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

跳转到指定楼层
楼主
发表于 2010-3-2 21:09:20 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
最初的梦想紧握在手上
最想要去的地方
怎么能在半路就返航
最初的梦想绝对会到达
实现了真的渴望
才能够算到过了天堂
已有 4 人评分寄托币 声望 收起 理由
环游世界 + 1 执着的人拥有隐形的翅膀
lghscu + 2 + 1 加油,奋斗
Bela1229 + 20 + 5 怀挺~
pingko + 2 加油

总评分: 寄托币 + 22  声望 + 9   查看全部投币

0 0

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

沙发
发表于 2010-3-2 21:09:59 |只看该作者

l留给自己的空白

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

板凳
发表于 2010-3-2 21:13:23 |只看该作者

复习计划---参考

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-2 21:21 编辑

GRE笔试复习指南update on 2009-2-7
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-182143-1-1.html
词汇复习:
对于新、难单词的把握,就像黑狐狸说到的,就算是ets大发善心,也会有2~3个新单词出现,要是Bt起来可能有5个左右。同时单词也是句子填空和阅读的基础,离开了单词一切都是空谈。

   这样的话,要首先完成单词的基础复习:使用杨鹏17天单词复习方法和红宝书,这里有网友对于各种单词书的评价,时间大概需要1个月左右,平均每天的时间在7个小时,一定要坚持下去。这需要很很大的毅力和决心。
  平常可以使用一些小的技巧和方法来进行辅助记忆,例如:GRE单词小故事集还有不择手段
   然后就是熟悉真题了,通过大量的完成真题积累做题的思路和方法,完成及前训练。这个阶段可以使用蓝宝书及评论,还有其他的一些类比反意总结,如屈屈的词汇等。 但是,蓝宝书和屈屈的词汇都是在具有了一定的做题技巧之后的完善手段,其实也就是对于考试题目的总结,(主要包括了No题:北美地区的80年代考题;国内题:中国区90-94年的考题;最新题:中国区95-99的题目;还有pp2和机考中出现的题目。)会影响到你后面的模考成绩真实性。对于解体思路,黑狐狸同志提出了新思维。
   在这些工作都完成之后,就是对于自己已经建立起来的词汇进行进一步的扩充和拓展,例如巅峰词汇,还有巴朗词表。而整个过程中都要注重自己对单词词义的深刻和精确理解,因为这往往是解题的关键——也是出错的原因所在。Merriam-Webster字典自然是必不可少的终结裁判者。可参见网友总结的红包单词M-W释义,并且自己在备考过程中要养成查MW的好习惯。
   句子填空的复习
        个人认为句子填空的技巧性很重要,大家可以参考一下陈圣元的句子填空清晰版(点击此处下载)。虽然在中间存在着大量的错误(新东方老师罗永浩同志原话),但是对于自己的思路锻炼还是很重要的。 点击察看罗永浩的对最新题的解答。
        在完成大量练习的时候,最重要的一点就是总结!千万不要忘记,按照不同的解题思路将题目进行总结,这样对于今后的成功解题有很大的帮助,不要过分纠缠于句中的个别难点。个人建议,在巴朗词表中有很多优美的句子,它们的结构很对称,也就是前后对应,可以在平常没有事情的时候背诵一些作为娱乐。

(imong注:建议大家在做no.等一些比较古老的题目的时候关心一下pp2里面的填空,并且结合最新题和新笔考回忆题大致争取能够体会到填空方面的变化。当然这只是我对接触到的填空反馈的一点个人想法。)

阅读的复习:

    我个人对于阅读比较重视,平常训练比较多。有部分同学在考试的时候,把大量的时间花费在类比反意上,对于阅读往往直接放弃长文章(每个V中有一长一短两个文章),这样是很不可取的。我认为这是一种过时的方法,根据我的体会现在类比反意的难度正在增加,但是阅读的难度却在逐步下降。这种放弃方法,在词汇难度不大的时候可以保证把可以拿到的分数尽量拿到,但是经过一段时间的训练,阅读真的很简单。

    首先,入门教材就是杨鹏的难句教材:  杨鹏难句 (点击此处浏览). 考虑到这本教材中主要是以No题为主,为了不让熟读句子意思影响到自己对于阅读技巧的训练,可以在开始阶段配合使用GMAT阅读真题,来进行杨鹏在书中提到的各种技巧训练。

     在No题阶段,阅读难点主要是在句子晦涩难懂;在国内题和最新题中,阅读的难点从句子转到了对于整个文章的综合理解。难句熟悉了之后,可以可服No题中的句子难度大问题,把重点放在综合理解上。
“GRE是一项体力劳动”,这句话很正确。大家在除了要多花时间之外,更加要注意复习的高效率。

强壮的身体是保证,大家在复习阶段最好每天抽出一定时间来进行身体锻炼。要掌握度的问题,量太不能大让自己感到疲倦。

饮食的营养更要注意,多吃高蛋白的食物,还有补充维生素的各种水果汁。

要养成良好的生活习惯,不要经常熬夜,把生物钟和你的兴奋点调节到上午,考试可是在早上进行的。

在精华区中多看看以往考友的经验,我相信会有启发性作用的。另外精华区中还有很多的好东东,大家自己去淘金吧!
0 E. a6 J9 n+ Z4 ~' ~- r2 r





使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
139
寄托币
3361
注册时间
2007-8-21
精华
0
帖子
15

Sagittarius射手座

地板
发表于 2010-3-2 21:34:36 |只看该作者
来顶下~
你咋又开了一个?
机考搞定了?

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

5
发表于 2010-3-3 00:09:52 |只看该作者

新手入门---考完AW我们应该干什么

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-3 00:12 编辑

本文乃寄托天下原创作品,转载请注明。

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-620430-1-1.html
首先,恭喜大家完成AW部分的考试,无论考得怎么样都不用去多想,感觉考得不好的,其实后来成绩也很有可能不错。现在的当务之急是好好准备接下来的笔试。
同时欢迎大家来到GRE综合版

最后简单讲一下发这个贴的目的,最近看到很多新人询问复习计划的问题,而且对G版也不是很了解。每个贴都单独回答无疑是浪费精力和时间的行为,所以我想就自己了解的复习,和G版的一些资料做一点简单的介绍,同时将这个贴子作为关于初期复习(考完AW到GRE考前一个月)的复习问题的回答的总帖,有其他问题可以跟帖,我会定时回答。这样在提问题之前,可以看看别人有没有提过一样的问题,这样就节省了大家等待答案的时间,也节省了版主反复回答的时间。谢谢大家的支持。0 A: W- P& m; J! w8 w' t6 z' k
% q: i$ j- j0 P4 e6 c7 }7 J
现在进入正题:
1 单词问题: 考完AW以后,无论在准备作文之间,你有没有背过红宝。我相信大家在考AW的时候,应该都有放松甚至几天没看过红包的情况。这很正常,但是对背单词不利。我们一直倡导的是将背单词坚持到进入考场最后一分钟。其间是一天都不能放下单词书。不是说每天要花大量的时间背单词,而是关键要有一个持续性。没有持续性以前背的就是前功尽弃。所以第一个问题就是背单词的问题。我的经验就是,当天背的单词,至少到了第二天背新的单词之前一定要复习 有的同学为了求以最快速度过一遍红包,经常不复习,背完一遍发现自己什么都没记住,这是白费。一般来说,第二天背单词之前,复习前一天的单词,把单词的解释遮住,然后回想该单词的第一个意思,把回想不起来的做记号。今天的新内容背完以后继续复习。第三天就只用复习做了记号的单词,直到该单元没有记号为止。

2 填空的问题,填空的正确率是建立在你对长句的把握和单词的认识上的。所以如果对单词非常不熟悉,填空是做不对的。但是和类比反义词不同的是,填空的单词比较基础,通常属于中级难度的单词。所以不需要等到红包背得很熟练才开始做。另外,做填空的时候对句子结构的分析,对于阅读是很有好处的。所以我建议在红包能够掌握到30%到50%的时候就可以做填空联系。掌握度的标准是,你看到单词能够马上回想出,它的第一个意思就可以了。我没有说只用背第一个意思。只是说刚开始的时候,只要这样要求就可以了。

3阅读的问题,我知道阅读很长时间以来都是大家的软肋。尤其看到GRE阅读又长又难,时间又少。有很多人产生畏难情绪,就说要放弃长阅读或者放弃短阅读。当然这种看法和xdf某些不负责任的老师有关系。Anyway,我想说,阅读是你得分的关键,尤其是你保持成绩稳定的关键。阅读和作文一样,提高慢,但是提高以后就很不容易再返回原来的水平,但是单词不同。我看过模考一般都在500分以上,到了考场出来以后就300多分的同学,大部分就是因为平时类比反义好,但是阅读差。平时的类比反义词的正确率是不能够反应你考场的时候的正确率的。尤其是对于用类比反义excel文档和蓝宝背单词的同学。所以就算你平时全对,考场上做不出来很正常。因为你平时全对的唯一原因是因为你在背单词的时候,已经背过正确答案了。所以阅读是万万不能放弃的。just 捣腾 it。阅读没有大家想象的那么难,关键在于集中突破,和注意分析两点。就是说,你每天的阅读练习量要达到一定的强度,至少是两长两短,不然起不到任何效果。其次就是,错误的地方要分析。tips:最开始的时候不要限制时间,不然大家会受到严重的打击。在你高强度做完NO题的时候,在进入国内题的时候可以开始计算时间。 首先给大家说一下,我们对于阅读的终极目标: 长文章12min,短文章5min。现在说起来好像蛮恐怖,其实只要扎扎实实练习,到了考前一定能做到。我考试的时候两篇阅读加起来用了12min。因为鄙人类比反义奇差无比,记忆力不好,而且是5T6G,复习时间太短,造成单词不熟悉。全靠阅读,不然我就要加入300分同学的队伍了。5 z% e& w, \/ R

. E2 A+ }1 r6 F+ C- |+ x. `/ _
4,类比反义。我觉得在红包没有背到50%之前做类比反义基本上就是错。大家可以偶而用点NO题练练手,在把红包过了两三遍以后,再开始认真做类比反义。初期类反不是重点,而且正确率绝对和你对于红包的熟练程度成正比。根本不用担心练习少了,就做不出类比反义的情况。

5,总的建议: 单词为主,阅读其次,填空再次,最后是类反。就是刚考完AW之后的一个月主要应该干的事情。
            对于单词,复习是关键。不要只顾着往前翻。速度是要的,但是不能牺牲质量。                   对于阅读,高强度+分析  _2 ]/ C; N% j; e) ^3 l6 B) a2 ^
                     对于填空,一般来说填空是要反复把真题至少做两遍的,所以第一遍的时候就最好别把答案写在书上了,当然也可以买本XDF出的填空书,拿来反复练习。
         对于类反,目前不是重点,关键在于单词熟悉,类反自然就上去了。6 |) @7 O! F4 q/ Q% w+ }

最后,复习GRE是辛苦的。每个人都承认这点,坚持下去,最后考得好的都是认真,坚持,对自己严格要求的人。希望大家把出国留学的第一步走好。- j+ m; {7 h( d
/ w) F# Q3 T; U3 u: ~
如果有其他问题,请在后面跟帖提问。$ T2 a1 \7 J4 O, j
最后的最后,在复习之余可以扫荡G版精华区。。。我一直觉得G版牛人辈出,好好看看前人的经验绝对不会错的。

