进军美利坚iBT特训营~~100+听写专用贴

名字是个词儿UID: 2707493

TPO 10-5

Listen to part of the lecture in an ecologyclass.

So, we’ve been talking about nutrients, theelements in the environment that are essential for living organisms to develop,live a healthy life, and reproduce. Some nutrients are quite scarce 罕见的, they are just as in[there just isn’t]much of them in the environment, but fortunately they get recycled. Whennutrients are used over and over in the environment, we call that a nutrientcycle. Because of the importance of nutrients and their scarcity, nutrient recyclingis one of the most significant ecosystem processes that we’ll cover in thiscourse. The three most important nutrient cycles are the Nitragyn[nitrogen] cycle, the carbin[carbon]cycle, and the one we are going to talkabout today, the phosphorus cycle.(6. 主旨题)

So, the phosphorus cycle has been studied alot by ecologists, because like I said, phosphorus is an important nutrient,and it’s not so abundant. The largest quantities are found in rocks in[at] the bottom of the ocean. How does phosphorus getthere? Well, let’s start with the phosphorus in rocks. The rocks get brokendown into smaller and smaller particles as their weathers[they are weathered]. They are weathered slowly by rainand wind over long periods of time. Phosphorus is slowly released as the rocksare broken down, and it get spread around into the soil. Once it’s in the soil,plants obsorb[absorb] it through their roots.

So that’s the reason people minerocks that contain a lot of phosphorus？--To help the agriculture?

Ah-ha. Theymine the rock, artificially break it down, and put the phosphorus into agricultral[agricultural] fertilizers. So humans can play a rolein the first part of phosphorus cycle,（7. 列举） the breaking down of rocks and the spreading of phosphorus into thesoil by speading[speeding] up the rate at whichthis natural process occurs, you see. Now, after the phosphorus is in the soil,plants grow, they use phosphorus from the soil to grow. And when they die, theydecompose, and the phosphorus is recycled back into the soil, same thing withthe animals that eat those plants or eat other animals that have eaten thoseplants. We call all of this the land phase of the phosphorus cycle. But a lotof the phosphorus in soil gets washed away into rivers by rain and melting snow,and so begins another phase of the cycle, can anyone guess what it is called? Nancy?

Well, if the one is called the land phase,then this has to be called the water phase, right?

Yes,that’s such a difficult point, isn’t it?（11. 重听题。） In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into ocean, andonce in the oceans, the phosphorus gets absorbed by water plants, like algae.Then fish eat the algae or eat other fish that have eaten those plants. But thewater phase is sometimes affected by accessive[excessive]fertilizers. If not all of the phosphorus gets used by the crops, and largeamounts of phosphorus gets into the rivers, this could cause a rapid growth ofwater plants in the river, which can lead to the water waste getting clot tothe[clogged with] organisms, which can changethe flow of the water. Several current studies are looking at these affacts[effects], and Ireally do hope we can find a way to deal with this issue before theseecosystems are adversely affected.（9. 人物观点） OK? Of course another waythat humans can interrupt the normal process is fishing.（7. 列举） The fishing industry helps bringphosphorus back to land. In the normal water phase, the remaining phosphorus makesits way, settles, to the bottom of the ocean, and get mixed into oceansediments. But remember, this is a cycle. The phosphorus at the bottom of theocean has to somehow make its way back to the surface, to complete the cycle,to begin the cycle all over again. Aftermillions of years, powerful geological forces, like underwater vocanals[volcanoes], lift up the ocean sediments to for newland.（8. 例子的作用） When an underwater volcanoe[volcano] pushes submerch[submerge]rock to the surface, a new island is created. Then over many more years thephosphorus-rick rocks of the new land begin to erode, and the cycle continues.

What about…well, you said that the nitrogencycle is also an important nutrient cycle, and there a lot of nitrogen in theatmosphere, so I was wondering, is there a lot of phosphorus in the atmosphere,too?

Good question, George. You are right toguess that phosphorus can end up in earth’s atmosphere. It can’t move from theland or from the oceans to the atmosphere, and vise versa. However there is just not a substantial 可观的 amount of itthere, like there is with nitrogen,（10. 对比） it’s a very minimal quantity.

11错。很少错重听题啊，阴沟里翻了船了。教授竟然在说反话～～好吧，是我对整篇文意理解不深。

名字是个词儿UID: 2707493

TPO 10-6



Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.

OK, if asked about the earliest thing you can remember, I’ll bet for most of you, your earliest memory would be from about age 3, right?（13. 细节的作用） Well, that’s true for most adults. We can’t remember anything that happened before the age of three, and this phenomenon is so wide spread and well documented, it has a name. It’scalled childhood amnesia and was first documented in 1893.

