【1006G】【习惯性GRE】--【备考日记】--方法+经验+毅力

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转自“家家”

人的一生有很多路要走，但是关键的，往往只有几步，踏好、踏稳这几步，人生会因此而完全不同。微笑着迎接挑战，大家扬帆破浪，出发吧~

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新单词
内容：List 34-36
时间：08:30-12:10
记忆率：70%

复习：
内容：List 31-33
时间：16:00-17:10
记忆率：有31个需要重点记忆

复习：
内容：List 34-36
时间：20:00-21:30
记忆率：70%
今晚睡前30min再记忆这部分难词

感想：
穿插做几件事情的效率比专注某一件事情的效率高，加油！

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【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932417-1-1.html
KG阅读笔记
Writing With Computers
--an efficient way
delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype行文思路并不是在开始一确定就不变了。有可能写着写着作者会反对之前的想法，因此，现在在的delete/revise/cut/paste显得比较重要!
--Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process (convenience与aid对d在大多数人都有效！).
--But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. （做备份一般是有益无害，毕竟电脑也只是机器，机器就不能避免故障）
Planning

freewriting

If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.

writing an e-mail message(以e-mail方式写文章，作者可能在写作的过程中会考虑到对方的实际情况，避免出现浮夸的语言)

As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.

making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper(在写作的过程中，每时每刻都需要记住headings/subheadings/sub-points).

planning visually
思路图形化显示，一目了然
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas（阅读中的灵感要记下） that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.


Drafting

creating a scrapfile
写作时打开两个文档A和B：A写作；B保存暂时没有用的信息
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.

splitting screens
分栏显示：提纲+素材+暂时无用信息方便文档间查看与信息交换
If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.

adding notes
笔记很重要，同时注意笔记的外观要简明，便于增删
As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.


Organizing

mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
（尝试不同的文章组织结构，找到最佳组合方式）
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.

checking your outline
（写了文章后，需要再次审查headings，确保它们之间的关系，以及与全文的关系）
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph
（时刻提醒自己：我的各段主旨句是XXX）
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.


Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working（每次修改时，从前至后地顺读文章至修改处，好处如下：回忆之前的写作思路）. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.

renaming a file
（每次修改都需要“另存为”，以保证最新版本一目了然）
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.

saving copies of material to cut and paste
（做任何手术前，请备份，并标注即将修改的地方）
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.

printing out hard copies to read
（如果自己觉得写得差不多了，可以打印出来读，可能会发现需要改进的地方）
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.

resisting the neat appearance of a printout

If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.

using page or print view to check paragraphs
（页面预览或打印预览，确保每一部分与自己设想的一致）
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?

highlighting sentence length

Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?

  

Editing and Proofreading
（拼写错误；避免某些词的大量重复使用）
using online tools

A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.

changing the appearance of key features of your writing

Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement（这里说到的方法，可能比较通用，需要在阅读与写作在好好地运用）, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words（通过不同外表的比较，可以方便地看出各类用语是否平衡）.

editing on hard copy
（打印、阅读，做修改标记）
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.


本期讲解可广泛应用于各类写作中，值得反复阅读，并运用于实际操作中！！！

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第二十二期——Sentence Clarity
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982697-1-1.html
KG阅读笔记

Sentence Clarity
--clarity:
: the quality or state of being clear : LUCIDITY

Improving Sentence Clarity

There are many strategies for improving the clarity of your sentences and your papers.
(-----------------------------------
1 Go from old to new information
2 Transitional words
3 Be careful about placement of subordinate clauses
4 Use active voice
5 Use parallel constructions
6 Avoid noun strings
7 Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
8 Avoid multiple negatives
9 Choose action verbs over forms of be
10 Avoid unclear pronoun references
-----------------------------------)

1 Go from old to new information
(这相当于transitional devices之一，不管怎样，“以旧出新”)
Introduce your readers to the "big picture" first by giving them information they already know. Then they can link what's familiar to the new information you give them. As that new information becomes familiar, it too becomes old information that can link to newer information.

The following example sentence is clear and understandable because it uses old information to lead to new information:
Every semester after final exams are over, I'm faced with the problem of what to do with books of lecture notes (new information). They (old) might be useful some day, but they just keep piling up on my bookcase (new). Someday, it (old) will collapse under the weight of information I might never need.

Here is a sentence that is not as clear. It moves from new information to old information:
Lately, most movies I've seen have been merely second-rate entertainment, but occasionally there are some with worthwhile themes. The rapid disappearance of the Indian culture (new) is the topic of a recent movie (old) I saw.