使用道具 举报

Rank: 2

声望
2
寄托币
205
注册时间
2009-11-6
精华
0
帖子
10
6
发表于 2010-3-3 07:33:41 |只看该作者
考完AW十天了,现在除了背单词,其他都磨磨蹭蹭不知道干嘛?
谢谢指点!加油……

使用道具 举报

Rank: 6Rank: 6

声望
92
寄托币
2707
注册时间
2009-12-28
精华
0
帖子
38

GRE梦想之帆

7
发表于 2010-3-5 14:41:14 |只看该作者
又见AW版的战友,楼主加油!
已有 1 人评分声望 收起 理由
tequilawine + 1 cheer up

总评分: 声望 + 1   查看全部投币

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

8
发表于 2010-3-7 16:45:09 |只看该作者

转个 GRE710+800+5.0的猛男经验

耳机中放着thirteen senses的into the fire, 这首曾经我复习GRE的时候听的最多的歌,于是,整个复习GRE的过程又在我脑海里出现。想想许久还是终于敲下了键盘,写写我整个的GRE历程,既算是对 自己这样一个刻骨铭心的经历的总结,也算是对以后考GRE的DDMM们的一个可供参考的经验。
. l1 t+ J, I& |+ G; m0 S) y* @- e) L. p& H+ |0 U8 p0 a+ L
一。我的英语功底
3 I7 V7 [3 V1 E( b2 E写整个经验之前还是先介绍一下自己英语的底子,因为我们说,GRE考的并不是英语,是逻辑,但这不代表英语功底在这里不重要,在这里,英语是作为这个考试 的一个媒介,也就是说,出题人在出题的时候已经假设你的英语已经达到了英语国家同样来考这个考试人的水平。因此,我不得不说,英语功底的好坏在GRE的备 考过程中还是起到了比较重要的作用,至少在阅读和填空方面,英语功底好坏在考生的成绩上就显示出了极大的差别。不是说英语功底不好的人在GRE这个考试上 就考不好,但这可能意味着要花更大的工夫来准备这个考试。
) l6 N6 |! D! P( \/ c我是高中时候就考过老托福的,当时是考了667分,大学以后的四六级考试阅读部分都是满分。基本上就是这样一个情况. 我的建议是,考GRE最好达到了大学英语六级的水平,如果是这样的水平的话,准备半年左右就基本够了,如果没有达到六级水平的话,那么备考的时间可能要相 应地延长很多,而这延长的时间主要是用在了提高读句子的能力上面。 ! z. q! E) t/ j4 O6 o8 _# W7 q
. [" O  w* ?- A# v$ \. t
+ e) @5 ]+ r  n# y& x3 \% X, W
我想词汇的重要对于GRE这样一个考试的重要性无需多言。当时准备开始考G前就曾请教过一个V考了700多的学姐,她的话现在我基本都已经忘了,但现在只 是清楚的记得一句话,就是:词汇在GRE考试中就是王道。
' J: k" d; M' C! c4 V( X8 G: v! i在这里我主要是想谈谈整个GRE复习过程中单词的复习方法。
% k% G; h  f6 _9 v1 M
5 O: |: R0 K. u1 c4 u& Z: y我是07年9月报的GRE, 08年6G。当时9月份的时候没着急,觉得离考试还有很多时间, 于是当时我又把高中时候的托福词汇书又拿出来过了差不多3、4遍,想在背GRE词汇之前把之前的单词再重温一下,觉得这样背起GRE应该会简单不少。于是 花了一个月的时间把托福词汇重新熟悉,我觉得当时自己的词汇量应该是8000左右吧。然后十一之后我就开始背红宝书。但即使这样,我刚开始背红宝的时候每 页认识的单词不超过两个。这也是身边许多备考GRE的同学所遇到的问题,觉得一开始很艰难。由于之前在新东方上过许多课因此深受新东方老师那背单词方法的 影响,所以我背红宝书的方法就是:过遍数,并且充分利用零散时间。后来我也经常给身边觉得背单词很困难的同学讲背单词的方法,这里在叙述一下:也就是,如 果一个单词你可以花两分钟记住,那么你不如把这两分钟分成30个小份,在一到两个月内重复30次,这样背单词的效果是最好的。而这个方法用在红宝书上我想 是再合适不过了,因为红宝书几乎每页大家认识的单词绝对要远远少于不认识的单词,如果还是按照传统的方法,记住了这个单词再去记下一个,那很可能红宝书4 个list还没有记住,大家就全放弃了。当时我对自己的要求就是对单词不停地看,混个脸熟。当时我过单词的速度基本上10天就可以过完一遍,然后过了差不 多有5、6遍之后红宝书里的单词就显得亲切很多了。 " m! H: s: S) D( W: _
+ x+ v4 K( L4 T% p  i8 E* F: O5 N& S/ @
背单词还有一个重要的方法就是充分利用零散时间,其实我自己试过,我自己坐到自习室里就专心背单词,结果效果反而不如我坐在公共汽车上利用那个时间背单词 的效率高。相信很多考G的同学都是在校的大学生,专业课都很繁重,这样一来,充分利用零散时间来背单词对于大家每一个人,我想,都是非常重要的。我当时是 大二,恰好是我们专业里大学4年中最累的一年。当时我几乎是到哪里都背着红宝书,只要有时间,就拿出来翻。下课、上课老师讲和课堂无关的东西时、坐车、等 人。。。几乎能利用的时间都利用上,然后我还买了老俞的词汇串讲,在学校里平常从宿舍到食堂,从宿舍到自习室的路上,或者吃饭的时候,我都会听。然后每天 晚上熄灯之后那一阵宿舍都会很混乱,而我又恰好在一个非常活泼的宿舍,熄灯之后的一个小时都很难学习或者休息,于是这个时间我就打开笔记本,一边听音乐, 一边用新东方背单词软件把自己白天过完的单词再过一遍。这样既精神放松了,单词也过了,也没有受到别人的影响。正所谓“君子性非异也,善假于物也”,说的 就是这个道理。
! k/ x2 Y, }1 r" e3 a7 g, b! {然后再说说词汇书的选择,我用的词汇书是三本:红宝书、黄宝书、蓝宝书。红宝书在GRE考试中的地位自然不必多言,事实上红宝书如果真的背的滚瓜烂熟,这 个考试就成功了一半。我的红宝书背了有30多遍。新东方老师课上的要求是50遍以上。当时我们在图书馆一起复习的一个男生就真的背了50多遍,结果到了考 场上的时候真的是如鱼得水, 所有的题目做起来都非常顺手、似曾相识。黄宝书是用GRE词汇编成的小故事,很搞笑,当时就是红宝书背累了随手翻翻黄宝书确实会让自己cheer up一下,而且把单词放到了相应的语境中间,这样对于许多比较生涩的单词的记忆都会更牢固。比如coquette这个我在红宝书里看了5遍也没记住的词, 看了黄宝书一遍就记住了。当然,黄宝书只是一个休闲、辅助的教材,对它不必过于重视,只是在背单词背的无聊透顶的时候,随手翻翻它,也许就会意外地记住一 些难词。蓝宝书是我考前一个月天天抱着的书,它的好处就是里面总结了这些年来GRE考过的所有类比反义的条目,看过之后对类比反义的解题速度会有很大的提 高。当然这本书用的时候一定要在类反所有的真题做过至少一遍以上,否则的话,看了这书里总结好了条目,再做类反的时候可能会觉得自己都会,而这实际上是你 背蓝宝背下来的。类比题目是做出来的,不是背出来的,如果很早就看蓝宝的话,在做真题的时候必然会产生这种幻觉。我觉得这三本书对于考GRE就完全够用 了,甚至如果有人真的能把红宝书背到50遍以上的话,后面的两本书都可以不用。至于《巅峰词汇》,近几年来的考试中的词汇都是在红宝书中可以找到的,即使 没有原型,也是红宝书里某个词的变体。比如今年的反义题中出现oaf这个词,许多人都说红宝书里没有,但事实上红宝书里确实出现过oafish这个词,如 果红宝书背的好的话,看见这个词自然会反应过来它是oafish的名词形式。如果背《巅峰》的话,那么自然很多背红宝书的时间就被占用,这样的后果很可能 是两本书都没有背好。所以,除非你的备考时间超过一年,不建议背上述三本以外的词汇书。
4 q$ \, M( o8 M" l' Y# |
2 j1 F7 l7 B! \- U三。作文
+ ~. X" h* V- Z1 B作文是令很多人头痛的问题。我的作文前前后后差不多准备有一个半月,在这里再说说作文的准备方法。
8 `& r6 G7 z3 X: A/ m6 v我是去年11月中旬觉得单词背的还不错的时候开始准备作文的,当时也只是熟悉题库,然后写提纲。当时我是写了所有argument题目的提纲。因为我们大 家都知道,argu只有30分钟,而argu题目一般都很长,读题、找逻辑错误、写,时间非常紧。如果我们对题目不熟悉的话,30分钟我们至少要用5分钟 才能完成读题、破题的步骤,那么在剩下的25分钟内很难完成佳作,甚至连写完都困难。因此,对于argu来说,熟悉题目、拿到题目能很快挑出其中逻辑错误 就显得尤为重要。前面说了,那个时候是我大学最忙的时候,加之当时又有一门全经管学院所有专业最怕的、挂科率极高的财务成本管理课,所以每天用来准备作文 的时间并不多。当时基本上是每天晚上回宿舍之后用软件过完单词后开始写提纲,差不多每天都要写到夜里3点多,然后每天早上6点准时起床和学姐去自习室背红 宝书,当时差不多是整个GRE备考过程中最辛苦的一段日子。前前后后写了有3周,总算是写完了,之后就是期末考试,所以作文的准备也就告了一个段落。
# {3 t0 _4 r3 @4 i1 i5 L我上的是新东方08年GRE寒假春节后的那个班,上完之后也已经开学一周了,当时是3月初,而我离机考的时间也就1个月了,我是从那时候起开始真正投身作 文的准备的。对于issue来说,我做的工作就是写提纲、写作文。这里先说说写作文的问题,经常在太傻、或者学校BBS的飞跃版上看有同学发,说自己临考 试一周或者是只有两天了还没有写过一篇作文怎么办。每当这个时候大家都会在底下发一些安慰的话。但事实上,现在,我想说,如果你考试前一周还没有写过作文 的话,那后果就是—你就等着拿三分吧。我们在写GRE作文的时候总有这样一个畏惧心理,就是总觉得自己写不好怎么办,于是就把自己写作文的时间一拖再拖, 一直到考试前。而事实上,在GRE作文的准备过程中,看范文10篇,也不如自己写一篇。别人的毕竟是别人的,自己不去写,很难去感受到写作文时候的那种状 态。由于当时我只有一个月的准备时间,于是一开始我就给自己卡时间写,从一开始我就每天都用模考软件给自己模考一次,两篇作文下来,完全和考场上真实的情 景一样。一开始自然是写的不好的,但至少能够给自己思考和经验,让自己慢慢体会在时间的压力下如何能够构思全文这样一种情景。然后每天模考完之后自己修 改,看看哪里可以改正,哪里可以更展开一步,而这些,都是在下次模考中自己会注意的地方。就是在不断的模考和修改当中,自己的作文水平不断提高。当然,只 是模考还是不够的。事实上我高中的时候就被老师训练过用各种相对难度较高的语法来写作文,所以作文中写长句难句是我的强项,而issue中最令我头痛的是 如何才能写出标新立异的论点。Issue的思路问题也是对每个考生来说的难题,题目的晦涩,思路、论点的确定以及论点之后例子的寻找都是比较让人头痛的。 于是当时我是在网上找了很多前人的issue提纲,然后再参考了众人的提纲之后,最后又加入了自己的思想之后总结出了自己的提纲。 由于当时的时间紧,我并没有把issue全部题目的提纲都做,当时我是参考了07年的全国总高频,凡是出现次数超过10次的题目我都写提纲,当时写了差不 多有100道左右。其实这就完全够用了。因为issue考试的时候是二选一,如果题库中有一半的题目你都详细做过提纲,考试时候必然是会遇到的。这些题目 的提纲我都做的非常详细,详细到开头怎么写,然后中间论点,以及论点之间如何衔接,最后到结尾时候的论述。然后这100多道题目以外的题目我也并不是完全 舍弃,都看了网上其他人写的提纲,这样到了考场上即使真的遇到自己准备的题目以外的题目,也不会束手无策。然后就是例子问题,由于高中时候就一直玩 encarta也就是微软大百科这个软件,里面的内容很丰富,所以自己各方面的知识也都还有一点儿,加上从初中以来就喜欢看各种各样的闲书, 所以例子找起来也并不是很困难。这个软件也强烈推荐给备考的同学,对于作文、阅读的准备都有好处。
9 l4 U$ N( U" P. A4 N2 ^然后是argu,由于我已经写过了所有的题目的提纲,所以在那一个月复习的时候我就直接拿着全国总高频从高到低每天模拟写,开始的时候argu只 能写400出头,而当时我咨询过一个5.5分的学姐,她说argu要想拿到高分,应该最好能写到500、600. 于是当时我分析自己之所以写的少的原因还是因为时间短。解决这个问题我当时也是两个方法:继续熟悉题目以及整理自己的模板。于是当时我一有空闲时间就拿出 argu的题库来看,连吃饭的时候也看,这样以来题目就更加熟悉,读题、破题、想攻击思路的时间就更快,于是又节省出一些时间。然后就是整理模板,事实上 考过AW的人都知道,argu每篇的攻击思路很固定,如果有模板的话,那么开头、结尾以及每段衔接的内容就可以固定下来,然后再往里面填上具体题目的内容 就可以了。这样的话,如果模板自己非常熟悉的话,,那么每次考试的时候在写开头、结尾以及衔接内容的时候也就节省了很多时间,这样就可以有更多的时间去详 细展开每段的论述。于是当时我也是从网上找了很多的模板,然后再加上新东方课上老师总结的“闪光句型”,然后再加上自己的修改—尽量把句子改得更难,更漂 亮。于是等最后我的模板成熟之后,argu每次都能写到600以上。 : B4 l; t) ~6 @) d
下面再谈谈字数的问题,经常有同学问说AW最少要多少字数。 比较权威的底线是issue450以上,argu350以上,但记住,这是底线。关于字数,我觉得张雷冬老师课上的一句话很有道理,当时他说:并不一定你 写的字数多就一定能得到高分,但如果你写300以下则必然是3分以下。也就是说,多字数和高分应该是一个必要而非充分条件的关系。其实大家也可以想,字数 少很可能论证就不够充分,逻辑上就不严密。我最后基本上是issue能写到800以上,argu能写到600以上。   Y! m8 i0 ^3 h# c
当时经过这一个月的准备之后我几乎到达了一种非常理想的考场状态,也就是每天什么时候特别郁闷就拿出电脑来模考,不管自己多困多累一看到模考界面就立刻精 神振奋,模考完了之后就立刻心情舒畅。
$ u- p% i! g5 |7 m说了这么多,准备作文就是注意以下几点:多模考,列提纲。
0 s" m! m6 c. F. ?% p) B# ~7 _- Z0 l- V3 ^: N- i; B
四。笔考复习 ) s- c3 N- N7 P+ \; G9 Q2 _
1. 填空:填空我认为是整个GRE考试中最简单的,事实上填空做题的秘诀只有三个字,就是:找重复。仅此而已。去年背单词的时候曾经抱着好玩的心态来做填空 题,当时对填空的解题思想一点也不了解,就是想把每道题目都读懂,然后按照意思填空,而这样的结果往往是1个section7道题能错5个,而且一道题有 时候能做上5分钟。于是后来参考了网上很多人的复习经验,以及后来新东方课上老师的解题技巧讲解,所以自己也逐渐明白填空的这三个字。于是仿佛突然地,自 己填空的正确率和速度就上去了,当时寒假班的时候每次填空课都是我特别开心的时候,因为老师讲题的时候看周围同学都是一堆一堆的错,而我基本也就错一两 个。利用寒假的时候我把填空的NO题以及95年之前的题目都一一做了精解,每道题目都详细地做了具体的思路分析。之后自己没事的时候就经常拿出来看,这样 前前后后填空差不多做了5遍。也就是这样,最后模考的时候我做填空就有了人们经常所说的“题感”,大部分题目30秒就可以搞定,有些难题看1分钟也基本能 解出,而有些特别难的“变态”题,就是看着某些选项特别“顺眼”,然后一选就对了。由于经常在太傻的GRE论坛上看,所以看到其实很多GRE考生在填空题 目上都存在着误区,总是试图把题目读懂来解题。 而事实上这样的方法不仅耗费了很多时间,而且往往做不对。事实上填空就是同义重复、反义重复,只要题目中的关键词汇你读懂,然后能看出句子到底是同义重复 还是反义重复,题目也就迎刃而解了。就是这么简单。拿我自己做例子,我的填空基本上最后的14道题都可以做对的,而每次模考完,包括我最后的考试,当我走 出考场的时候,我只能记得某些题目中的关键词汇,但每个句子说的是什么我根本不清楚。当然,GRE教育界关于填空“只读主干”的解题方法我并不敢苟同,因 为这个方法我确实试验过,做某些题目的时候非常快,而有些题目就根本做不出来,因为有些题目的关键恰恰在修饰成分中. ! p' m8 e4 z; }, b7 B% X- }
- ~3 V* N9 L- I3 G5 k! f
2. 类比反义:其实只要单词完全掌握,类比反义应该是GRE考试中最简单的,在上面单词的部分已经说了,这里就不再赘述了。
' Z! ]+ e2 n" c- C7 `" F
! ^5 u2 h1 m1 e- T5 L6 r3. 阅读:阅读应该是GRE中最难提高的一个项目,也是我自己准备时间最长的一个项目。 从寒假就开始做,然后从准备作文到考完作文再到5月份开始模考以及到最后考试,我基本上一直都在做阅读。前面也说了,我在其他的考试中,阅读从来都是拿分 的项目,而在GRE上却偏偏不行。究其原因,主要是我一直以来习惯于精读文章,力求把每篇文章每句话都读懂。而这个原因也是我,以及许多考生觉得GRE阅 读时间不够甚至有些人最后放弃阅读的原因。寒假刚开始练的时候我几乎每篇长文章都要20分钟,而且最后还经常要错许多。后来看过一篇《爱一个美女好难 GRE阅读篇》,对我影响很大,从看完那篇文章开始,我做GRE阅读的时候才真正是按照“GRE的方法”去做。事实上GRE文章的套路是很固定的,而这些 东西前人比如新东方的那些青年才俊们都已经总结好了,只要按照这个套路,然后每篇文章抓重点读,然后其他的略读,等做到题目的时候再回到文章具体定位,然 后把原文做一个同义转换,找到对应的选项,就必然是对的。事实上对于GRE阅读这种晦涩的文章来说,即使之前精读,等到做到具体题目的时候前面所读的内容 也基本忘了很多,这样题目也是做不对的。所以又快准确率又高的方法就是抓重点精读,其他略读,做题时回原文定位。至于如何能够把握文章的重点和套路,这个 要靠大量的做题来实现。我当时就是打印了全部的GRE阅读真题,每天做到耳根发麻为止,这样下来对文章的把握就越来越准确和到位。 , ?- F! M: k. K" H! Z
  c+ t! `7 e7 L
4. 关于真题:新东方的老师对学生的要求是真题最少做5遍以上,我很赞同这个观点,在GRE中,practice makes perfect绝对是一条颠簸不变的真理。这里主要是想说一点,就是对于02年以后的题目要特别的关注。市面上所卖的纸质资料中都是99年之前的真题,我 们练的最多的也就是这些题目。而02年以后的题目只是发布于网络,并且题目不全,因此关注的并不多。但事实上我觉得这些被大家忽视的题目反而更接近现今的 考题。这一点我感触很深。当时模考的时候经常是750以上,基本上是除了阅读错几个之外其他题目都不错。尤其是类比反义,几乎能做到反义2秒一道、类比 10秒一道,特别顺手。但之后我做02年以后的题无论是填空还是类反都感觉做着很别扭,尤其是类反,明显比99年之前的题目难度提高了很多。当时也并没有 太在意,只是把那些题目做完了了事。而但我坐在08年6G的考场里的时候,我却发现眼前的题目的感觉和02年以后如此的相似。所以非常建议考前一个月来把 02年以后的新题好好做一下。 . H2 ^( {2 t* l

