【1006G】【习惯性GRE】--【备考日记】--方法+经验+毅力

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十九期——Capital Letters
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982678-1-1.html
KG阅读笔记

写在前面：
这一期太经典了！
呵呵！
Capital还有一个意思“死刑的，严重的”，容易忽略
--a: punishable by death <a capital crime> b : involving execution <capital punishment> c : most serious <a capital error>
【记忆】棒打出头鸟，大写的字母比较显眼，很容易involving execution，犯了死刑肯定很“严重的”

Capital Letters
--ant.: small letter
--capital of a letter: of or conforming to the series A, B, C, etc. rather than a, b, c, etc.

A Little Help with Capitals
--[capital] a : a capital letter especially : an initial capital letter b : a letter belonging to a style of alphabet modeled on the style customarily used in inscriptions

This handout lists some guidelines for capitalization. If you have a question about whether a specific word should be capitalized that doesn't fit under one of these rules, try checking a dictionary to see if the word is capitalized there.

--handout: a folder or circular of information for free distribution
--circular: a paper (as a leaflet) intended for wide distribution传单
--checking a dictionary记住

Use capital letters in the following ways:
-----
        1 The first words of a sentence
        2 The pronoun "I"
        3 Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and things)
4 Family relationships (when used as proper names)
5 The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books
6 Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names
7 Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions)
8 The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons used generally)
9 The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages
10 The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote
11 The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short prepositions or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the title)
12 Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups
13 Periods and events (but not century numbers)
14 Trademarks
15 Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types)
-----
1 The first words of a sentence

When he tells a joke, he sometimes forgets the punch line.
--punch line: the sentence, statement, or phrase (as in a joke) that makes the point
--makes the point记住

2 The pronoun "I"

The last time I visited Atlanta was several years ago.
--Atlanta:
亚特兰大 [Atlanta]  
城市与乡镇

美国城市，位于蓝岭山脚下，为佐治亚州首府及最大城市。1837年被选为铁路终点站，为美国东南部提供运输服务，起初名为终站，后名为马莎村，1845年始名为亚特兰大。南北战争时原是重要的补给站，但被W.T.谢尔曼率领的联邦军队烧毁。1868设为州首府。在从战后重建中恢复后，致力于“新南方”精神的体现，以寻求与北方的协调。亚特兰大是金(遭暗害的南方基督教领袖会议的负责人)的故乡，也是南部大城市中第1个黑人当选市长的城市(1970)。该城还是美国东南部商业、运输的中心。人口：市区约402,000；都会区约3,100,000(1996)。

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3 Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes things)

Worrall Fabrication Company—specific organization
--
Golden Gate Bridge—specific places

-- The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay into the Pacific Ocean. As part of both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed during the year 1937, and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California. Since its completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.


Supreme Court
-- 1 : the highest judicial tribunal <法庭，法官席> in a political unit (as a nation or state)
--2 : a court of original jurisdiction in New York state subordinate to a final court of appeals
美国最高法院 [Supreme Court of the United States]  
法律

美国司法体系的上诉终审法院、《美利坚合众国宪法》的最终解释者。根据1787年宪法而建立，有权审理涉及美国联邦宪法、法律或美国参加的条约的案件；以美国为一方的争议案件；州与州之间或各州公民之间的争议案件；海事管辖案件；以及侵犯大使、其他公使和领事的案件。其大法官人数由国会设定，一直处于变化之中，直到1869年才固定为9名大法官。最高法院大法官的任命由总统征求议会的意见并在参议院同意下而决定。最高法院从一开始就行使司法审查权。相对说来，最高法院受理的一审案件是很少的。进入最高法院的程序一般是通过上诉或调审令。最高法院的最重要的条款来源为宪法的贸易条款以及正当程序和同等保护权条款，经常也处理涉及到公民自由的纠纷，包括言论自由和隐私权。最高法院的大部分工作都是阐明、提炼和验证宪法的哲学思想，并将其转化为运作原则。
http://law.marquette.edu/faculty ... oads/2009/01/341px-

Livingston, Missouri—specific people and places
--Missouri

密苏里 [Missouri]  
地理区

美国中西部一州。面积180,515平方千米。首府杰斐逊城。密苏里河由西向东流贯该州，河的北部是起伏的丘陵和肥沃的平原，南部有深谷和急流。该地的原住民是数个印第安部落，密苏里人是其中一支，也是该州名称的由来。1735年法国猎人和铅矿工人在圣热纳维夫建立第一个欧洲永久居民点。1764年建立圣路易斯。1803年作为路易斯安那购地的一部分，美国取得该地区的控制权。1805年属路易斯安那准州，1812年则属密苏里准州。1812年战争后大批美国居民移入。1821年成为美国第24州，但只是在《密苏里妥协案》通过后，才准许该州作为奴隶州加入美国。该州蓄奴者和废奴者间关系紧张，1857年的德雷德•斯科特裁决便是证明。美国南北战争期间密苏里仍留在联邦内，虽然其居民为双方作战。战后，经济发展，1904年举行圣路易斯博览会。第二次世界大战后，该州经济从农业转为制造业。铅制品以欧扎克地区为主要产地，居全国领导地位。人口约5,592,000(2000)。
  
密苏里河 [Missouri River]  
水系与湖泊

美国中部河流。密西西比河最长支流，源自蒙大拿州西南部的落基山脉。东流至北达科他州中部，再向南流过南达科他州，形成南达科他-内布拉斯加、内布拉斯加-衣阿华、内布拉斯加-密苏里的部分州界，也是堪萨斯-密苏里边界。然后蜿蜒向东，流经密苏里州中部，在圣路易斯北部汇入密西西比河，全长3,726千米。因为河中携带大量淤泥，又称“大泥河”。1673年法国探险家J.马奎特和L.若利埃首先发现河口。1804～1805年刘易斯和克拉克远征完成了从河口到源头的第一次探险。从20世纪中叶开始，美国制定计划以控制河水泛滥并利用它来灌溉。
  
密苏里妥协案(1820) [Missouri Compromise]  
法律, 政治

美国国会达成的同意接纳密苏里为第24个州的议案。在该准州申请获得没有奴隶限制的州地位后，北方的国会议员试图提出修正案来进一步约束蓄奴，但没有成功。当缅因(最初是马萨诸塞的一部分)也要求州地位时，克莱提出了折中方案，允许密苏里作为蓄奴州加入，缅因则作为自由州加入，此后奴隶制在密苏里南部边界以北的领土被废止。克莱的妥协方案似乎解决了延长奴隶制问题，但凸显了地区间的分歧。