As I said, this phenomenon refers to adults not being able to remember childhood incidents. It’s not children trying to remember events from last month or last year. Of course it follows that if you can’t remember an incident as a child, you probably won’t remember it as an adult. OK? So why is this? What are the reasons for childhood amnesia?（12. 主旨题） Well, once a popular explanation was that childhood memories are repressed 抑制,（15. 列举） that memories are exturbing[disturbing], so that as adults, we keep them buried, and so we can’t recall them. And this is based on…well it’s not based on the kind of solid research in lab testing I want to talk about today.（14. 细节的特征） So let’s put that explanation aside, and concentrate on just 2. OK?

It could be that as children we do form memories of the age prio[prior] to age 3, bu tforget them as we grow old. That’s one explanation. Another possibility is that children younger than three lack some cognitive capacities for memory.（15. 列举） And that idea, that children aren’t able to form memories, that’s been the dominant belief in psychology for the past 20 years. And this idea is very much tight[tied] to things, the theory of Jean Piaget（17. 观点对比） and also to language development in children.

So, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development- Piaget suggested that because they don’t have language, children younger than 18-24 months live in the here and now, that is, they lack the  means to symbolicly[symbolically] represent objects and event that are not physically present, every get that? Piaget proposed that young children don’t have a way to represent things that aren’t right in front of them. That’s what language does, right? Words represent things, ideas. Once language starts to develop, from[for]about age 2, they do have a system for symbolic representation and can talk about things which aren’t in their immediate environment, including the past. Of course he didn’t claim that inphants[infants] don’t have any sort of memory, it ‘s acknowledged that they can recognize some stimulize[stimuli 刺激物], like faces. And for many years this model was very much in favor in psychology, even though, memory tests were never performed onyoung children.

Well, finally in the 1980s, a study was done, and this study showed that very young children under the age of 2 do have the capacity for recall. Now, if the children can’t talk, how was recall tested? Well that’s a good question, since the capacity for recall has always been linked with the ability to talk. So the researchers set up an experiment, using imitation模仿 based tasks, adults use probs???toys, or other objects to demonstrate an action that have two steps. The children were asked to imitate the steps immediately, and then again after delays of one or more months, and even after the delay, the children could recall or replicate 复制 the action. The objects used, the steps involved, and the order of the steps,（16. 描述过程） even children as young as nine months. Now tests showed that there was a faster rate of forgetting among the youngest children, but most mportantly, it showed that the development of recall did not depend on language development, and that was the important finding. I guess I should add that the findings don’t say that there was no connection between the development and memory.（17.排除D选项） There is some evidence that being able to talk about an event does lead to have a stronger memory of that event. But that doesn’t seem to be the real issue here. So back to our question, about the cause to childhood amnesia,well, there is something called “the rate of forgetting”, and childhood amnesia may reflect a high rate of forgetting.（15. 列举） Inother words, children under the age of 3 do form memories,（17. 观点对比） and do so without language, but they forget the memories at a fast rate, probably faster than adults do. Researchers have set a standard, sort of an expected rate of forgetting, but that expected rate was set based on tests done on adults. So what is the rate of forgetting for children under the age of 3? We expect it to be high, but the tests to prove this really hasn’t been done yet.

从听写可以看出来，其实听不懂的不多。但错了两道，问题在于，第一，生词都是关键词。第二，大脑缓存不够，听了上句没下句，语速快漏信息。

15题错，E是因为没听清，只听到了相似的。另外，其实C在笔记里可以找到，没仔细找，大意了。
17题错，听漏关键信息

shiwei83UID: 2680950

TPO 7
Lecture 2
Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.


So that's how elephants use infrasound. Now let's talk about the other end of the acoustic spectrum, sounds that's too high for humans to hear, ultrasound. Ultrasound is used by many animals that detect, and some of them send out very high frequency sounds, so what's a good example? Yes, Carol?


Well, bats, since they are all blind, bats have to use sound for uh, you know, to keep them from flying into things.

That's echolocation. Echolocation is pretty self-explanatory(解释，说明), using echoes reflected sound waves to locate things. As Carol said, bats use it for navigation and orientation (定位). And what else? Mike?

Well, finding food is always important, and I guess, not becoming food for other animals.