- h$ r2 a! N; B% x1 R- ?) ]/ ]# w, _后记:我是20岁生日的第二天就去报了GRE的考试,于是20岁这一年也就很自然地几乎全部围着GRE转。对于每个准备GRE的人来说,这都是一 个艰苦卓绝的旅程,一再地感到无路可走,但始终要重拾信心前行。而对于自己来说,20岁的一年也因为GRE而变得比以往的每一年都更加有意义。我自己把 GRE翻译成glorious and rewarding experience, 这一年的经历,或许自己很多年以后想起,也会为自己感动吧。事实上人生中真正能让自己感动的经历少之又少,有这样一段经历,总是幸福的。由于是从小时候知 道有这个考试开始,就一直想在这个考试中考一个特别高的分数,所以,这一路下来,也并不觉得辛苦。 也许,就像有人所说吧:准备GRE这样极致的考试,以及自己醉生梦死般的付出,或许就是为了有一天,能够站在坚实的大地上,仰望自己的梦想,过着试图选择 的生活。

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

9
发表于 2010-3-7 16:47:27 |只看该作者

堕落

只要稍微给自己放松一下,你就发现,自己还真的就这么想一直放松下去,惰性,惰性。咳,看来,还是要好好地规划自己的计划。不能再这样下去了

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

10
发表于 2010-3-7 17:13:02 |只看该作者

[经典推荐1] carol97的GRE听课笔记 阅读部分

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-7 17:22 编辑

阅读整体原则:
①先读文章后做题, 阅读速度一定要快, 勇敢的省略, 记住:看题时间要比看文时间长
②两遍法, 第一遍通读, 重点看文章的结构、focus、作者态度, 第二遍在解题时定位阅读
③解任何题目时都要回到原文中定位, 严格把握文字对应法, 每个正确答案都必须找到依据, 绝对不可凭记忆或知识背景做题
④不要精读, 不必了解文章的意思, 速度一定要快, 一定要作笔记, 时间不够看首段和各段首句
⑤每天都练《杨鹏100难句》
总之阅读的关键就是:“速度+定位+改写”