Atlantic Ocean—specific places
  
大西洋 [Atlantic Ocean]  
海洋

将南、北美洲与欧洲和非洲分隔开来的海洋。为世界第2大洋，面积82,440,000平方千米。其属海包括东部的波罗的海、北海、黑海和地中海，西部的巴芬湾、哈得孙湾、圣劳伦斯湾、墨西哥湾以及加勒比海，总面积105,000,000平方千米；包括其属海在内，大西洋的平均深度为3,330米。最强大的洋流为湾流。
  
大西洋城 [Atlantic City]  
城市与乡镇

美国新泽西州东南部游览胜地。位于狭长的阿布西肯岛上，令人愉悦的长堤和海滨木板人行道于1870年建成。19世纪中期发展成旅游城市，1921年开始在这里举行美国小姐选美比赛。第二次世界大战后开始没落，1978年该州批准赌博合法化，促进了大西洋城的发展，但附近地区仍很贫穷。人口约38,000(1996)。

Mothers Against Drunk Driving—specific things

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4 Family relationships (when used as proper names)

I sent a thank-you note to Aunt Abigail, but not to my other aunts.
--Abigail: a lady's personal maid
  
亚当斯(夫人) [Adams, Abigail]  
娘家姓Smith。
(1744.11.22,马萨诸塞州 韦茅斯～1818.10.28,美国 马萨诸塞州 昆西)
美洲史, 人物小传

美国第2任总统的夫人。所受教育不多，但后来成为史书热爱者。1764年嫁给约翰•亚当斯，生了4个孩子，包括约翰•昆西•亚当斯，并于马萨诸塞州昆西抚育他们成人。1774年开始与远在费城参加大陆会议的丈夫大量通信，描述日常生活情况和讨论时事，当时正逢美国独立革命期间，显示了其智慧和对政治的敏锐度。在其丈夫出使欧洲当外交官(1784～1788)和在华盛顿特区担任副总统和总统(1789～1801)期间，她仍和亲友以书信保持联系。

Here is a present I bought for Mother.
  
特里萨修女 [Teresa (of Calcutta), Mother]  
(1910.8.27,奥斯曼帝国 马其顿 斯科普里～1997.9.5,印度 加尔各答)
宗教, 人物小传, 欧洲史

修女，天主教仁爱传教会的创立者。一个杂货商的女儿，后来成为修女并以一个年轻妇人身份前往印度。学习护理之后，她迁入贫民窟行善。1948年创建仁爱会以救济盲人、老人、麻风病人、残疾人和重症患者。1963年印度政府授予她“莲花主”勋章以表彰她为印度人民提供的帮助。1971年教皇保罗六世为她颁发第一个教皇约翰二十三世和平奖。1979年她又获得诺贝尔和平奖。尽管晚年患有严重心脏病，但她还是继续为穷人和病人服务，并明确表示反对离婚、节育和堕胎。她的仁爱会在90多个国家拥有数百个服务中心，约4,000名修女及数十万世俗工作人员。后来在印度出生的诺玛拉修女继承了她的事业，逝世两年后她被宣布为圣徒，教皇约翰•保罗二世颁布了一个特许状以加快这一追封过程。

Did you buy a present for your mother?

5 The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books

God the Father
--Father: b capitalized (1) : GOD 1 (2) : the first person of the Trinity
--Trinity: 1 : the unity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as three persons in one Godhead according to Christian dogma  2 not capitalized : a group of three closely related persons or things
--Dogma: a doctrine or body of doctrines concerning faith or morals formally stated and authoritatively proclaimed by a church

the Virgin Mary
the Bible
--Bible: 1 capitalized a : the sacred scriptures of Christians comprising the Old Testament and the New Testament b : the sacred scriptures of some other religion (as Judaism)
  
New Testament  
: the second part of the Christian Bible comprising the canonical Gospels and Epistles and also the book of Acts and book of Revelation ― see BIBLE table
  
Old Testament  
: the first part of the Christian Bible containing the books of the Jewish canon of Scripture ― see BIBLE table

the Greek gods
Moses
--: a Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites out of Egyptian slavery and at Mt. Sinai delivered the Law establishing God's covenant with them
--prophet:
3 : one who foretells future events : PREDICTOR
4 : an effective or leading spokesman for a cause, doctrine, or group
--covenant:
1 : a usually formal, solemn, and binding agreement : COMPACT
2 a : a written agreement or promise usually under seal between two or more parties especially for the performance of some action b : the common-law action to recover damages for breach of such a contract

Shiva
--a traditional seven-day period of mourning the dead that is observed in Jewish homes ― often used in the phrase sit shivah
湿婆 [Shiva]  
又作Siva。
宗教

印度教所崇奉的主神，集多种神威于一身。同毗湿奴一样，他是复杂而矛盾的神话人物之一。他既是毁灭者，又是起死回生者；既是大苦行者，又是色欲的象征；既有牧养众生的慈心，又有复仇的凶念。他的配偶在雪山神女、难近母和迦利中有不同的形象。他在湿婆教中是主神

Buddha
--1 : a person who has attained Buddhahood
--2 : a representation of Gautama Buddha
  
佛陀 [Buddha]  
原名悉达多•乔答摩(Siddhartha Gautama)。
(活动时期公元前6～前4世纪，生于科萨拉国［今尼泊尔境内］ 释迦族公国 迦毗罗卫附近 藍毗尼～死于摩揭陀国 末罗王国 拘尸那罗［今印度卡西亞］)
宗教, 人物小传

佛教的精神领袖。buddha一词为梵语，意为“觉悟者”，是他的称号而不是名字，佛教徒相信有无限多个过去的和未来的佛陀。历史上的佛陀(指佛陀乔答摩或简称佛陀)是印度-尼泊尔边境地区的释迦族公国的亲王。据说青年时代的悉达多养尊处优，直到有一天他出宫游玩，分别遇见一老人、一病人和一具死尸。他放弃王公贵族的生活，花了7年时间寻找老师，尝试各种极端的苦修生活，包括绝食以求悟道，但结果都不能令他满意。有一天他坐在菩提树下深思默念，在抗拒了魔罗的诱惑后，意识到四谛，并因而顿悟。佛陀到鹿野苑向他的同伴第一次说法，提纲挈领地宣讲八正道，以此提供一条自我放纵与自我禁欲之间的中间道路，引向涅槃解脱。听了这次说法的5个苦行僧成了他的第一批门徒，被接纳为僧伽(sangha)或佛教等级中的比丘(僧人)。佛陀的使命完成了，因意外食用有毒蘑菇而过世，逃脱了再生的轮回；后人将佛陀遗体火化，在他的遗物上建窣堵波(stupa)供奉。

Zeus
--: the king of the gods and husband of Hera in Greek mythology ― compare JUPITER
  
宙斯 [Zeus]  
宗教, 传说与神话

希腊宗教中的主神，天与气候之神，相当于罗马的朱庇特。他被视为司雷电与风雨的神，其传统武器为雷霆。他是克洛诺斯和瑞亚之子，命中注定要推翻他的父亲。他与兄弟波塞冬和哈得斯平分世界。作为上天的统领，宙斯率领诸神战胜众提坦。他在自己的住所奥林波斯山顶上主持正义，同时也是守护神。宙斯极为好色，这使他与妻子赫拉经常发生争吵。他与许多女神以及凡间的女子都有过恋爱关系。他的子女有阿波罗、阿瑞斯、阿耳忒弥斯、雅典娜、狄俄尼索斯、海伦、赫菲斯托斯和珀耳塞福涅。在艺术作品中，宙斯的形象是一位身体魁梧、蓄须、面部表情严肃的成年人。

Exception: Do not capitalize the non-specific use of the word "god."
The word "polytheistic" means the worship of more than one god.