Right, um, both counts. Avoiding other predators and locating prey, ah, typically insects that fly around at night. Now before I go on, let me just respond to something Carol was saying, this idea that bats are blind.Actually there are some species of bats, the ones that don't use echolocation, that do rely on their vision for navigation, but it is true that for many bats, their vision is too weak to count on. OK, so quick summary of how echolocation works, the bat emits these ultrasonic pulses, very high pitch(音高) sound waves that we can't hear. And then they analyze the echoes, how the waves bounds back. Ah, here let me finish this diagram before I started before class. So the bat sends out these pulses, very focused bursts of sound, and echoes bounds back. You know, I don't think I need to draw on the echoes, your reading assignments for the next class, it has the diagram that shows this very clearly. So anyway, as I was saying, by analyzing these echoes, the bat can determine, say if there is a wall in a cave that it needs to avoid, and how far away it is.  Another thing it uses ultrasound to detect is the size and shape of objects. For example one echo they quickly identify is the one they associate with the moth(蛾), which is common prey for a bat, particularly a moth beating its wings. However moth happen to have a major advantage over most other insects, they can detect ultrasound. This means that when a bat approaches, the moth can detect the bat's presence. So it has time to escape to safety, or else they can just remain motionless, since when they stop beating their wings, they'd be much harder for the bat to distinguish from...oh...a leaf or some other object.


Now we've tended to underestimate just how sophisticated the abilities of animals that use ultrasound are. In fact, we kind of assumed that they were filtering a lot out, um, the way a sophisticated radar system can ignore echoes from stationary objects on the ground. Radar does this to remove ground clutter(零乱),  information about hills or buildings that it doesn't need. But bats, we thought they were filtering out this kind of information because they simply couldn't analyze it, but it looks as if we were wrong. Recently there was the experiment with trees and a specific species of bat, a bat called the lesser spear-nosed bat. Now a tree should be a huge acoustical challenge for a bat, right? I mean it's got all kinds of surfaces with different shapes and angles. So, well, the echoes from a tree are going to be a massive chaotic acoustic reflections, right? Not like the echo from a moth. So we thought for a long time that bats stopped their evaluation as simply "that's a tree". Yet it turns out that that bats or at least this particular species can not only tell that it's a tree, but can also distinguish between, say a pine tree and a deciduous (落叶的) tree, like a maple or oak tree, just by their leaves. And when I say leaves, I mean pine needles, too. Any ideas on how it would know that?

Well, like with the moth, could it be their shape?


You are on the right track. It's actually the echo off all the leaves as a whole that matters. Now, think, a pine tree with all those little densely packed needles, those produce a large number of faint reflections in what's called a smooth echo. The wave form is very even. But an oak, which has fewer but bigger leaves with stronger reflections, produces a jagged wave form, or what we call a rough echo. And these bats can distinguish between the two. And not just with the trees, but with any echo that comes in a smooth or rough shape.

未央涅磐UID: 2506767

1.2 听写作业  ： TPO 7conversation 1 作业补交
听错的  更正  漏听  多余

Hi Professor Mason, do you have a minute?
Yes of course Eric. I think that I have (there was)something that I wanted to talk to you about too.
Probably my late essay.
Ah, that's must be it. I thought maybe I’d lost it.
No. I'm sorry. Actually it was my computer that lost it，the first draft of it. And well anyway I finally put it in your mail box yesterday.
oh I haven't checked the mail box yet today.Well I'm glad it's there. I will read it this weekend.
Well sorry again. Say,i can send it to you by email too if you like.
Great, I will be interested to see how it all come (comes) out.
Right. Now,ah. i just have overhead
some graduate students talking. Something about a party for Dean (De) Atoms?
Retirement party. Yes. all students are invited. Wasn’t there noticed (notice) on the Anthropology Department’s bulletin board?
Ah. i don't know. But I want to offer help out with it. You know whatever you need. Dean (De) Atoms,well I took a few Anthropology classes with her and they were great inspiring. That’s why I want to pitch in.
oh that's very thoughtful of you Eric. But it will be low key. Nothing flashing (flashy). that's not her style.
so there's nothing?
No we will have coffee and cookies, maybe a cake.But actually a couple(couples) of the administrative assistants are working on that. You can (could) ask them but I think they’ve got it covered.
Ok
Actually oh no never mind.
What’s it?
Well it's nothing to do with the party and I'm sure there’s (are)more exciting ways that you can (could) spend with you time. But we do need some help with something. We are completing (Work piling) a database of articles on the Anthropology faculties (faculty) that has published. There's not much glory, in it but we are looking for someone with some knowledge with some anthropology who can entry the articles. I hesitate to mention it. But i know this (don’t) suppose it’s something you would no that sounds kind of (like)cool. I'd like to see what they are writing about.
Wonderful. And there are also some unpublished studies. Did (Do) you know dean (De) Atoms did a lot of field research in Indonesa (Indonesia)? Most of them have not been published yet.
No like what?
Well she's really vesatile(versatile). She just spent several months studying social interaction (interactions) in Indonesa(Indonesia) and she’s been influential in biology (ecology).Oh, and she's also done working (work) in south of America,this's closer to biology. especially with speciation.
Ah. That (not to) seemed (seem) uninformed.
well how’s species formed(form)? you know how two distinct species form from one. Like when population was (of) the same species was(are) isolated from each other and then developed into two different directions and end(ended) up with two distinguish species.
Interesting.
Yes. and well (while) she was there in south of America she collected a lot of lingwished (linguistic)information and songs (sounds), really fascinating.
Well i hate to see her leave.
Don’t worry. She will still be around. She's got lots of projects and (that) she’s still in the middle of.