阅读文章重点:
①重在结构, 关注focus, 关注作者对focus 的态度、评价, 缺陷及需要改进的地方
②重点读首段和各段首句, 注意起承转合, 看不懂的继续往下看, 只关心是顺接还是转折关系
③作笔记:尤其是新观点、TS、判断句、虚拟语气、强对比、强转折、最高级、唯一性、比较级、列举, 大写名词、时间, 地点, 人名等, 不要精读, 记住位置即可
需作笔记的部分: (作笔记是为了定位方便)
TS 直接标在文章旁边
关键词 直接在文中标出
人名、地名、斜体字 记行号、首字母及评价 L10, D, + 第10行出现D, 正评价
强对比 L10 >< 标记行号
强转折 标记位置
unless, 缺陷 标记位置
比较级、最高级, 唯一性 =, >, < 标记行号, 用于文字对应
大列举 标记位置, 可能考except或罗马数字题
泛指化题型is driven to 标记位置
④速度一定要快, 能不读则不读, 能少读则少读, 长文章一定要只看框架, 大胆的略读
粗读, 做笔记, 读题, 精确定位, 解题

需要特别注意的内容:
a: 强对比、强转折、双重否定 b: 比较级、最高级、唯一性、“所有”, only, in particular
c: 大写名词、斜体字做好标记 d: 有关时间的句子, 弄清楚前后关系
e: 反复出现的关键词, 弄清其含义 f: 虚拟、让步语气
g: 转折、比较弄清比较双方是谁 h: 文章脉络, 作者的观点和倾向, 评价最重要
§1 阅 读 分 类
1. 按题材分:文学评论, 美国历史, 弱势群体, 生命科学
2. 按写作方法分:presentation[立论], argument[评论]
3. 按写作套路分:新旧观点型、现象解释型、结论解释型、问题解决型
固定题材 作者态度:
1.文学评论.作者一贯反对从政治或意识形态角度去解释文学现象或评价相应观点,作者赞同从纯文学标准进行解释或评价。 2.社会现象.作者反对将社会现象拔高到阶级、政治、意识形态或超人性的高度,反对各种左派思想、革命主张和马克思主义。 3.生命科学.作者一贯反对Darwin及其进化论,包括趋同进化观点。
4.对于新材料、新发现、新发明。作者的态度以支持的正评价为主,有时会提到缺陷,但不影响主态度。
5.对如下题材作者与我们持有相同的倾向.
① 温室效应(二氧化碳数量)。
② 臭氧层问题。
③ 供水问题(淡水资源缺乏)、城市污染、沙漠化侵袭--环境类问题。
6.关于弱势人群或其?
有妇女题材、黑人题材、黑人妇女题材、少数民族题材等。有三种态度作者一贯反对:
1 仇视;
2 认为上述问题不重要,不值得研究;
3 认为上述问题已经完全解决;
作者态度:关注并盼望有方案给出。
7.喜新厌旧.过去的、传统的、大家一致接受的,作者至少不会给正评价。
§2 文章写作套路
一、新旧观点型:
判断标志:(a)首句提出过去、传统、大家都接受的观点, 这些观点是旧观点
首句有表示“时间”概念的词或动词的完成时态:often, common claim, usually, traditionally, longmaintained, until, recently, it is frequently assumed, the dominant view, the common belief等。
观点的持有者在语法上表现出泛指的语法范畴:some historians, child psychologists, some recent historians。
(b)二句或二段首句出现表示转折或让步的词汇, 如however, but, yet, nevertheless, unfortunately等
Top Sentence:新观点给出之处
对旧观点取非即得到新观点(取非后可能有多种结果, 新观点是同一事物的不同解释)
解题思路:强对比, 互取非(加减“not”), 注意必须是对同一事物的两种不同解释
关注的重点:强对比取非;批判纠正型, 经常出现的词有:correct, counter gains, criticize, refute
新旧观点题型:
(1)判断标志:首句有表示时间的词 (2)对旧观点取非得到新观点
(3)新观点永远是主题句, 不管作者态度如何 (4)旧观点负评价, 新观点正评价(例外很少P206L)

二、现象解释型:
判断标志:首句或首段给出一种自然或社会现象, 通常很古怪, 二句或二段首句有表示“解释”的词汇
Top Sentence :正评价, 解释出现之处
【说明】:1.可能有多种解释, TS是作者给予正评价的解释, 多放在后面;2.多是文章节选, 可以没有正确观点, 文章有言犹未尽的感觉
解释手段:(a)引用理论 (b)实验验证(c)举例证明(d)分层说明[数字、强对比、递进] (e)强对比 (f)过程描述
态度的类型:a支持; b对所有理论都不支持; c无态度, 那就是客观公正的;
d 无明确态度, 但解决了问题的理论, 可以认为作者持正面态度

三、结论解释型:
判断标志: 首句是判断句, 且第二句, 第二段首句不能对这个判断作出转折。
判断句:“系动词+表语”结构[be, remain, suggest….];含作者评价或态度的句子;包括首句是强调句的情况(It is ... that...)
Top Sentence:首句, 文章开端的结论处
小文章, 若首句是判断句, 且后面未作转折, 则首句是TS。基本上每段首句是该段TS。
写作方法:(a)首句正/负评价, 后面的相反评价是结论 (b)有的时候文首会有一点背景
(c) 先叙述别人的观点, 最后才是作者的评价(结论)
解释手段: a. 举例 b.讲原理 c. 类比和强对比 d.分类说明
focus:态度(+/-评价), 阐述角度

四、问题解决型:
判断标志:出现problem, task, puzzle, difficult等词汇;以设问句开头
解决手段:a:多种解决方案, 注意新老解决 b:原则和手段 c:试验证明 d:引用原理
TS:作者给予正评价的解决方案(多放在最后)
短文章--TS 长文章--多个解决方案, 区分态度(+/-)
记住“问题、困难”

五、TS特定位置
1. 大段叙述后出现转折, TS就要出现
2. 设问及其回答:①有问必答;②自问自答;③主题题型答案所在
3. 大段举例之前的观点和之后的总结往往是TS
4. 短文章首句为结论, 第二句开始是唯一的一个例子时, 则该结论为TS
5. TS从前不从后, 从大不从小原则
如果前后出现不一样的重点、结论, 应以前面的为主题, 后面的为延伸(TS在1~2段的首句之间找)
从大不从小--文章开头或主题句的评价是大评价, 让步、转折除外
§3 语言现象
因果连词
because, so引出细节原因/结论, 不必关注, 解题时能分清“谁是因谁是果”即可
结果连词--so, therefore, hence, thus , conclude引出明确结论, 多在段末, 文末, 专业内容之后

代词
this, these 往上指代

顺接关系 不用细读, 不用标记
顺接连词:further, furthermore, moreover, in addition
顺接关系:无转折, 态度一致, 内容延伸;或无任何连接词过渡
顺接关系的处理: 顺接关系找第一句, 后面的顺第一句
作者前后态度一致:可以旁证作者态度。对于生词, 可利用顺接关系推测。全段无连词, 段首为主句

转折关系
一般转折连词:nevertheless, nonetheless, in fact , indeed, virtually, actually, practically
however ①转折; ②让步however = no matter how 插入语; ③递进, 一连串行举之后
*but.... ①一般没意义, 若出现在2段句首, 表示大转折, 提出新观点;
②现象阐述后, 对前述现象持负评价;
③ “......but......”短语结构, 重点在but后
*yet.... 现象阐述后, 对前述现象持负评价
although ①出现在前半句, “尽管”, 引导让步状语从句, 重心在后半句;
②出现在在后半句, “但是”, 重心在后半句, 表转折=but

【注意】:转折连词出现在一连串行举之后表示递进关系, 引出更重要的原因。
※一连串行举之后出现转折连词however, yet, but 时, 表示递进语气, 不表示转折或让步(可用no matter how替换)。
【其它】:一个段落要转折一般在第2句, 否则就不转折了
unhappy, unfortunately 仅做态度、语气词用, 不做转折连词

强对比关系:
(1)标准强对比:unlike;in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, on the other hand
(2)时间状语强对比:Now, new, nowadays, current;once, until recently, past...
☆☆☆首句有明确时间状语的, 一定是强对比。
(3)变体强对比:唯一性(only, sole, unique), 最高级(-est, most), always, never, 排序(first, last, ...), 程度词(uttermost, foremost), all, none, any...
☆☆☆含最高级、唯一性选项一般不成立, 除非原文有对应的明确说法。
(4)普通大小比较, 倍数关系

虚拟语气:
would, could等引出的未实现的陈述, GRE中只表示与事实相反的情况。No. P226 Q19, 90-94 P2 Q19虚拟取非:题干说法与原文说法相反, 对原文正确说法(可能不止一个)取非。

让步语气:
(1)★do/ may /have 引出的强调句表示“让步”, 不表示强调, 转折后是重点。√
have 跟抽象名词, It has its critics.它的确受到批评。
(2)of course, certainly, no problem, no doubt, without doubt, after all, it is not to deny..表达的让步语气
(3)前面给出明确态度后, 后面再给出相反态度, 肯定是让步
(4)预期式反对式让步 you might object that, ..., you are wrong.
(5)由even, while, although, however(=no matter how), granted that [即便是说], insofar as等连词引导的让步语气
(6)让步句式:It’s true that...=True, .... √
(7)前面出现绝对化的说法, 强调句时, 后面必然有让步, 让步后必有转折
【注意】:文章末句如果作让步, 一般不能撼动前面的观点, 只是为了使表达更严谨

☆让步语气的作用:
①让步后必有转折;②让步语气在态度题中的作用--被作者让步的内容, 答案体现让步语气 √
※有让步负评价:主态度在转折后[国内题P13Q22]
【注】:although出现在后半句时=but, 转折连词

GRE设问句:①有问必答;②自问自答;③主题题型(答案所在)
gP35 设问句:有问必答, 自问自答, 主题题型

限定性语气
限定性语气表示作者有保留意见, 为ETS偏爱, 可能正确的一些限定性修饰词:
qualified, guarded, tempered, partially, tentative权且, reluctant不完全的, critically批判的…
qualify在题干、选项中作“限定, 保留”解释。

条件句:
结构引导的条件句, 条件成立, 结论才有可能成立。作者不说成立与否, 则结果不知
if true/possible 表示的条件, 不充分条件也可以是答案

否定句: 否定句
否定句后面必有肯定句, 重点看。否定句凡是与态度无关的, 都是有歧义的。不小于≠大于
A no more adj. than B 对A, B共同否定

判断句 表明作者态度, 正评价可能是TS
假设
assume担任, 假设, 采用 答案:用肯定句把差异说出来。

标点符号
冒号“:” 表示同义重复 分号“;” 表示顺接、并列
“-” 同义重复 “--” 插入语
引号“ ” 表示负评价

列举、举例
有明确列举标志, 只关注列举对象, 大列举需作标记。例子可以不看, 除非有大写名词。
应用:类比, EXCEPT题, 罗马数字题, in order to题
§4 题型分类
1 主题题型 P120Q22
【题干】:The passage is primarily concerned with___? The primary purpose of the passage is to__?
Which of the following statement best summarizes the main idea of the passage? ...
(a)main idea, primary purpose涉及态度
(b)main content(summarize, title)涉及对象
【解法】:
1. 直选法, 直接找TS改写
(a)结构--正评价, 新观点, 结论, 解决方案…..
(b)特殊语言现象--设问句;大段举例之前的理论说明或举例后的归纳;大段叙述后的转折
(c)作者正评价所在句一般为TS