Did you find the second sentence hard to read or understand? If so, it could be because the old information comes late in the sentence after the new information. A clearer version that moves from old information to new information might look like this:
Lately, most movies I've seen have been merely second-rate entertainment, but occasionally there are some with worthwhile themes. One recent movie (old) I saw was about the rapid disappearance of the Indian culture. (new)

--second-rate:
: of second or inferior quality or value : MEDIOCRE <a second-rate restaurant>

2 Transitional words

There are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. See the handout on Transitional Devices (Connecting Words). There you'll find lists of words such as however, therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover, etc.

I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.

--windshield:
: a transparent screen (as of glass) in front of the occupants of a vehicle

3 Be careful about placement of subordinate clauses
从句位置要得当，以“不生产混乱”为前提之一
Avoid interrupting the main clause with a subordinate clause if the interruption will cause confusion:
clear (subordinate clause at the end):
Industrial spying is increasing rapidly because of the growing use of computers to store and process corporate information.
clear (subordinate clause at the beginning):
Because of the growing use of computers to store and process corporate information, industrial spying is increasing rapidly.
not as clear (subordinate clause embedded in the middle):
Industrial spying, because of the growing use of computers to store and process corporate information, is increasing rapidly.

4 Use active voice

Sentences in active voice are usually easier to understand than those in passive voice because active-voice constructions indicate clearly the performer of the action expressed in the verb. In addition, changing from passive voice to active often results in a more concise sentence. So use active voice unless you have good reason to use the passive. For example, the passive is useful when you don't want to call attention to the doer; when the doer is obvious, unimportant, or unknown; or when passive voice is the conventional style among your readers.（这个很重要！被动与主动语态的选择，不是按照作者的个人习惯）
clear (active):
The committee decided to postpone the vote.
not as clear (passive):
A decision was reached to postpone the vote.

5 Use parallel constructions

When you have a series of words, phrases, or clauses, put them in parallel form (similar grammatical construction) so that the reader can identify the linking relationship more easily and clearly.
clear (parallel):
In Florida, where the threat of hurricanes is an annual event, we learned that it is important (1) to become aware of the warning signs, (2) to know what precautions to take, and (3) to decide when to seek shelter.
not as clear (not parallel):
In Florida, where the threat of hurricanes is an annual event, we learned that it is important (1) to become aware of the warning signs. (2) There are precautions to take, and (3) deciding when to take shelter is important.
In the second sentence, notice how the string of "things to be aware of in Florida" does not create a parallel structure. Also, notice how much more difficult it is for a reader to follow the meaning of the second sentence compared to the first one.

6 Avoid noun strings

Try not to string nouns together one after the other because a series of nouns is difficult to understand. One way to revise a string of nouns is to change one noun to a verb.（不是很清楚在说什么）
unclear (string of nouns):
This report explains our investment growth stimulation projects.
clearer:
This report explains our projects to stimulate growth in investments.

7 Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
（能用动词就不要用名词）
Use verbs when possible rather than noun forms known as "nominalizations."
unclear (use of nominalization):
The implementation of the plan was successful.
clearer:
The plan was implemented successfully.

8 Avoid multiple negatives
（肯定性用词更受青睐）
Use affirmative forms rather than several negatives because multiple negatives are difficult to understand.
unclear (multiple negatives, passive):
Less attention is paid to commercials that lack human interest stories than to other kinds of commercials.
clearer:
People pay more attention to commercials with human interest stories than to other kinds of commercials.

9 Choose action verbs over forms of be
（尽量少用be动词，多用实义动词）
When possible, avoid using forms of be as the main verbs in your sentences and clauses. This problem tends to accompany nominalization (see above). Instead of using a be verb, focus on the actions you wish to express, and choose the appropriate verbs. In the following example, two ideas are expressed: 1) that there is a difference between television and newspaper news reporting, and 2) the nature of that difference. The revised version expresses these two main ideas in the two main verbs.
Unclear (overuse of be verbs):
One difference between television news reporting and the coverage provided by newspapers is the time factor between the actual happening of an event and the time it takes to be reported. The problem is that instantaneous coverage is physically impossible for newspapers.
Clearer:
Television news reporting differs from that of newspapers in that television, unlike newspapers, can provide instantaneous coverage of events as they happen.（精彩！！！！！）

10 Avoid unclear pronoun references

Be sure that the pronouns you use refer clearly to a noun in the current or previous sentence. If the pronoun refers to a noun that has been implied but not stated, you can clarify the reference by explicitly using that noun.
This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.
Unclear (unclear pronoun reference):
With the spread of globalized capitalism, American universities increasingly follow a corporate fiscal model, tightening budgets and hiring temporary contract employees as teachers. This has prompted faculty and adjunct instructors at many schools to join unions as a way of protecting job security and benefits.
Clearer:
With the spread of globalized capitalism, American universities increasingly follow a corporate fiscal model, tightening budgets and hiring temporary contract employees as teachers. This trend(明确指出指代对象) has prompted faculty and adjunct instructors at many schools to join unions as a way of protecting job security and benefits.
Unclear (unclear pronoun reference):
Larissa worked in a national forest last summer, which may be her career choice.
Clearer:
Larissa worked in a national forest last summer; forest management（好像这种用法比较受人喜欢） may be her career choice.