6 Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names
She worked as the assistant to Mayor Hanolovi.
--title preceding names
I was able to interview Miriam Moss, mayor of Littonville.
--title follow names

7 Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions)
The Patels have moved to the Southwest.
Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein.

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8 The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons used generally)
Halloween –holidays
--Halloween: October 31 observed especially with dressing up in disguise, trick-or-treating, and displaying jack-o'-lanterns during the evening (这个印象比较深，前几天很多朋友都发了他们在America过Halloween的照片，呵呵，激起心中千层浪)
万圣节前夕 [Halloween]  
民俗与节日

10月31日即万圣节前夕的节日。其异教起源可溯至凯尔特人的夏末节(Sambain)，古英格兰和爱尔兰地区庆祝凯尔特人新年的开始。据说，亡者的灵魂将在夏末节前夕归来，而女巫、小妖精、黑猫和鬼都会在外面游荡。当晚也是占卜婚姻、运势、健康和死亡的最佳时刻。这些异教的习惯影响到基督教在同一天庆祝的万圣节前夕。19世纪晚期，这个节日逐渐世俗化并引入美国，但仍与恶灵和超自然有关。这个节日主要由儿童庆祝，他们化了装，挨家挨户按门铃并喊着“要恶作剧还是要请客”(trick or treat)来索要糖果。所谓“恶作剧”即开玩笑和一些破坏行为，这些都是万圣节传统的一部分。

October
Friday –the days of the week
耶稣受难节 [Good Friday]  
宗教, 民俗与节日

基督教节日，即复活节前的星期五，纪念耶稣基督在十字架上受刑而死。早在2世纪基督徒便在此日斋戒认罪忏悔。东正教和天主教会在这天举行特殊的礼拜仪式，包括读经、祈祷，以纪念耶稣在十字架上的受难。新教教会也在这一天举行特别的仪式。

winter– the seasons used generally
spring
fall

Exception: Seasons are capitalized when used in a title.
The Fall 1999 semester

9 The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages
Costa Rica
中美洲国家。面积：约51,100平方千米。人口：约3,936,000(2001)。首都：圣何塞。大多数人民为西班牙人后裔，夹杂有印第安人和黑人血统。语言：西班牙语(官方语言)。宗教：天主教(国教)。货币：科郎。狭窄的太平洋沿岸陡然升高至中央高地，一条火山链形成该国的主要山脉，其后缓降至加勒比海沿岸平原。气候从温带至热带，动、植物多样，包括南、北美洲的品种。经济为发展中的市场经济，以咖啡和香蕉出口为主，其他重要的出口物品有牛肉、糖和可可。该国为多党制共和国，一院制，国家元首暨政府首脑为总统。在哥伦布于1502年抵达此地之前，已有几个印第安土著部落定居，不易控制，西班牙人花了将近60年的时间才建立第一个永久居民点。由于缺乏矿产资源，并不受西班牙王室重视，因此殖民地发展缓慢。19世纪咖啡的出口及铁路线的建立，使得经济有所改善。1821年加入为时短暂的墨西哥帝国，1823～1838年属于中美洲联合省的一部分，1871年通过宪法。1890年举行了被认为是中美洲第一次自由且公正的选举，开始了哥斯达黎加有名的民主传统。1987年时任总统阿里亚斯•桑切斯获诺贝尔和平奖。20世纪90年代该国所有政策在于如何改善经济困境。1996年遭受飓风严重破坏。
Spanish—specific language
  
美西战争(1898) [Spanish-American War]  
军事, 史学与历史事件

美国和西班牙之间结束西班牙在美洲殖民统治的战争。战事起因于古巴人争取独立的斗争。赫斯特的报纸煽动起美国对起义的同情，这种情绪在“缅因”号战舰炸毁事件后更加高涨。国会通过决议，宣布古巴有权独立，并要求西班牙撤除武装力量。1898年西班牙向美国宣战。美国海军准将杜威领导海军中队在菲律宾击败了西班牙舰队(参阅马尼拉湾战役[Manila Bay, Battle of])，W.谢夫特将军率领正规军及志愿军(包括罗斯福和他的莽骑兵)摧毁了古巴圣地亚哥港附近的西班牙加勒比海舰队(1898-07-17)。在巴黎条约中(1898-12-10)，西班牙宣布放弃对古巴的一切主权，将关岛、波多黎各和菲律宾割让给美国，标志着美国成为世界强国。

French

  
法英北美殖民地争夺战 [French and Indian War]  
军事, 美洲史, 史学与历史事件

法英两国为争夺对殖民地区的控治权而进行战争的北美洲阶段(1754～1763)。这个战争更复杂的欧洲阶段是七年战争。这场争夺海外统治权的较量的更早阶段是威廉王之战(1689～1697)、安妮女王之战(1702～1713)和乔治王之战(1744～1748)。北美洲的争论是，究竟俄亥俄河上游河谷是属于大英帝国，还是属于法兰西帝国；而更大的问题则是，北美心脏地区将以哪个民族的文化为主。在这个双方觊觎的地区，英国血统的居民是多数，但法国在勘探、贸易及其与印第安人的联盟上占优势。1754年，法国人逐走了英国军队，包括G.华盛顿上校率领的在宾夕法尼亚州尼塞西蒂堡的民兵。到1757年法国仍占优势，但在1758年英国增加了援军，并在刘易斯堡、弗隆特纳克堡及迪凯纳堡(今匹兹堡)获得胜利。最后，英国在魁北克战役(1759)取得胜利，导致新法兰西失陷(1760)。根据《巴黎条约》(1763)，法国把北美属地割让给英国。

English

10 The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote
Emerson once said, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."
--Emerson: Ralph Waldo 1803-1882 American essayist &poet
  