2. 排除法, 正确选项具有以下特点:
①无细节(论据) ②有对象(有focus) ③态度一致(符合作者态度)
3. 题干问focus的处理
直接找TS, 找前不找后, 在1~2段的首句之间找
4. 驳论文argumentation主题题型的动词答案:
correct, criticize, refute, challenge, evaluate =critique 见到这些词就可以选选项
驳论文--对别人观点持负评价
5. presentation型文章标志:present, descible, explain, illustrate, point out

2 细节事实定位题(detail≠focus)
1.精确定位--扫描原文, 而非扫读
a)按题型定位
b)按段落定位 把握段落结构, 注意首句和2句间是什么关系(顺接/转折)
c)按选项回文中定位 按“大写名词>最高级>唯一性>一般”的次序;
对于长的词、生僻的词、名词, 若时间不够就放过。
2.准确改写 正确答案一定是原文的改写
a)主动词, 动词, 动名词 正确答案与原文是同义词
b)宾语, 动词相近看宾语 宾语应与原文同义或近义
c)范畴一致 时间、地点、作用范围、人物群体等一致
3. 文字对应法
选项中出现文中没有的单词, 可直接排除该选项, 不要做个人推理, 注意防止选项偷换概念。
首先排除含有段中未出现的最高级、比较级、唯一性、新概念的选项!
4. 细节的事实定位:细节多次出现, 定位首次, 因为这里有很多解释, 特征点最多;如果所问的对象与focus有关, 则应定位TS。
5. “than”--选项中出现比较时, 必须“原文有比较且有比较结果且结果与选项一致”时才能选。
★正确答案一定是原文的改写, 照抄

3 In order to题型(serves to, try to, ...)
【题干】The author ...in order to__? …the example… in order to__?
【解法】:
(1)首先定位, 找例子前后的总结
类型 先总结, 后举例 for example/instance, like, such as... 往前定位, 总结这句话
先举例, 后归纳 thus, hence, conclusion… 向后定位, 归纳这句话
(2)该“总结/归纳”就是答案
(3)如果原文没有任何标志, 则前后为顺接关系, 按“先结论后举例”处理, 向前定位
☆注意与support题型的区别:support题型(选项à原文);In order to 题型(原文à选项), 题干中出现support的题未必就是逻辑题型。

4 作者态度题 P120Q24
【题干】:The author’s discussion of...can be described as__?
Which of the following best descibles the author’s attitude toward....?
consider…as…, agree with…, disprove…
【解法】:先看选项, 找作者态度, 选择答案
<1> 判断句表达作者态度
<2> 与文章叙述无关的褒贬态度词(可拿去)隐含了作者态度
<3> 特殊动词表达作者态度
表示作者负评价的一些词:exaggerate =untrue, violate, fail to, ignore, overestimate/underestimate, misidentify, misrepresent
表示正评价的一些词:confirm,determine,prove,show,demonstrate 注:它们不能直接用于解题
<4> 让步语气, 限定性语气表达作者态度
让步语气:被作者让步的 è 答案要体现让步语气 [答案:a.限定性修饰词;b.体现让步语气]
<5> 作者的态度只能有3种且始终一致:①正评价;②负评价;③有让步语气。
<6> ETS不会出现极端的态度, 不会出现绝对的评价, 不会嘲讽、奚落别人, 也不会崇拜
出现以下词的选项通常错误:
态度过好的词:
adulatory拍马的, fervent热烈的, fanatical狂热的

态度过坏的词:
envious嫉恨的, indignant愤恨的, condemnation强烈谴责, derision(deride)嘲弄, defiance蔑视, scornful鄙夷, cynical愤世嫉俗的, spiteful痛恨的, callous无情的, offensive冒犯的, insincere不诚挚的, reproach责备

态度过轻、过弱的词:
indifferent冷漠的, resigned听任的, detached超然的, ambivalent模棱两可的, facetious开玩笑的, lighthearted心情愉快的, jocular诙谐的

程度过重的词:
complete, total, entire, absolute, unrestrained, unchecked, unmitigated不缓解的, admittedly无可否认的

可能正确的一些限定性修饰词:
qualified, guarded, tempered, partially, tentative权且, reluctant不完全的, critically批判的

混合评价:
用but连接, 重点在but后, 考察让步语气, 从大不从小
objective yet concerned--没有明显的正负态度, 即客观的态度, but/yet重心在后。

5 结构套路题型
【题干】Which of the following most accurately describles the organization of the passage?
1.passage篇章式 结构套路, 先写什么, 后写什么, TS从前不从后
2.paragraph 段落式 首句+
如果TS已对某事物给予正评价, 末尾再作转折, 通常是倒让步, 不必理会。
3.注意两点:内容对应, 顺序一致(答案顺序应符合原文顺序gP66Q22)

6 原文类比题
【题干】:example, exemplify, analogous to, similar to, parallel to
【解法】:抽象掉所有给定的具体内容, 抓本质特征
(1)具体对象不要(2)态度词不要, 只保留态度(+/-评价)
例如P182一文:“小于sth., 不能做sth.”。P213豆科植物一文:“在A中引入B, A变得更好”。

7 逻辑题型:
【题干】:判断标志Weaken/Support/Assumption, if ture
【解法】:排除法
1. 界定现象和结论(A, B)
2. 决定weaken or support?
3. 选用W/S的相应方法
如引入它因, 搭桥法(原文AàB, 选项AàCàB), 反证法, 直接驳斥原因, 直接驳斥结论…
4. 根据选项找原文说法
5. 排除错误选项
6. 数字类逻辑题:在相对化与绝对化之间进行转化
7. 它因型: weaken:有它因 support:排除、减弱它因
8. assume答案:用肯定句把差异说出来

1 取非题型
2 强对比取非:
(1)普通强对比:unlike;in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, on the other hand
(2)时间状语强对比:Now, new, nowadays, current;once, until recently, past...
☆☆☆首句有明确时间状语的, 一定是强对比!
(3)变体强对比:唯一性(only, sole, unique), 最高级(-est, most), always, never, 排序(first, last, ...), 程度词(uttermost, foremost), all, none, any...
☆☆☆含最高级、唯一性选项一般不成立, 除非原文有对应的明确说法
【解法】:已知与A强对比的B的特征, 对B的特征取非得到A的特征。

2 改进型取非: P120Q23
The author believes that it would haved been improved had ___? (better,improve, more convincing/useful…)
(1)首先定位--找出缺陷或不足 (2)取非原因--将原因取非而不是将缺陷取非!!!
如果做了什么一个对象会更好? :哪儿不好?à为什么不好?取非不好的原因, 作等效陈述

4 虚拟语气取非--题干说法与原文说法相反, 对原文正确说法(可能不止一个)取非。
5 续写题型
1.后续一段 未列举完的内容, 未遂心愿
P130CO2 把握文章结构, 不能仅根据最后一段解题
2.introduction 看文章首段的前2~3句, 正确答案在第一段中找

9 预期反对题型
作者让步过的内容是正确答案

10 EXCEPT及罗马数字题型
排除法, 正确答案是作者在文中明确反对过的(提出并反对)或根本未提到的或定位的段落未提到的(选项的关键词落在别的段落)说法。

11 列举题
找并列的词、句子, 文字对应法

13 泛指化题型
特点:题干的核心名词前出现了不定冠词a, an [P305Q19, P166Q27, P193Q22]
【解法】:找文中泛指化[普遍适用]的句子, 改写后得到答案

14 写作手法 P121Q6
先定位, 后解题nP153Q26
generalization 着重“动作过程” conclusion着重结论本身, “状态”

§5 快速阅读
快速阅读:
1.意群阅读法, 阅读速度一定要快(≥160words/min), 勇敢的省略, 记住:看题时间要比看文时间长
2. 重点看文章的结构和态度, 不关心内容, 大胆取舍, 该跳过的就跳过
理论 内容 无用
观点 涉及人物, 谁在说
方法 评价 ☆☆☆☆☆最重要
3. 生词、词组:名词采用缩写;动词、形容词根据上下文推测含义
4. TS和重点语言现象仔细阅读, 其它略读或不读。不能理解的快速掠过, 切记停留!!!
5. 看选项顺序:
大写(连字符)> 最高级、唯一性(一般×)> 特殊疑问句
若实在找不到, 则蒙A或B。




6. 不要精读, 不要回头读, 不要试图记住细节, 不必了解文章的意思, 速度一定要快, 一定要作笔记, 时间不够看首段和各段首句

阅读中的删减
a)所有论据都可以省略:例子, 类比, 比喻
b)顺接关系(无转折, 态度一致, 内容延伸)
c)冒号后, 分号后, 破折号后
“:” 同义重复 “;” 顺接、并列 “-” 同义重复 “--” 插入语
d)单独出现的数字
e)两种语气可以略读:虚拟(表达与事实相反的情况)、让步(让步后必有转折, 重在转折)
f)对具体事件、进程、原理、试验、观点、方法的解说, 只关注作者态度和涉及人物, 不关心内容
g)原文中有明确列举标志, 只关注列举对象, 不关心对列举对象的描述, 作标记
h)任何的原因和解释都可快速略过, i)主题句(TS)明确后, 各段以首句、2句间有无转折为阅读重点。有转折时, 2句多为TS
j)旧观点略读!

题目与选项的处理
一、直接法
1.精确定位--扫描原文, 而非扫读
a)按题型定位
b)按段落定位 把握段落结构, 注意首句和2句间是什么关系(顺接/转折)
c)按选项回文中定位 按“大写名词>最高级>唯一性>一般”的次序;
对于长的词、生僻的词、名词, 若时间不够就放过。
2.准确改写 正确答案一定是原文的改写
a)主动词, 动词, 动名词 正确答案与原文是同义词
b)宾语, 动词相近看宾语 宾语应与原文同义或近义
c)范畴一致 时间、地点、作用范围、人物群体等一致
3. 细节的事实定位:细节多次出现, 定位首次, 因为这里有很多解释, 特征点最多;如果所问的对象与focus有关, 则应定位TS。
★正确答案一定是原文的改写, 照抄

二、排除法
1. 文字对应法
选项中出现文中没有的单词, 可直接排除该选项, 不要做个人推理, 注意防止选项偷换概念。
首先排除含有段中未出现的最高级、比较级、唯一性、新概念的选项!
3. “than”--选项中出现比较时, 必须“原文有比较且有比较结果且结果与选项一致”时才能选。

选项缩读
1)动词结构读动宾
2)名词结构读主名词(去掉所有修饰、限制的成分)
3)主从复合句结构读主句

时间分配
总要求:阅读时间少于做题时间
读文章的时间要短, 顶多2-3分钟将原文扫一遍, 把时间留给定位和解题
短文章4-5min, 其中1.5min中看文章, 做题每题1-1.5min;长文章2min看原文, 解题每题1-1.5min
按题材调整, 太难的文章少浪费时间, 控制做题的平均时间在1min左右
时间不够读第一段和各段首句