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11/11/2009
List 37-39
*List 34-36
*List 37-39

strew
stricture
stout
stitch
stiff
stifle
statute
stain
squall
splice
solidarity
slumber
smirk
sly
slew
slick
skit
shroud
shunt
sheer
shell
shirk
shambles
sere
scruple
scrawl
scoff
scotch
scarf
scathing
scalding
scabbard

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明天新词List 1-3，预计时间为2.5h
然后将新词剩余时间(1h左右)复习*List 37-39
同时，计划内事情继续执行

加油加油！！！！！！

精灵尘埃UID：2724743

LZ好认真啊  向你学习

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LZ好认真啊  向你学习
精灵尘埃 发表于 2009-11-12 14:17

呵呵...大家都差不多呵...
我们一起加油，互相鼓励吧！！

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第五期——倒装
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=961473&highlight
KG阅读笔记
“大家务必要把基础知识掌握，尤其是否定倒装、从句倒装还有同虚拟语气结合起来的倒装”

倒装
【什么是倒装】

如果句子谓语提前，则句子为倒装语序（inverted order），分为 完全倒装（full inversion）和部分倒装（partial inversion）

(--谓语提前full inversion and partial inversion)

Full inversion: 整个谓语提前，如：
(语序全倒过来，变成“谓语+主语”)
Down fell half a dozen apples
忽然掉下来五六个苹果。
There comes the bus
公车来了。

Partial inversion: 只有部分谓语提前，如：
(助动词或系动词提前)
How are you doing?
  。            

【一些常见的倒装句】

1，由引导词there 引导的句子：
(full inversion)
There’s an outdoor concert tonight in the park
。
2, 由there , here, now, then 等副词引导的句子。
(full inversion)
There comes the rest of the party.
。
3, 由so, neither, nor 引导的句子：
I like singing and so does Helen(full inversion)
I don’t eat meat and neither does Tom. (full inversion)
Nor will I deny that(partial inversion)
。
。
【一些状语从句中的倒装语序】

1、有些有If引导的条件状语从句（主要包含有were, had, should 的从句），可以把IF省略，把上述动词放到主语前面去：
。(If XXX were/had/shouldWere/Had/Should XXX)
Weren’t it(If it were not) for their assistances, we wouldn’t be able to do so well.

Had we got(If we had got) there earlier, we would have caught the train.

Should Mary call(If Mary should call), say that I'll be back in an hour.


2、有些让步状语从句中有时也有倒装的情况，（主要把表语或部分谓语提前）：
。
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.

Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind.

Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.

Search as they would, they could find no one in the wood



【某些副词或状语引导的倒装句】

1、有些有否定意义的副词，若放在句首，句子常用倒装。
。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Never before has such a high standard been achieved.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came
。
2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时，有时也会有这个现象：

Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.
。
3, 有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序：

On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.

一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
。

。
【一些谓语前移的情况】

1、<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前，而把主语放在谓语后面去。

Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原

After the banquet came a firework display in the garden. 宴会后花园里燃放了烟火。

From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处传来零星的枪声。

In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。

2、为了描绘更生动，有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首，把主语放在谓语后面。

Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。

She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。

Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。


【分词和表语移到句首的情况】

1、进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首，来对这个动作加以强调。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
Standing beside the table was an interpreter
Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists.
。
2, 已过去分词做表语的句子，过去分词有时也可以提前，把主语放到后面去。
The most widely distributed is the Hui people
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc.
。
3, 作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前。
Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment.
Around the lake are a huge number of farms.
Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.
。
4, 其他表语也可提前
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Below is a restaurant.
Higher up were forests of white birches. 在往上去是一片白桦林。
。。


【其他倒装句】

1，祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁！
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。

2、间接引语后的插入语，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
。
3, 有时修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人，没问题。

（经过上面的倒装讲解，应该看更多的实际句子，以熟悉倒装的具体应用，而不拘泥于具体语法学习！）

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【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... ghlight=&page=1
KG阅读笔记