爱默生 [Emerson, Ralph Waldo]  
(1803.5.25,美国 马萨诸塞州 波士顿～1882.4.27,马萨诸塞州 康科德)
文学, 人物小传

美国散文作家、诗人和演说家。哈佛神学院毕业，1829年任基督教一位论派牧师并开始布道。3年后，他对传统的教义产生怀疑，因而辞去牧师职务。1836年发表《论自然》，阐释他的理论。这本书开创了新英格兰超验主义运动，不久他就成为该运动的领导人物。1834年定居于马萨诸塞州康科德，这里是他的朋友梭罗的家乡。他的演说是有关学者应该扮演的合适角色，以及基督教传统的衰弱导致相当多的争论。1840年他和富勒协助创办了超验主义杂志《日规》，借以广泛宣扬超验主义的新观点。《论文集》(1841、1844)为他赢得国际知名度，其中收有“论自助”篇。《代表人物》(1850)包含了历史人物的传记。《人生的行为》(1860)是他最成熟的作品，主要反映了作者全面的人文主义思想，他充分意识到人的局限性。《诗集》(1847)和《五月节》(1867)使他获得了美国重要诗人的声誉。

--hobgoblin: 1 : a mischievous goblin
--goblin: an ugly or grotesque sprite that is usually mischievous and sometimes evil and malicious

11 The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short prepositions or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the title)
One of Jerry's favorite books is The Catcher in the Rye.

12 Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups
Green Bay Packers
-- The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL) and are the third-oldest franchise in the NFL.

African-Americans
Anti-Semitic
-- Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is prejudice against or hostility towards Jews, often rooted in hatred of their ethnic background, culture, or religion.

Democrats
Friends of the Wilderness
Chinese

13 Periods and events (but not century numbers)
Victorian Era
Great Depression
Constitutional Convention
sixteenth century

14 Trademarks
Pepsi
-- Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. The drink was first made in the 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina. The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years since 1898.
In October 2008, Pepsi announced that it would be redesigning its logo and re-branding many of its products by early 2009. In 2009, Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max began using all lower-case fonts for name brands, and Diet Pepsi Max was re-branded as Pepsi Max. The brand's blue and red globe trademark became a series of "smiles," with the central white band arcing at different angles depending on the product. Pepsi in countries such as the U.S., Canada, Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, Argentina, Puerto Rico and Australia is carrying the "smile" logo, while the rest of the countries continue to use the old design on all packaging.

Honda
-- Honda Motor Company, Ltd. (Japanese: 本田技研工業株式会社 Honda Giken Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha?, Honda Technology Research Institute Company, Limited) listen (help•info) (TYO: 7267) is a Japanese multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles. Honda is the world's largest manufacturer of motorcycles as well as the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume. [3] Honda surpassed Nissan in 2001 to become the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer. [4]
Honda was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to release a dedicated luxury brand, Acura in 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Honda also manufactures garden equipment, marine engines, personal watercraft and power generators, amongst others. Since 1986, Honda has been involved with artificial intelligence/robotics research and released their ASIMO robot in 2000. They have also ventured into aerospace with the establishment of GE Honda Aero Engines in 2004 and the Honda HA-420 HondaJet, scheduled to be released in 2011.

IBM
-- International Business Machines Corporation, abbreviated IBM, is a multinational computer technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, Town of North Castle, New York, United States. The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software (with a focus on the latter), and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.[2] It has been nicknamed "Big Blue" for its official corporate color.
IBM has been well known through most of its recent history as the world's largest computer company and systems integrator.[3] With over 398,455 employees worldwide, IBM is the largest and most profitable information technology employer in the world. IBM holds more patents than any other U.S. based technology company and has eight research laboratories worldwide.[4] The company has scientists, engineers, consultants, and sales professionals in over 170 countries.[5] IBM employees have earned five Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, nine National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science.[6] As a chip maker, IBM has been among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders in past years.

Microsoft Word

15 Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types)
Freudian
NBC
pasteurize
UN
French fries
italics

lghscuUID：2552043

11/09        11/10        11/11        11/12        11/13        11/14        11/15
List 31-33
*List 31-33
        List 34-36
*List 31-33
*List 34-36        List 37-39
*List 34-36
*List 37-39        List 1-3
*List 31-33
*List 1-3
*List 37-39        List 4-6
*List 34-36
*List 1-3
*List 4-6        List 7-9
*List 37-39
*List 4-6
*List 7-9        List 10-12
*List 1-3
*List 7-9
*List 10-12
11/16        11/17        11/18        11/19        11/20        11/21        11/22
List 13-15
*List 31-33
*List 4-6
*List 10-12
*List 13-15        List 16-18
*List 34-36
* List 7-9
* List 13-15
* List 16-18        List 19-21
*List 37-39
* List 10-12
* List 16-18
*List 19-21        List 22-24
* List 1-3
* List 13-15
* List 19-21
*List 22-24        List 25-27
* List 4-6
* List 16-18
* List 22-24
*List 25-27        List 28-30
* List 7-9
* List 19-21
* List 25-27
*List 28-30        List 40-42
* List 10-12
* List 22-24
* List 28-30
* List 40-42
11/23        11/24        11/25        11/26        11/27        11/28        11/29
List 43-45
* List 31-33
* List 13-15
* List 25-27
* List 40-42
*List 43-45        List 46-48
* List 34-36
* List 16-18
* List 28-30
*List 43-45
* List 46-48        List 49-51
* List 37-39
* List 19-21
* List 40-42
* List 46-48
* List 49-51        *List 1-3
*List 22-24
*List 43-45
* List 49-51        *List 4-6
*List 25-27
*List 46-48        *List 7-9
*List 28-30
* List 49-51        *List 10-12
* List 40-42

11/30        12/01        12/02        12/03        12/04        12/05        12/06
*List 13-15
*List 43-45        * List 16-18
* List 46-48        *List 19-21
* List 49-51        *List 22-24
        *List 25-27
        *List 28-30
        * List 40-42
12/07        12/08        12/09        12/10        12/11        12/12        12/13
*List 43-45
        *List 31-33
* List 46-48        *List 34-36
* List 49-51        *List 37-39        *List 1-3        *List 4-6        *List 7-9
12/14        12/15        12/16        12/17        12/18        12/19        12/20
*List 10-12        *List 13-15        * List 16-18        *List 19-21        *List 22-24        *List 25-27        *List 28-30
12/21        12/22        12/23        12/24                       
* List 40-42        *List 43-45        *List 46-48        * List 49-51                           
由于KG现在用的是06版，之前的计划表没有仔细核对，结果List对不上号！
现更改如上
不知道这个表格怎么会这样，呵呵

lghscuUID：2552043

11/09，今天KG开始了“17天大法”，呵呵，现在感觉良好！

在真正实施“17大法”前，KG遇到了一个非常棘手的问题—昨天晚上睡眠严重不足！昨晚21:30-02:00在华西医院照看输液的小外侄，02:30才回寝睡觉。今天早上08:00时醒了，但脑袋不清醒，身体也很困<KG习惯12点睡觉，07:40起床，呵呵>！KG犹豫了…现在的状态能顺利完成第一天早上的任务--List 31-33么？如果现在起床，等会儿会不会出现背着背着就想睡觉？心里有点畏惧！不想把第一次搞得很砸！可不可以今天补充睡眠，明天才开始？反正是我自己的安排。不行！绝对不行！计划做的事情一定要做，上面的担心只是以现在的身体状态和心理状态去预测将来可能发生的事，不符合ARGUMENT的逻辑！起来，去背！只有做了才知道结果，只有做了才能克服心理畏惧！08:10，KG起床，…，找教室开始单词之旅…