解题的几条原则:
1.主题题型要做对, 速度可稍慢
2.短文章每题必争
4.解题时一定要定位。定位时先看题干中关键词, 根据笔记定位, 找不到时再段落定位, 扫描文章, 多次出现定位首次。正确答案一定是原文的改写, 这一点无论怎样强调都不过分!!!
严格把握文字对应法, 每个正确答案都必须找到依据, 绝对不可凭记忆或知识背景做题
【注意】:给出具体行号的题目其答案一定不在行号所给处, ETS不会这么傻, 一般在其上下句中找。罗马数字题找列举。
5. 注意虚拟语气的改写
§6 词汇
1 阅读部分, 单词的重要程度按词性排序为:v.àadj.àadv.àn.
2 A but B 重点在but后; A though B 重点在though前 ☆
not only...but also 连接两事物强调后者;as well as连接两事物强调前者。
paradox 看似矛盾, 实则有理(如 “进攻是最好的防守”)
complex 在GRE中表示“情结”
3 outline<>detail screen out = filter筛选出
4 realistically在英文中为褒义词, 实事求是的意思(中文指“势利的, 功利的”意思, 贬义)
5 ☆significance意义, 中性词, 不表达态度 a case in point 恰当的例子, 正评价
far from = not after all 递进语气
8 argue 跟介词(with/ against…)才表示争辩
critic v.中性词, value, 评论 n. 文学评论家, 批评
critical a.批评的, 负评价
critically adv.一分为二的
critics n.评论家, 批评(不可数)
9 counterpoint和声, 和谐, 对照法, 来自于音乐中的对位音【注】:转折点turning point, milestone

§7 阅读复习计划
第一阶段.整理讲过的全部内容,把讲过的全部文章都复习一遍
1 文章结构(分类看);②整理题型;③起承转折关系

第二阶段.把90-94没讲过的文章都做一遍,第一遍卡时间(长文章12分钟,短文章5分钟)。做完后对文章结构、题目题型以及起成转折关系进行处理:①找出focus(可看文章首段和二段首句);②文中有几种观点(包括作者观点),作者分别持什么评价,分出是presentation还是argumentation;③文章二段是否有转折;④各段首句说完后是否有转折,如果无转折,这一段的意思依赖于首句(80%的文章如此);⑤文章有哪些快速阅读现象(例子、类比、插入语、修饰语、括号等);⑥后面题目的典型题型(主题、态度、逻辑、except、强对比取非等)。
阅读强调少而精!

第三阶段.把NO.8和NO.9(文章难度相当于90-94)没做的题做一下,如果有时间也分类如上处理。

第四阶段.把95-99.4的题目做模考[前两套的长文章有时间就做,没时间就不做(一篇讲摄影,一篇讲阅读),不代表现在的出题方 向,其后又回到90-94的风格,短文章不错--妇女运动的文章现在常考,最新题从第三套开始都很好]。

第五阶段.进入模考阶段或把NO题重看一下。目前为止,模考的题目都不理想,PP2较简单,容易产生盲目乐观的看法,不要指望模考能提高多高水平,能适应屏幕即可。不要从世界各地搜刮新题。

最后两周按照类型看文章或按类型看题目,尤其是看弱项部分(找出20道题目左右,容易形成题感)。

ETS要求1分钟读100字,包括题干、选项。
笔考:30分钟做38道题,11个阅读,总共17分钟(短5分钟、长12分钟),长文章原文要用5分钟,一分钟做一道题,否则一定会牺牲后面的一两道题目,把文章读两遍是不可能的!

阅读是习惯的较量,不是水平的较量!
找有字数统计的中级读物,测一下自己的水平,再定目标,训练50-100篇文章,(绝对阅读速度上来后,再提高绝对阅读能力),练到120字/分后,找稍难的100字/分,再练到120/分会提高。反复3-4遍必有提高,再想提高,背/写,阅读和写作是一对。
考前二、三天的工作.调整状态。不管心理状态多好,考前一定会有波动。在考前1-2天,可把考场各种可能出现的不良情况想一下。
考试只是体力活,坚持必有好成绩!
做一道阅读题到底需要多长时间,做到百题以上必有一个稳定的平均值,决定现场时有取有舍。出题分布不均匀,估计自己的长、弱项,如果阅读是强项,前面出现类反,类反迅速作完,因为词不认识就是不认识。长文章看看题目的类型,…(?)至少需要2分钟时间,如果时间紧,可放弃;in order to题型半分钟即可搞定。类似的问题在前两天都搞清楚,就有可能睡好。 什么时候上考场 期望的大致分数区间。verbal考650是正常分数阅读一长一短错3到左右(11道题目,现场错在前后有影响),上700分应稳定错2道,上750靠运气。

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

11
发表于 2010-3-8 22:30:17 |只看该作者

【CASK EFFECT】0910G阅读全方位锻炼--难度【LSAT】1-1

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-11 23:18 编辑

规则:& H+ ~* |1 i6 G' l1 Z: m; a+ ?
$ ]/ Y  A4 d$ a" c
每天我贴出一篇LSAT阅读文章,大家来做,做完后可以拿上来讨论或者写一些心得体会,大家共同切磋

7 U6 l4 d* J3 e
每天一篇LSAT,你就会渐渐发现GRE阅读真的好简单
[注]请直接在电脑屏幕面前做,虽然GRE阅读是在纸上考,但是通过这个过程会遏制你做笔记,同时给你的阅读造成视觉障碍,也就是把难度训练和抗干扰训练同步结合,增加效率(初期会很累,但是既然大家想要成为高手,那么就别对自己太温柔) 0 ?( v" [+ E/ e9 y' c


Immigrants’ adoption of English as their primary language is one measure of assimilation into the larger United States society. Generally languages define social groups and provide justification for social structures. Hence, a distinctive language sets a cultural group off from the dominant language group. Throughout United States history this pattern has resulted in one consistent, unhappy consequence, discrimination against members of the cultural minority. Language differences provide both a way to rationalize subordination and a ready means for achieving it.4 C1 ]; Q  v5 F. d+ w
. E0 @3 B% b6 c% h
Traditionally, English has replaced the native language of immigrant groups by the second or third generation. Some characteristics of today’s Spanish-speaking population, however, suggest the possibility of a departure from this historical pattern.对应题目的1问 Many families retain ties in Latin America and move back and forth between their present and former communities. This “revolving door” phenomenon, along with the high probability of additional immigrants from the south, means that large Spanish-speaking communities are likely to exist in the United States for the indefinite future.

1 A- r* p/ F. M1 \* B' @
This expectation underlies the call for national support for bilingual education in Spanish-speaking communities’ public schools. Bilingual education can serve different purposes, however. In the 1960s, such programs were established to facilitate the learning of English so as to avoid disadvantaging children in their other subjects because of their limited English. More recently, many advocates have viewed bilingual education as a means to maintain children’s native languages and cultures对应题目的二问. The issue is important for people with different political agendas, from absorption at one pole to separatism at the other.一种是完全同化,另一种是极度的保持自我,都不是可取的方式,来融入到美国的社会中,对应题目的3问

& U9 B- z* I; a( ~* N: O
5 }; R0 D( M9 d" ]( K0 A0 n5 ?1 K3 b
To date, the evaluations of bilingual education’s impact on learning have been inconclusive. The issue of bilingual education has, nevertheless, served to unite the leadership of the nation’s Hispanic communities. Grounded in训练 打好
基础[根据] concerns about status that are directly traceable to the United States history of discrimination against Hispanics, the demand for maintenance of the Spanish language in the schools is an assertion of the worth of a people and their culture. If the United States is truly a multicultural nation—that is, if it is one culture reflecting the contributions of many—this demand should be seen as a demand not for separation but for inclusion.

) E' c/ D6 t) V* @0 O' q, R: u
, d% G9 m- i" R" O+ [) L% O: L
More direct efforts to force inclusion can be misguided. For example, movements to declare English the official language do not truly advance the cohesion of a multicultural nation5. They alienate the twenty million people who do not speak English as their mother tongue. They are unnecessary since the public’s business is already conducted largely in English. Further, given the present state of understanding about the effects of bilingual education on learning, it would be unwise to require the universal use of English. Finally, it is for parents and local communities to choose the path they will follow, including how much of their culture they want to maintain for their children.

9 h% ~6 @/ O1 y. d4 ]
( ?! i9 j6 _2 u, o( Z' I
1.It can be inferred from the passage that one of the characteristics of immigrant groups to the United States has traditionally been that, after immigration, relatively few members of the group

(A) became politically active in their new communities
(B) moved back and forth repeatedly between the United States and their former communities
(C) used their native languages in their new communities( N, F. j7 C. ^4 w3 F
(D) suffered discrimination in their new communities at the hands of the cultural majority
(E) sought assimilation into the dominant culture of the new communities they were entering) n+ j: X* i8 U+ [* u+ @6 }. V3 W4 V& W

$ k$ {! ?4 p% D! s) d# q4 z, y( c
2.The passage suggests that one of the effects of the debate over bilingual education is that it has/ A' g4 o4 h/ E, P% Z
  T2 b& e( D5 d  J; g4 K# I1 `1 ^
(A) given the Hispanic community a new-found pride in its culture0 c7 j3 [' g9 i& H& N* g
(B) hampered the education of Spanish-speaking students: O2 ?6 s" L( z8 g
(C) demonstrated the negative impact on imposing English as the official United States language1 L* k8 P8 y- e  A  K
(D) provided a common banner under which the Spanish-speaking communities could rally
(E) polarized the opinions of local Spanish-speaking community leaders
( S4 m5 [, w  s9 r( d3 O% j
3.In lines 38-39, the phrase “different political agendas” refers specifically to conflicting opinions regarding the
- a0 v( }2 S0 i6 ?
(A) means of legislating the assimilation of minorities into United States society
(B) methods of inducing Hispanics to adopt English as their primary language
(C) means of achieving nondiscriminatory education for Hispanics0 d$ X0 p# w8 Y/ ]3 V
(D) official given responsibility for decisions regarding bilingual education" F: K2 U1 M9 X; U% F' R4 t8 B
(E) extent to which Hispanics should blend into the larger United States society
- h/ y) q" [5 v
: ?. ?8 ^. n/ {( M3 `0 L5 D
4.In lines 64-65 the author says that “It would be unwise to require the universal use of English.” One reason for this, according to the author, is that

(A) it is not clear yet whether requiring the universal use of English would promote or hinder the education of children whose English is limited
(B) the nation’s Hispanic leaders have shown that bilingual education is most effective when it includes the maintenance of the Spanish language in the schools8 k6 _' Z' x& ^) V7 {
(C) requiring the universal use of English would reduce the cohesion of the nation’s Hispanic communities and leadership+ z1 ^  W4 g1 o
(D) the question of language in the schools should be answered by those who evaluate bilingual education, not by people with specific political agendas: F1 o  q" m  [4 _, s. k
(E) it has been shown that bilingual education is necessary to avoid disadvantaging in their general learning children whose English is limited3 M4 l4 [8 T) W: X: l/ |4 o( l

5.In the last paragraph, the author of the passage is primarily concerned with discussing0 G! V& v. ]  i5 v

(A) reasons against enacting a measure that would mandate the forced inclusion of immigrant groups within the dominant United culture
(B) the virtues and limitations of declaring English the official language of the United States
(C) the history of attitudes within the Hispanic community toward bilingual education in the United States% c5 `" D6 I* U& r4 ?! c
(D) the importance for immigrant groups of maintaining large segments of their culture to pass on to their children
(E) the difference in cultures between Hispanics and other immigrant groups in the United States