“此系列是我复习AW的时候 最好一批资料中的一部分
……
要是能保证看5遍以上 保证你的ISSUE写无敌了

要是10遍以上 你的effective writting就牛大发了

要是看20遍以上 使劲hug你一下，我就是~”

--KG深有同感！！由于KG机考时间比较aberrant，复习的机考的人比较少，只能自己修改…无奈之下，翻出”草木也知愁”的”Fundamental Course of Writing”，潜心学习，虽然只获得部分精神，但足以进行ISSUE的自我修改。备考后期就是在这种“部分精神”的指引下完成各类ISSUE的修改，在此，谢谢草木，也谢谢Peter，以及其它相关人员

要想获得真正的进步，对自己就要狠一点！！！！

文章的主题－Thesis：
(--thesis:
a position or proposition that a person (as a candidate for scholastic honors) advances and offers to maintain by argument
--advance:
to bring or move forward)
一、什么是主题句？
注意全文所说的主题就是开头段中的全文主题句，不是各个分论点段的段TS.
要区分Thesis statement和Topic sentence！前面简称T,后面简称TS.
(--T: Thesis statement—essay/paper
--TS: Topic statementparagraph)
What is a thesis?
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove. （主题句说明你的观点和要论证的论点）A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.（事实和论据不是主题句！）
A thesis statement is a sentence (or sentences) that expresses the main ideas of your paper and answers the question or questions posed by your paper. It offers your readers a quick and easy to follow summary of what the paper will be discussing and what you as a writer are setting out to tell them. The kind of thesis that your paper will have will depend on the purpose of your writing.
(Thesis statement作用为引领全文，让读者在较时间内了解作者想表达的思想看法。这个了解可能会激发读者阅读下文的兴趣，也可能“熄灭”读者的热情。因此，在开头段亮精彩的thesis statement显得比较重要！！Thesis statement可以根据需要决定是一个句子还是一组句子，没有严格的限制)
A good tentative thesis will help you focus your search for information. But don't rush! You must do a lot of background reading(或许也里也印证了economist那个background reading column. 在作文前一定要多了解相关信息) before you know enough about a subject to identify key or essential questions. You may not know how you stand on an issue until you have examined the evidence(从这里可以看出，作文的态度只要不偏激都可以，关键在于evidence支持何种观点。看evidence说话). You will likely begin your research with a working, preliminary or tentative thesis which you will continue to refine until you are certain of where the evidence leads.（观点不是最关键的，只要能够在此观点的trigger下，不断地展开、叙述以及论证，当然如果在论证的过程中想要否定之前的想法也是可以的，只要去revise一下就OK了！）
--tentative:
not fully worked out or developed <tentative plans>
The thesis statement is typically located at the end(位置的重要性很明显！) of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.) 注意，这里明确的指出了，主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！
主题句一般出现在开头的最后一两句．这个规定我搜索了不下２０个网站，都是这样要求的，可见，这个规定大家最后遵守，我想，阅卷人一定会在你的Introduction里边的最后一两句找你的Thesis，你就是要确保他在这里找到！
Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！

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第四天
List 1-3 *List 31-33 *List 1-3 *List 37-39 *List 37-39

List 1-3学习比较容易。但出现与计划不同的事情—原计划2.5h搞定，但实际花了3.5h。究其原因为List1-3共43页，而昨晚定时间计划时想当然地为33页，呵呵…不过还好，还是在上午完成新单词记忆！

*List 37-39复习比较困难！这一部分单词平常接触得不多，KG认为属于“比较罕见”那一类，复习时花的时间比较长。

*List 31-33正常。为了把复习速度降下来，注意不是提上去，KG故意放慢这部分的速度，呵呵…想锻炼对速度的把握能力，呵呵…

*List 1-3晚上8点复习。预计时间为2h，同样是为了放慢速度，呵呵…

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总有其他人没有走过的路！

总有别人没有看过的风景！！

总有别人不曾拥有的收获！！！

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今天看作业贴的时间14:20-15:00
被用来T报名了
晚上19:00-20:00补上
现在单词去了，呵呵
加油！！！！

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List 4-6 08:20-12:20
*List 34-36 + *List37 15:00-17:00
*List 1-3 17:03-17:45
*List 4-6 晚上八点开始，呵呵
有喜有忧
喜-->动力
忧-->鞭策

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=960678&highlight=
KG阅读笔记

1—— 情态动词的语法特征

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词等形式。

2 ——比较can 和be able to

1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。

3—— 比较may和might

1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.

4—— 比较have to和must

1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5—— must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

6 ——表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8—— should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。

9—— had better表示"最好"

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.

10—— would rather表示"宁愿"

would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。


情态动词很难啃啊！！！！