按照之前的计划表，今天需要背诵以R开头的List 38-40。待我翻到List 38时，傻眼了，tamp，怎么是T打头的呢？仔细一想，我是按照05版红宝制订计划，而现在手头用的是06版。所以，从这一小小的差错可以看出，一定要注意手头资料，切不可盲目照搬或根据别人的经验修改计划，注意实际才有可能将计划付储实施。请各位版油一定要吸取教训哈，呵呵…

KG马上找到R开头的rabble，又发现，它所在的List与P, Q混在一起。立刻决定，就从它所在List开始了，第一个单词是PROVOCATION，呵呵。看到上面的rabble和provocation时，KG心情激动万分—这两个都认识，呵呵。这种激动心情一下子把KG带进了背词状态。

在全身心投入的情况下，KG从08:40-12:10完成既定任务，即List 31-33，共35页，自我感觉效果不错，心情特好！KG又一次战胜了自己，战胜了畏惧，激发了斗志！KG相信，行动，行动，行动并不一定能证明一切，但至少是大部分！

现在将部分单词摘录如下：
--prowl: 为了将AW攻下来，我们经常“潜行于，偷偷地漫游于”OWL
--pseudonym: pseudo-“准…/假…”前缀非常重要，可以引伸出一堆单词，最熟悉的为pseudoscience, 然后想到后面的rig<欺骗，舞弊，伪造>以及forge/forgery/forger任何rig的东西都经不起rigid<硬性的，刚硬的>/rigorous<严密的>的testify。而forge还有一个意思是<锤炼>，这与refine/refinery<提炼厂，精炼厂>又扯上关系了。Refinerefrain<抑制、反复句>confine<限制>restrain/restraint<克制>abstention<节制>abstain<禁绝、放弃>repudiate<拒绝、放弃>relinquish<废除>renounce<正式放弃>recant/recantation<改变，放弃信仰>renegade<背叛者>放弃了AD，实现了renege<背信、违约>，delegate<代表>放弃D选择R，结果是relegate<降低、贬低>面对被relegate的人，我们不能relent<动怜悯心，减弱>否则，可能出现relapse<再恶化，旧病复发>……

--pugilism: pug-前缀或中间插入，表示“打斗”pugilism<拳击，搏击>, pugilist<拳击手>, pugnacious<好斗的>, repugnant/repugnance<反对打斗，即反感的、厌恶的>

--punch: punc-前缀表示“与孔有关”, punch<打洞、以拳猛击>, punctilious<在小孔上行走，需要格外“谨慎的，小心的”>, puncture<刺孔、穿孔、刺破>, pungent<味道刺激的、苛刻的>
--purgative: purg-表示“洗”，洗肠胃时用的是purgative<泻药>，洗世人的心灵是用的是purgatory<炼狱，受苦受难的地方>，洗衣服时是purge<洗涤，清洗>

--purlieu: pur-表示“附近”，purlieu<附近>，purported<-port为“向外”，谣传的，号称的>, purloin<oin-coin，偷窃>

--rabies/rabid/rabble: 患了rabies<狂犬病>的人通常是rabid<失去理智的，患狂犬病的>，这些人可能变成rabble<乌合之众，下等的人>

--raffle/rafter/raffish/rakish: 在raffle<有奖销售>的地方，常常看到raffish<艳丽的，粗俗的>或者<rakish放荡的、潇洒的>女子倚在rafter<椽子>上给商家增加注意力

--rag/ragged/rage/ragtime: 用rag<破布，破旧衣服>做后面做个尾巴“e”，让KG很rage<恼怒>，简直无法容忍ragged<破旧的>外表，因为它ragtime<使人发笑的，滑稽的>

--ram/ramble/rambunctious/ramify/rampage/rampant/rampart/ramshackle:
--ram：公羊，撞锤，填塞
--ram在路上ramble<漫步>时，看到前面的喜洋洋，rambunctious<兴奋得控制不了的>，一不小心撞在一页page上，成了rampage<狂暴地乱冲，暴怒>
--用<壁垒，城墙>将ram分成两part，即rampart
--ram头上有两只角呈ramify<分叉>的形式
--带上shackle<枷锁，脚镣>的ram走起路来显得ramshackle<摇摇欲坠的>

-------------------------------------------
通过以上“KG无厘头忘记法”，我们可以看到，记单词不再枯燥，记单词不再困难。打开我们的思维，主动地输入信息，而非被动重复单词，无疑将开启单词的大门。

lghscuUID：2552043

【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931466-1-1.html
KG阅读笔记

Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block  对于神经性写作便秘的症状介绍及治疗建议
----什么是writer’s block?
--------MW: a psychological inhibition preventing a writer from proceeding with a piece
--------GOOGLE: a problem that writers sometimes have when they cannot think of what to write and have no new ideas （使不能写作或原创性思维的）作家心理阻滞 noun uncountable
--------文思枯竭
--------从Writer’s Block的definition来看，KG在写作中经常遇到这种困境—cannot think of what to write，或者have no new ideas。遇到这种情况KG惯用作法是GOOGLE/MW/GTER, 到处查找资料，了解其它人对这个问题有什么看法，即the present status；学习他们如何表达有效地表达个人观点；然后整理能够发挥作用的句子或素材；最后形成自己的看法与文章。但成文后再去比照Writer’s Block的definition时发现，KG没有仍然是have no new ideas， 仍然还困在Writer’s Block中。那么KG要好好学习学习下文中提到的方法了，也许能找到一点点提示。

Because writers have various ways of writing, a variety of things can cause a writer to experience anxiety, and sometimes this anxiety leads to writer's block. Often a solution can be found by speaking with your instructor (if you are in school), or a writing tutor. There are some common causes of writer's block, however, and when you are blocked, consider these causes and try the strategies that sound most promising:

-- speaking with your instructor (if you are in school), or a writing tutor
--Brainstorming的变相解释，如何有效Brainstorming仍然困绕着KG！

Symptom

You have attempted to begin a paper without doing any preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining...

--preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining
--brainstorming被某些人视为无用，视为浪费时间，因为他/她认为brainstorming时有些人死钻牛角尖，得不出一个所以然来。或许，我们的确没有掌握有效brainstorming的方法，这个问题可能需要牛人在寄托上专贴讲授，当然我们也可以自己动手查阅相关资料，比较牛人的部分想法也来自于这些现成的资料。我们自己去啃，是否更有原汁和原味呢？！
--outlining是大部分人都会采用的方法。某些会用英文写，某些人会选择中文，其实差别不是特别明显，关键在于提纲者的思想。KG也遇到过这样的人，她/他写作文基本不列提纲，上来就写。至于文章好坏且不论，那根据这个Symptom她/他是否患了Writer’s block？

Possible Cures

Use invention strategies suggested by a tutor or teacher
Write down all the primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea. This can easily be converted into an outline
Symptom

--与高人讨论
--记录所有的想法

You have chosen or been assigned a topic which bores you....

Possible Cures

Choose a particular aspect of the topic you are interested in (if the writing situation will allow it...i.e. if the goal of your writing can be adjusted and is not given to you specifically, or if the teacher or project coordinator will allow it)
Talk to a tutor about how you can personalize a topic to make it more interesting

--如果条件允许，抓取自己感兴趣的部分写！兴趣的作用大家都知道，呵呵

Symptom

You don't want to spend time writing or don't understand the assignment...

Possible Cures

Resign yourself to the fact that you have to write
Find out what is expected of you (consult a teacher, textbook, student, tutor, or project coordinator)
Look at some of the strategies for writing anxiety listed below
Symptom

--明确写作内容，这个有点废话!

You are anxious about writing the paper...

--KG认为这个anxiety来源于上面提到的symptom，如果上述symptom比较好地得以解决，自然而然地解决了这个anxiety.

Possible Cures

Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head.
Consciously stop the non-productive comments running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.
If you have some "rituals" for writing success (chewing gum, listening to jazz etc.), use them.
Symptom

You are so stressed out you can't seem to put a word on the page...

Possible Cures

Stretch! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated.
Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group.
Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly.
Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!"
Symptom

You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well...

Possible Cures

Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor.
assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with. (这种认识非常重要！)
Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea. (非常实用，不管好与差，先写出来再说！)
Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later. (分块写，减轻压力)

Try one of the strategies on the next page of this resource.
Other Strategies for Getting Over Writer's BlockIf you have tried the other strategies and are still having problems, try some of these general techniques for getting over writer's block. These strategies will prove more helpful when you're drafting your writing.

Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like（从自己容易下手的部分开始，说不定在写的过程，灵感慢慢地到来，呵呵）. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose of the piece will be.
Talk（讨论在克服Writer’s Block中显得非常重要） Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people. Talk about what you want to write someone—your teacher, a friend, a roommate, or a tutor. Just pick someone who's willing to give you fifteen to thirty minutes to talk about the topic and whose main aim is to help you start writing（讨论的对象需要加以选择，合适的对象能够给你以启发，但随机对象可能让你更加恶心writing topic）. Have the person take notes while you talk or tape your conversation（这个比较困难，除非是真心想帮助你的对象，一般情况下不可行，不过为了解决这个问题，我们可以求助于ＱＱ，它的记录就是最好的record）. Talking will be helpful because you'll probably be more natural and spontaneous in speech than in writing. Your listener can ask questions and guide you（再次突显对象能力的重要性） as you speak, and you'll be more likely to relax and say something unpredictable（这个与挑选自己最容易下手的开始有着异曲同工之妙，都是在进行的过程产生新的灵感） than if that you were sitting and forcing yourself to write.

Tape the Paper Talk into a tape recorder, imagining your audience sitting in front of you. Then, transcribe the tape-recorded material. You'll at least have some ideas written down to work with and move around.

Change the Audience（不同对象对同一问题有着不同看法，需要作者尝试从不同角度去解释或讨论，从而得到比较全面的分析） Pretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly. Changing the audience can clarify your purpose and can also make you feel more comfortable and help you write more easily.

Play a Role Pretend you are someone else writing the paper（换位思考，特别是从反对者的角度来考虑，从而使得自己的文章具有更强的保护性）. For instance, if you have been asked to write about sexist advertising, assume you are the president of the National Organization of Women. Or, pretend you are the president of a major oil company asked to defend the high price of oil. Consider being someone in another time period, or someone with a wildly different perspective from your own. Pulling yourself out of your usual perspective can help you see things that are otherwise invisible（从这个通俗的角度，类比到ISSUE131"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."，可能会更好地理解题目） or difficult to articulate, and your writing will be stronger for it

薇薇viviUID：2722200

11/09，今天KG开始了“17天大法”，呵呵，现在感觉良好！

在真正实施“17大法”前，KG遇到了一个非常棘手的问题—昨天晚上睡眠严重不足！昨晚21:30-02:00在华西医院照看输液的小外侄，02:30才回寝睡觉。今天早上0 ...
lghscu 发表于 2009-11-9 17:06

好强啊。。。我硬是背不下来三个LIST。。。。唉，没办法，每天早上都起不来，起码睡到九点。。。KG，你是如何做到早起的呢？？？是定闹钟还是别的啊？？

lghscuUID：2552043

            KG，你是如何做到早起的呢？？？是定闹钟还是别的啊？？
         薇薇vivi 发表于 2009-11-9 19:04

今天早上是经过第一段的思想斗争，正方获胜，所以起来了，呵呵

平常则是告诉自己--早睡，不熬夜，早起，养身之道，呵呵，个人比较喜欢有规律的生活

当然定有闹钟，而且是双重的：手机+室友

lghscuUID：2552043

KG第一天单词复习感想

内容：List 31-33
时间：20:03-21:05/11-09-2009
环节：两个Lists结束时，起身活动一次
效率：80%
感想：

今天晚上，也就是第一次单词间隔12小时后，KG去教室复习上午的3个Lists，速度还比较快，效果也可以接受。因此，有时间来补充今天复习所得的想法。

1 注意力高度集中，排除一切干扰因素，因此，建议有教室可供选择的条件下去教室背词，而且在教室里要坐第一排

2 将单词与生活细节联系起来。KG下自习取自行车时，想到了以下单词：

Rideriddle<谜语>rebus<画谜、字谜>
开车锁时，看到圆胎，recoil<退却、退缩>
倒车时想到recede<后退、收回‘诺言’>, recession<撤回、退回、经济萧条时期>, recess<壁凹，休假>, recessive<后退的，隐性遗传的>, dominant<显性的>, remnant<残留物，残余布块>, residual<剩余的>residue, remains<遗址>relics, regress<倒退、复原、逆行>, regressive<退步的，退化的>, recuperate<复原，恢复>, restore<恢复>