CAACA  (正确答案BDEAA)
Grounded in concerns about status (后面是修饰status的从句)that are directly traceable to theUnited States history of discrimination against Hispanics, the demandfor maintenance of the Spanish language in the schools is an assertionof the worth of a people and their culture.! Q& o* z6 L! q
植根于关注的美国历史上可直接追溯的对Hispanic的歧视的状况,在学校保持西班牙语言的要求是一个民族和他们文化价值的断言。

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

12
发表于 2010-3-10 00:11:17 |只看该作者

【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】 1-1

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-10 00:18 编辑

In the early 1990s when one of us was teaching his first bioinformatics n. 生物信息学 class,he was not sure that there would be enough students to teach. Although the Smith-Waterman and BLAST algorithms had already been developed they had not become the householdadj. 家庭的,家喻户晓的 names among biologists that they are today. Even the term “bioinformatics” had not yet been coined. DNA arrays were viewed by most as intellectual toys with dubious practical application, except for a handful of enthusiasts who saw a vast potential in the technology. A few bioinformaticians were developing new algorithmic ideas for"nonexistent data sets: David Sankoff laid the foundations of genome rearrangement studies at a time when there was practically no gene order data,Michael Waterman and Gary Stormo were developing motif finding algorithmswhen there were very few promoter samples available, Gene Myerswasdeveloping sophisticated fragment assembly tools when no bacterial genome has been assembled yet, andWebbMiller was dreaming about comparing billion-nucleotide-long DNA sequences when the 172, 282-nucleotide Epstein-Barr virus was the longest GenBank entry. GenBank itself just recently made a transition from a series of bound (paper!) volumes to an electronic database on magnetic tape that could be sent to scientists worldwide. One has to go back to the mid-1980s and early 1990s to fully appreciate the revolution in biology that has taken place in the last decade. However, bioinformatics has affected more than just biology—it has also had a profound impact on the computational sciences. Biology has rapidly become a large source of new algorithmic and statistical problems, and has arguably been the target for more algorithms than any of the other fundamental sciences.This link between computer science and biology has important educational implications that change the way we teach computational ideas to biologists, as well as how applied algorithmics is taught to computer scientists.For many years computer science was taught to only computer scientists,3and only rarely to students fromother disciplines. A biology student in an algorithms  classwould be a surprising and unlikely (though entirelywelcome)) guest in the early 1990s. But these things change; many biology students1now take some sort of Algorithms 101. At the same time, curious computer science students often take Genetics 101 and Bioinformatics 101. Although8 Y. these students are still relatively rare, keep in mind that the number of bioinformatics classes in the early 1990swas so small as to be considered nonexistent.  But that number is not so small now. We envision that undergraduate bioinformatics classes will become a permanent component at every major university. This is a feature, not a bug.' v* D( t; \8 s# }6 P4 l
This is an introductory textbook on bioinformatics algorithms and the computational ideas that have driven them through the last twenty years. There are many important probabilistic and statistical techniques that we do not
cover, nor do we cover many important research questions that bioinformaticians"are currently trying to answer. We deliberately do not cover all*areas of computational biology; for example, important topics like protein folding are not even discussed. The very first bioinformatics textbooks were)Waterman, 1995 (108), which contains excellent coverage of DNA statistics) and Gusfield, 1997 (44) which includes an encyclopedia of string algorithms.Durbin et al., 1998 (31) and Baldi and Brunak, 1997 (7) emphasize Hidden Markov Models and machine learning techniques; Baxevanis and Ouellette,1998 (10) is an excellent practical guide to bioinformatics; Mount, 2001 (76)
excels in showing the connections between biological problems and bioinformatics; techniques; and Bourne and Weissig, 2002 (15) focuses on protein bioinformatics. There are also excellent web-based lecture notes for many bioinformatics courses and we learned a lot about the pedagogy of bioinformatics/from materials on the World Wide Web by Serafim Batzoglou, Dick;Karp, Ron Shamir, Martin Tompa, and others.1 c: y* M1 n4 O/ J& |1 d& T

Website
We have created an extensive website to accompany this book at http://www.bioalgorithms.info This website contains a number of features that complement the book. For example, though this book does not contain a glossary, we provide this service,
a searchable index, and a set of community message boards, at the above web address. Technically savvy students can also download practical bioinformatics exercises, sample implementations of the algorithms in this book, and sample data to test them with. Instructors and students may find"the prepackaged lecture notes on the website to be especially helpful. It is
our hope that this website be used as a repository of information that will help introduce students to the diverse world of bioinformatics.* R" b0 l: u4 y' v, O
Acknowledgements9 Y* I: H6 I* a+ B# Y" i3 |4 H
We are indebted to
be indebted to   负债的,感激的those who kindly agreed to be featured in the biographical sketches scattered throughout the book. Their insightful and heartfelt9responses definitely made these the most interesting part of this book. Their life stories and views of the challenges that lay ahead will undoubtedly inspire3students in the exploration of the unknown. There are many more scientists whose bioboxes we would like to have in this book and it is only the page limit (which turned out to be 200 pages too small) that prevented us from commissioning more of them. Special thanks go to Ethan Bier who inspired us to include biographical sketches in this book. This book would not have been possible without the diligent teaching assistants in bioinformatics courses taught during the winter and fall of 2003#and 2004: Derren Barken, Bryant Forsgren, Eugene Ke, ColemanMosley, and Degui Zhi all helped find technical errors, refine practical exercises, and design problems in the book. Helen Wu and John Allison spent many hours: L3 J( making technical figures, which is a thankless task like no other. We are also.grateful to Vagisha Sharma who was kind enough to read the book from cover to cover and provide insightful comments and, unfortunately, bugs in  the pseudocode. Steve Wasserman provided us with invaluable comments,from a biologist’s point of view that eventually led to new sections in the book. Alkes Price and Haixu Tang pointed out ambiguities and helped clarify the chapters on graphs and clustering. Ben Raphael and Patricia Jones6 `$ provided feedback on the early chapters and helped avoid some potential misunderstandings. Dan Gilbert, of Dan Gilbert Art Group, Inc. kindly provided2us with Triazzles to illustrate the problems of DNAsequence assembly.,Our special thanks go to Randall Christopher, the artist behind the website www.kleemanandmike.com. Randall illustrated the book and designed- many unique graphical representations of some bioinformatics algorithms. It has been a pleasure to work with Robert Prior of The MIT Press. With
sufficient patience and prodding, he managed to keep us on track. We also2appreciate the meticulous copyediting of G. W. Helfrich. Finally, we thank the many students in different undergraduate and graduate bioinformatics classes at UCSD who provided comments on earlier versions0of this book.0 x8 Z' l2 b& H, j8 d5 E
PAP would like to thank several people who taught him different aspects of computational molecularadj. 一丝不苟的, 过细的, 精确的

biology. Andrey Mironov taught him that common sense is perhaps the most important ingredient of any applied research.Mike Waterman was a terrific teacher at the time PAP moved from Moscow to Los Angeles, both in science and in life. PAP also thanks Alexander Karzanov,*who taught him combinatorial optimization, which, surprisingly, remains the most useful set of skills in his computational biology research. He especially thanks Mark Borodovsky who convinced him to switch into the field of bioinformatics in 1985, when it was an obscure discipline with an uncertain future.6PAP also thanks his former students, postdocs, and lab members who taught him most of what he knows: Vineet Bafna, Guillaume Bourque, Sridhar Hannenhalli, Steffen Heber, Earl Hubbell, Uri Keich, Zufar Mulyukov,
Alkes Price, Ben Raphael, Sing-Hoi Sze, Haixu Tang, and Glenn Tesler.3NCJwould like to thank hismentors during undergraduate school—Toshihiko Takeuchi, Harry Gray, John Baldeschwieler, and Schubert Soares—for patiently but firmly teaching him that persistence is one of the more important ingredients in research. Also, he thanks the admissions committee at the University of California, San Diego who gambled on a chemist-turned-programmer,hopefully for the best.' ^7 t: C8 v$ c% W, E9 c# {: k- X
Neil Jones and Pavel Pevzner
La Jolla, California, 2004





使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

13
发表于 2010-3-10 00:21:57 |只看该作者

【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】 1-2

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-10 23:25 编辑

The algorithm USCHANGE in chapter 2 is an example of a greedy strategy: at each step, the cashier would only consider the largest denomination smaller than (or equal to) M. Since the goal was to minimize the number of coins returned' to the customer, this seemed like a sensible strategy: youwould never5 use five nickels in place of代替, ...而不用 one quarter. A generalization of USCHANGE, BETTERCHANGE also used what seemed like the best option and did not consider any others, which is what makes an algorithm “greedy.” Unfortunately, BETTERCHANGE.actually returned incorrect results in some cases because of its short_sighted notion of “good.” This is a common characteristic of greedy5algorithms: they often return suboptimaladj. 未达最佳标准的,不最理想的,不最适宜的,不最满意的
results, but take very little time to do so. However, there are a lucky few greedy algorithms that find optimal. rather than suboptimal solutions.
5.1 Genome Rearrangements
Waardenburg’s syndrome is a genetic disorder resulting in hearing loss and9 pigmentary abnormalities, such as two differently colored eyes. The disease was named after the Dutch ophthalmologist who first noticed that people with two differently colored eyes frequently had hearing problems as well.

In the early 1990s, biologists narrowed the search for the gene implicated in Waardenburg’s syndrome to human chromosome 2, but its exact location remained- b; unknown for some time. There was another clue that shed light onthe gene associated with Waardenburg’s syndrome, that drew attention to chromosome 2: for a long time, breeders scrutinizedv. 详细检查; 细看 mice for mutants, and one of these, designated splotch, had pigmentary abnormalities like patches of white spots, similar to those in humans with Waardenburg’s syndrome. Through breeding, the splotch gene was mapped to one of the mouse chromosomes.,As gene mapping proceeded it became clear that there are groups of genes in mice that appear in the same order as they do in humans: these genes are likely to be present in the same order in a common ancestor of* humans and mice_the ancient mammalian genome. In some ways, the'human genome is just the mouse genome cut into about 300 large genomic fragments, called synteny blocks, that have been pasted together in a different order. Both sequences are just two different shufflings of the ancient mammalian genome. For example, chromosome 2 in humans is built from fragments that are similar to mouse DNA residing on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,7, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 17. It is no surprise, then, that finding a gene in mice often leads to clues about the location of the related gene in humans.8Every genome rearrangement重新整理[编排, 安排, 布置, 配置, 排列, 编组]results in a change of gene ordering, and a/ series of these rearrangements can alter the genomic architecture of a species. Analyzing the rearrangement history of mammalian genomes is a challenging problem, even though a recent analysis of human and mouse genomes.implies that fewer than 250 genomic rearrangements have occurred since thedivergence of humans and mice approximately 80 million years ago. Every!study of genome rearrangements involves solving the combinatorial puzzle of finding a series of rearrangements that transform one genome into another.
Figure 5.1 presents a rearrangement scenario in which the mouse X chromosome
is transformed into the human X chromosome.
1 The elementary"rearrangement event in this scenario is the flipping of a genomic segment,*called a reversal, or an inversion. One can consider other types of evolutionary events but in this book we only consider reversals, the most common
evolutionary events.Biologists are interested in the most parsimonious evolutionary scenario,0that is, the scenario involving the smallest number of reversals. While there is9no guarantee that this scenario represents an actual evolutionary sequence, it
gives us a lower bound on the number of rearrangements that have occurred and indicates the similarity between two species.