将单词融入到生活中，见物思词。这样或许能够使自己全身心投入GRE词海中，任我们畅游！

再举一例：
今天回家吃饭看到小区墙上贴着“狂犬病”的宣传知识，于是KG联想到：

--rabies/rabid/rabble/publicize/ propaganda

-----------------------------单词与人融为一体-------------------------------------------------------------

lghscuUID：2552043

                 我硬是背不下来三个LIST。。。。
              薇薇vivi 发表于 2009-11-9 19:04

1 注意力高度集中，排除一切干扰因素，因此，建议有教室可供选择的条件下去教室背词，而且在教室里要坐第一排

2 将单词与生活细节联系起来

lghscuUID：2552043

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四十期——Transitions
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982752-1-1.html
KG阅读笔记
---------
Transitions and Transitional Devices

--transition: 1 a : passage from one state, stage, subject, or place to another : CHANGE b : a movement, development, or evolution from one form, stage, or style to another
从以上definition可以看出：在写作中，上下两段表达的观点与看法、讨论的内容不相同时，我们一般需要加入transition devices进行过渡，以使得文章各部分衔接恰当，不至于出现脱节的地方。

Writing Transitions

(借助These/Those/After/Though…引用关键词，实现平滑过渡)

Good transitions can connect paragraphs and turn disconnected writing into a unified whole（即为前面提到的衔接）. Instead of treating paragraphs as separate ideas, transitions can help readers understand how paragraphs work together, reference one another, and build to a larger point(在Scientific Writing中，力求每一句话只有一个观点，各段内部只表达一个意思，并且各段整体结合表达一个主旨。由于这里的整体性，必然要求各段间存在合理的关系—相辅相承). The key to producing good transitions is highlighting connections(某些情况下，用恰当的transition devices来highlight是有必要的，通过这些transition devices，读者比较容易理解作者的意图) between corresponding paragraphs. By referencing in one paragraph the relevant material from previous ones, writers can develop important points for their readers.

It is a good idea to continue one paragraph where another leaves off (instances where this is especially challenging may suggest that the paragraphs don't belong together at all.) Picking up key phrases from the previous paragraph and highlighting them in the next(提到用上文出现过的词是方法之一，也是简单但行之有效的) can create an obvious progression for readers. Many times, it only takes a few words to draw these connections. Instead of writing transitions that could connect any paragraph to any other paragraph, write a transition that could only connect one specific paragraph to another specific paragraph(注意transition的对象段).

Example: Overall, Management Systems International has logged< to make a note or record of : enter details of or about in a log > increased sales in every sector, leading to a significant rise in third-quarter profits.

Another important thing to note is that(前面的词组违背了写作的原则之一：需要从旧东西引过新东西，如果直接Another…显得比较突然，修改方法是—重复引用上文的profits) the corporation had expanded its international influence.

Revision: Overall, Management Systems International has logged increased sales in every sector, leading to a significant rise in third-quarter profits.

These impressive profits(旧东西) are largely due to the corporation's expanded international influence(新东西，即前旧后新).

Example: Fearing for the loss of Danish lands, Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck, effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War.

But then something else significant happened. The Swedish intervention began.

Revision: Fearing for the loss of more Danish lands, Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck, effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War.
Shortly after Danish forces withdrew(借助These/Those/After/Though…引用关键词，实现平滑过渡), the Swedish intervention began.

Example: Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel, The Joy Luck Club, skyrocketed < to cause to rise or increase abruptly and rapidly >up the bestseller list.

There are other things to note about Tan as well. Amy Tan also participates in the satirical garage band< : an amateur rock band typically holding its rehearsals in a garage and usually having only a local audience > the Rock Bottom Remainders with Stephen King and Dave Barry.

Revision: Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel, The Joy Luck Club, skyrocketed up the bestseller list.

Though her fiction is well known, her work with the satirical garage band the Rock Bottom Remainders receives
far less publicity.

Transitional Devices

Transitional devices are like bridges between parts of your paper(其重要性可见一斑！！). They are cues that help the reader to interpret ideas a paper develops. Transitional devices are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another. And finally, transitional devices link sentences and paragraphs together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas(transition devices的目的！！).

There are several types of transitional devices, and each category leads readers to make certain connections or assumptions. Some lead readers forward and imply the building of an idea or thought, while others make readers compare ideas or draw conclusions from the preceding thoughts(transitional devices可承前，也可启后！).

Here is a list of some common transitional devices that can be used to cue readers in a given way.

To Add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.)

To Compare: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true

To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is

To Show Exception: yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes

To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then

To Repeat: in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted

To Emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation

To Show Sequence: first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon

To Give an Example: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate

To Summarize or Conclude: in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole

了解并掌握上述transitional devices有助于读懂作者的意图，并应用于GRE阅读；也有助于我们在写作中比较恰当地传达意思，并应用于GRE AW。从这里可以学习到，GRE各部分间存在一定的联系，也就是“草木也知愁”强调同时准备的原因之一吧，呵呵！！！

lghscuUID：2552043

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十六期——Use Articles
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982703-1-1.html
KG阅读笔记
------------------------------------------
How to Use Articles (a/an/the)

--article: 3 : any of a small set of words or affixes (as a, an, and the) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application

Using Articles

What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.
English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.

the = definite articlespecific or particular nouns
a/an = indefinite articlenon-specific or non-particular nouns

For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.
Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group. For example, "I just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.
"A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the group. For example, "I would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about a specific movie. We're talking about any movie. There are many movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't have a specific one in mind.
Let's look at each kind of article a little more closely.

Indefinite Articles: a and an

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example:
•"My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.
•"Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.
•"When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one we're talking about here.

Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So...
•a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
•an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan
--orphan:
1 : a child deprived by death of one or usually both parents
2 : a young animal that has lost its mother
3 : one deprived of some protection or advantage <orphans of the storm>

•a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a unicycle
--unicycle:
: a vehicle that has a single wheel and is usually propelled by pedals

•In some cases where "h" is pronounced, such as "historical," us an:
An historical event is worth recording.(这个以前不知道！)

In writing, "a historical event" is more commonly used.
(这种用法更普通，换言之，an/a都可以)
Remember that this rule also applies when you use acronyms:
-acronym:
a word (as NATO, radar, or snafu) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term also : an abbreviation (as FBI) formed from initial letters :

Introductory Composition at Purdue (ICaP) handles first-year writing at the University. Therefore, an ICaP memo generally discusses issues concerning English 106 instructors.
Another case where this rule applies is when acronyms start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds:
An MSDS (material safety data sheet) was used to record the data. An SPCC plan (Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures plan) will help us prepare for the worst.
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article:
•a broken egg
•an unusual problem
•a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y' sound)
Remember, too, that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a group:
•I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large group known as teachers.)
•Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a member of the people known as Irish.)
--Irishman:
1 : a native or inhabitant of Ireland
2 : a person who is of Irish descent

•Seiko is a practicing Buddhist. (Seiko is a member of the group of people known as Buddhists.)
--practicing:
: actively engaged in a specified career or way of life <a practicing physician>
--Buddhist:
: a religion of eastern and central Asia growing out of the teaching of Gautama Buddha that suffering is inherent in life and that one can be liberated from it by mental and moral self-purification
  
佛教结集大会 [Buddhist councils]  
宗教

在大多数佛教传统中，指早期两次关于教义和实践的大会。多数现代学者对第一次集结大会的历史真实性不予接受。第一次大会号称是在佛陀死后的第一个雨季，在印度的王舍城召开的，目的是把大家记住的佛陀的讲话编纂成册，包括经和寺院的规则。第二次集结大会被认为是历史事实，是大约在100多年后于印度的吠舍离举行的，主要是解决僧众之间的争论问题。小乘佛教认为还有第三次集结大会，由阿育王在公元前247年左右召开的，会上按小乘教的理念解决了有关教义的争端，而其他宗派的争端持续到20世纪中叶。其他的佛教传统则承认其他的一些重要集结大会，在那些大会上，他们分别确立或编纂了自己的宗教法规。

Definite Article: the
The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example:
"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat.
"I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.

Count and Noncount Nouns
The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely.
•"I love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water).
•"He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any milk).
"A/an" can be used only with count nouns.
•"I need a bottle of water."
•"I need a new glass of milk."
Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water.

Geographical use of the
There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.

Do not use the before(这个需要好好看看)
•names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States
•names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
•names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.
•names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes
•names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn
•names of continents (Asia, Europe)
•names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands

Do use the before:
•names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific
•points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole
•geographical areas: the Middle East, the West
•deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula
--peninsulas:
: a portion of land nearly surrounded by water and connected with a larger body by an isthmus also : a piece of land jutting out into the water whether with or without a well-defined isthmus
--isthmus:
1 : a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas
2 : a narrow anatomical part or passage connecting two larger structures or cavities

Omission of Articles
Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are:
•Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian
•Names of sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball
•Names of academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history, computer science

通过上述讲解能够增加Articles相关知识，但还不能完全依赖上面的信息就想掌握articles的用法。需要再去学习学习其他资料，特别是那个Articles流程图。

lghscuUID：2552043

【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... p;extra=&page=1
KG阅读笔记
Planning (Invention): when you start to write
You can try the textbook formula:

I. State your thesis.
II. Write an outline.
III. Write the first draft.
IV. Revise and polish.
--KG常用作法就包括这些，难道行不通？！那一定要好好看看下文如何讲授的！！！
. . . but that often doesn't work(Why?)!

Instead, you can try one or more of these strategies:

Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.

There are many "correct（对与错，并没有绝对的界限，通常情况下，能够自圆其说就可以认为正确）" things to write about for any subject, but you need to narrow down your choices（在一个比较小的范围内写作是比较好的方法，有限的篇幅不可能面面俱到，如果面面俱到，可能出现“蜻蜓点水”的结果。当然牛人不在此范围）. For example, your topic might be "dorm food." At this point, you and your potential reader are asking the same question, "So what?" Why should you write about this, and why should anyone read it?(因为写作话题具有争议性，通过写作表达作者观点，并且读者接受作者的看法，进而给读者“洗脑”。如果做到“洗脑”那就非常成功了！)

Do you want the reader to pity you because of the intolerable food you have to eat there?

Do you want to analyze large-scale institutional cooking?

Do you want to compare Purdue's dorm food to that served at Indiana University?
对于给定的话题，可写作的范围还是比较广。就ISSUE来说，可以赞成，反对以及部分赞成部分反对。最好的方法是把话题限定在一个自己能够掌握的范围内。

Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.

How, for example, would you achieve your purpose if you wanted to describe some movie as the best you've ever seen? Would you define for yourself a specific means of doing so? Would your comments on the movie go beyond merely telling the reader that you really liked it?（这里可以理解为论证方法与手段）

Start the ideas flowing

Brainstorm. Gather as many good and bad ideas, suggestions, examples, sentences, false starts（对于good方面，可以借鉴学习；对于bad方面，可以进行攻击，从而让别人信服自己的说法）, etc. as you can. Perhaps some friends can join in. Jot down everything that comes to mind（用QQ聊天记录）, including material you are sure you will throw out. Be ready to keep adding to the list at odd moments as ideas continue to come to mind.

Talk to your audience, or pretend that you are being interviewed by someone -- or by several people, if possible (to give yourself the opportunity of considering a subject from several different points of view与前期提到类似). What questions would the other person ask? You might also try to teach the subject to a group or class.

See if you can find a fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas(类比思想来源于“旧东西引出新东西，即以旧出新”). Build your analogy by using the word like. For example, if you are writing about violence on television, is that violence like clowns fighting in a carnival act (that is, we know that no one is really getting hurt)?
--clown:
3 a : a fool, jester, or comedian in an entertainment (as a play) specifically : a grotesquely dressed comedy performer in a circus b : a person who habitually jokes and plays the buffoon c : JOKER 1B
--circus:
1 a : a large arena enclosed by tiers of seats on three or all four sides and used especially for sports or spectacles (as athletic contests, exhibitions of horsemanship, or in ancient times chariot racing) b : a public spectacle

Take a rest and let it all percolate.

Nutshell your whole idea.

Tell it to someone in three or four sentences.

Diagram your major points somehow.

Make a tree, outline, or whatever helps you to see a schematic representation of what you have. You may discover the need for more material in some places.

Write a first draft.

Then, if possible, put it away. Later, read it aloud or to yourself as if you were someone else. Watch especially for the need to clarify or add more information.

You may find yourself jumping back and forth among these various strategies（这是一种境界！）.

You may find that one works better than another. You may find yourself trying several strategies at once. If so, then you are probably doing something right!

lghscuUID：2552043

11/10/2009
List 31-34 难记单词
Salient
Rivet/riveting
Rickety
Revolt
Revert
Restitution
Quash
Quench
Punch
Restiveness
Respite
Requite
Rescind
Raze
Raspy
Rakish
Quibble
Quill
Reprobate
Repudiate
Repulse
Ratiocination
Ravenous
Ravine
Repressed
Rein
Refractory
Reek
Ravage
Reciprocate
Recumbent