2 Even for the small number of synteny blocks shown, it is not so easy to verifythat the three evolutionary events in figure 5.1 represent a shortest series of reversals transforming the mouse gene order into the human gene order on the X chromosome. The exhaustive(论述等)详尽的; 无遗漏的, 彻底的 search technique that we presented,in the previous chapter would hardly work for rearrangement studies since the number of variants that need to be explored becomes enormous for more than ten synteny blocks. Below, we explore two greedy approaches that work to differing degrees of success.

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

14
发表于 2010-3-11 22:08:26 |只看该作者

【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】 1-3

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-11 22:22 编辑

Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs ABSTRACT. The BLAST programs are widely used tools for searching protein and DNA databases for sequence similarities. For protein comparisons, a variety of definitional, algorithmic and statistical refinements described here permits the execution time of the BLAST programs to be decreased substantially while: enhancing their sensitivity to weak similarities. A new7criterion准数, 指标, 尺度, 规模 for triggering the extension of word hits, combined with a new heuristic启发的 for generating gapped'alignments, yields a gapped BLAST program that runs*at approximately three times the speed of the original. In addition, a method is introduced for automatically  combining statistically significant alignments produced by BLAST into a position-specific score matrix,; and searching the database using this matrix. The
resulting Position-Specific Iterated BLAST (PSIBLAST) program runs at approximately the same- speed per iterationn. 重复; 重复的话; 重述 as gapped BLAST, but in many cases is much more sensitive to weak but biologically*relevant sequence similarities. PSI-BLAST is used to uncover several new and interesting members of the BRCT superfamily.
INTRODUCTION. n$ k( a0 `2 x
Variations of the BLAST algorithm (1) have been incorporated into several popular programs for searching protein and DNA*databases for sequence similarities. BLAST programs have been$written to compare protein or DNA queries with protein or DNA
databases in any combination, with DNA sequences often5undergoing conceptual translation before any comparison is performed. We will use the blast program, which compares protein queries to protein databases, as a prototypen. 原型 for BLAST,7 although the ideas presented extend immediately to other versions that involve the translation of a DNA query or database. Some of the refinements described are applicable as well to DNADNA comparison, but have yet to be implemented."BLAST is a heuristic that attempts to optimize a specific similarity measure. It permits a tradeoff n. 交易; 权衡; 折衷 between speed and sensitivity, with the setting of a thresholdparameter, T. A higher: value of T yields greater speed, but also an increased probability of missing weak similarities. The BLAST program requires time proportional to the product of the lengths of the query sequence4and the database searched. Since the rate of change in database sizes currently exceeds that of processor speeds, computers running BLAST are subjected to increasing load. However, the conjunction of several new algorithmic ideas allow a new version9 of BLAST to achieve improved sensitivity at substantially* augmented speed. This paper describes three major refinements: to BLAST.
(i) For increased speed, the criterion for extending word pairs;has been modified. The original BLAST program seeks short:word pairs whose aligned score is at least T. Each such hitis then extended, to test whether it is contained within a high-scoring6alignment. For the default T value, this extension step consumes.most of the processing time. The new two-hitmethod requires
the existence of two non-overlapping adj. 不相重叠的,不相交的word pairs on the same diagonal, and within a distance A of one another, before an extension is invoked. To achieve comparable sensitivity, the+threshold parameter T must be lowered, yielding more hits than previously. However, because only a small fraction of these hits are extended, the average amount of computation required2decreases.2 F% y/ y7 T/ O6 _+ f
(ii) The ability to generate gapped alignments has been added. The original BLAST program often finds several alignments
involving a single database sequence which, when considered together, are statistically significant. Overlooking any one of
these alignments can compromise损害; 连累; 危及 the combined result. By introducing an algorithm for generating gapped alignments, it3becomes necessary to find only one rather than all the ungapped alignments subsumed in a significant result. This allows the T.parameter to be raised, increasing the speed of the initial database scan. The new gapped alignment algorithm uses dynamic
programming to extend a central pair of aligned residues in both' directions. For speed, earlier heuristic methods (2,3) confined the-alignments produced to a predefined strip of the dynamic alignments that drop in score no more than Xg below the best
score yet seen. The algorithm is able thereby to adapt the region of the path graph it explores to the data.) ~) @3 R# y4 \7 t& T5 g. Z
(iii) BLAST searches may be iterated, with a position-specific score matrix generated from significant alignments found in
round i used for round i + 1. Motif or profile search methods frequently are much more sensitive than pairwise comparison
methods at detecting distant relationships. However, creating a!set of motifs or a profile that describes a protein family, and$searching a database with them, typically has involved running-several different programs, with substantial user intervention at
various stages. The BLAST algorithm is easily generalized to use an arbitrary position-specific score matrix in place of a query
sequence and associated substitution matrix. Accordingly, we have automatedv. 自动化 the procedure of generating such a matrix from the output produced by a BLAST search, and adapted the BLAST algorithm to take this matrix as input. The resulting Position-Specific Iterated BLAST, or PSI-BLAST, program may not be as9sensitive as the best available motif search programs, but its speed
and ease of operation can bring the power of these methods into more common use. After describing these refinements to BLAST in greater detail,"we consider several biological examples for which the sensitivity and speed of the program are greatly enhanced.

使用道具 举报

Rank: 5Rank: 5

声望
66
寄托币
1811
注册时间
2009-9-22
精华
0
帖子
11

GRE梦想之帆

15
发表于 2010-3-11 23:20:06 |只看该作者

【CASK EFFECT】0910G阅读全方位锻炼--难度【LSAT】1-2

本帖最后由 tequilawine 于 2010-3-12 00:18 编辑

The refusal of some countries to extraditev. 引渡; 获取引渡persons accused or convicted of terrorist act has focused attention on the problems caused by the political offense exception to extradition. Extradition is the process by which one country returns an accused or convicted person found within its borders to another country for trial or punishment. Under the political offense exception, the requested state may, if it considers the crime to be a political offense, deny extradition to the requesting state.
Protection of political offenses is a recent addition to the ancient practice of extradition. It is the result of two fundamental changes that occurred as European monarchiesn. 君主政体, 君主政治, 君主国 were replaced by representative governments. First, these governments began to reject what had been a primary intent of extradition, to expedite the return of political offenders, and instead sought to protect dissidentsn. 意见不同的人; 持不同政见者 fleeing despotic regimes. Second, countries began to contend that they had no legal or moral duty to extradite offenders without specific agreements creating such obligations. As extradition laws subsequently developed through international treaties, the political offense exception gradually became an accepted principle among Western nations.
There is no international consensus, however, as to关于 what constitutes a political offense. For analytical purposes illegal political conduct has traditionally been divided into two categories. Pure political offenses are acts perpetrated directly against the government, such as treason and espionagen. 间谍组织, 间谍活动. These crimes are generally recognized as nonextraditable, even if not expressly excluded from extradition by the applicable treaty. In contrast, common crimes, such as murder, assault, and robbery, are generally extraditable. However, there are some common crimes that are so inseparable from a political act that the entire offense is regarded as political. These crimes, which are called relative political offenses, are generally nonextraditable. Despite the widespread acceptance of these analytic constructs, the distinctions are more academic than meaningful. When it comes to real cases, there is no agreement about what transforms a common crime into a political offense and about whether terrorist acts fall within the protection of the exception. Most terrorists claim that their acts do fall under (fall under: v.受到(影响等), 被归入) this protection.
Nations of the world must now balance the competing needs of political freedom and international public order. It is time to reexamine the political offense exception, as international terrorism eradicates the critical distinctions between political offenses and nonpolitical crimes. The only rational and attainable objective of the exception is to protect the requested person against unfair treatment by the requesting country. The international community needs to find an alternative to the political offense exception that would protect the rights of requested persons and yet not offer terrorists immunity from criminal liability.
6. C
In the passage, the author primarily seeks to
(A) define a set of terms
(B) outline a new approach
(C) describe a current problem
(D) expose an illegal practice
(E) present historical information
7.C
According to the passage, when did countries begin to except political offenders from extradition?
(A) when the principle of extraditing accused or convicted persons originated
(B) when some nations began refusing to extradite persons accused or convicted of terrorist acts
(C) when representative governments began to replace European monarchies
(D) when countries began to refuse to extradite persons accused or convicted of common crimes
(E) when governments began to use extradition to expedite the return of political offenders
8.CA
Given the discussion in the passage, which one of the following distinctions does the author consider particularly problematic?
(A) between common crimes and relative political offense
(B) between pure political offenses and common crimes
(C) between pure political offenses and relative political offenses
(D) between terrorist acts and acts of espionage
(E) between the political offense exception and other exceptions to extradition
9.B
According to the author, the primary purpose of the political offense exception should be to
(A) ensure that terrorists are tried for their acts
(B) ensure that individuals accused of political crimes are not treated unfairly
(C) distinguish between political and nonpolitical offenses
(D) limit extradition to those accused of pure political offenses
(E) limit extradition to those accused of relative political offenses
10.D
It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one of the following statements about the political offense exception?
(A) The exception is very unpopular.
(B) The exception is probably illegal.
(C) The exception is used too little.
(D) The exception needs rethinking.
(E) The exception is too limited.
11.B
When referring to a balance between the competing needs of political freedom and international public order (lines 54-55) the author means that nations must strike a balance between
(A) allowing persons to protest political injustice and preventing them from committing political offenses
(B) protecting the rights of persons requested for extradition and holding terrorists criminally liable
(C) maintaining the political offense exception to extradition and clearing up the confusion over what is a political offense
(D) allowing nations to establish their own extradition policies and establishing an agreed-upon international approach to extradition
(E) protecting from extradition persons accused of pure political offenses and ensuring the trial of persons accused of relative political offenses
12.A
The author would most likely agree that the political offense exception
(A) has, in some cases, been stretched beyond intended use
(B) has been used too infrequently to be evaluated
(C) has been a modestly useful weapon again terrorism
(D) has never met the objective for which it was originally established
(E) has been of more academic than practical value to political dissidents
13.D
Which one of the following, if true, would give the author most cause to reconsider her recommendation regarding the political offence exception (lines 62-66)?
(A) More nations started refusing to extradite persons accused or convicted of terrorist acts.
(B) More nations started extraditing persons accused or convicted of treason, espionage, and other similar crimes.
(C) The nations of the world sharply decreased their use of the political offense exception protect persons accused of each of the various types of pure political offenses.
(D) The nations of the world sharply decreased their use of the political offense exception to protect persons accused of each of the various types of relative political offenses.
(E) The nations of the world started to disagree over the analytical distinction between pure political offenses and relative political offenses.
8 ?8 r9 J% f% U6 s8 |- q/ i8 x
% y# D7 a8 u( ?4 I/ [

使用道具 举报

RE: 1006G SPECTACULAR 备考日记 by tequilawine [无]--最初的梦想绝对会到达 [修改]

问答
Offer
投票
面经
最新
精华
转发
转发该帖子
1006G SPECTACULAR 备考日记 by tequilawine [无]--最初的梦想绝对会到达
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1066100-1-1.html
复制链接
发送
回顶部