第一次做听写作业 虽然结果惨不忍睹  相信今后会有改善。
加油！

shiwei83UID: 2680950

TPO7 Conversation 2.
Listen to a conversation between a student and a librarian.
S: Hi, I'm new here, I couldn't come to the student orientation, and I’m wondering if you can give me a few quick points justabout the library? I'd really appreciate it.
L: Sure. I'd be glad to. What's your major area of study?
S: Latin American Literature.
L: OK, well, over here is the section where we have language, literature and the arts, and if you go down stairs, you'll find the history section. Generally the students who concentrate in Latin American Literature find themselves researching in history section a lot.
S: Hum, you're right. I'm a transfer student, I've already done a year in another university, so I know how the research can go, I spent a lot of time in the history section. So how long can I borrow books for?
L: Our loan period is a month. Oh, I should also mention that we have an inter-library loan service. If you need to get hold of a book that's not in our library, there is a truck that runs between our library and a few other public and university libraries in this area. It comes around three times a week.
S: Hey, that's great. At my last school, it could take a really long time to get the materials I needed. So when I had a project, I had to make a plan away in advance. This sounds much faster. Another thing I was wondering is, is there a place where I can bring my computer and hook it up?
L: Sure. There is a whole area here on the main floor where you can bring a lap-top and plug it in for power. But on top of that, we also have a connection for the internet at every seat.  
S: Nice. So I can do all the research I need to do right here in the library. I'll have all the resources, all the books and information I need right here in one place.
L: Yeah, that's the idea. I'm sure you'll need photo copiers too, they are down the hall way to your left. We have a system where you have to use copy cards, so you'll need to buy a card from the front desk. You insert it into the machine and you're ready to make copies.
S: How much do you get charge?
L: Seven cents a copy.
S: That's not too bad. Thanks. Where is the collection of rare books?
L: Rare books are up on the second floor. They are in a separate room where the temperature is controlled, to preserve the old paper in them. You need to get special permission to access them, and then you have to wear gloves to handle them, cause the oils on our hands, you know, can destroy the paper, and gloves prevent that, so we have a basket of gloves in the room."
S: OK, thanks, I suppose that's all I need to know. You've been very helpful, thanks.
L: Anytime. Bye.
S: Bye.

我是chineseladyUID: 2662783

今天就一个做听写的啊...

eyreknowUID: 2604430

回复楼上，或许是两个……
括号里是听错的拼错的，或者怀疑script有错的

S：Hi, I’m （a） new here. I couldn’t come to the students’ orientation and I’m wondering if you can give me a few qu*(quick ponits) (about) the library, I’d really appreciated it.
L: Sure, I’d be glad to, What’s your major area of study?
S: Latin American literature
L: Ok, well, over here(‘s) the section where we have language, literature and the arts and if you go down stairs you find the history section. Generally, the students who concentrate(in) the Latin American literature find themselves researching in history section a lot.
S: You are right, I’m a transfer student, I’ve already done the years in another university, so I know how the research can go, that spends(that spent?) a lot of time on the history section. So, how long can I borrow books for.
L: Alone(= =||| Our loan) period is a month, oh, I should also mention we have an eight(inter) library long(loan) service. If you need to get hold of(a?) books that not in our library. There is a trunk(= =truck) that runs between our library and( a) few other public and university libraries in this area, it comes around three times a week.
S: Hi, that’s great, at my last school; It take really long a time to get the matirals(拼错：materials) I needs, so when I have a project, I had to make a plan a way(away) and advance. This sounds much faster Another thing I was wondering is, is there a place where I can bring my computer and hock(hook) it up?
L: Sure, there is a whole area here on the main floor where you can bring a laptop and pla*(plug) it in for power. But on top of that, we also have the connection for the internet at every seat.
S: Nice, so I can do all the research I need to do right here in the library. I have all the resourses of the books and information I need right here in one place.
L: Yep, that’s the idea. I’m sure you need photocopy y**,(photo copiers?) too. There are down to h** to your lift.(the hall to left) We have ***(system) where you have to use copy cards, so you will need to buy a card from the front desk. You would certain(= =insert) it into the machine and you’re ready to make copy.(这里我觉得Script里面错了……)
S: How much ***（do you get） charge?
L: 7 cents a copy.
S: Oh, that’s not too bad, thanks. Eh, where is the collection of rare books?
L: Rare books are upon the second floor, there are in the ***(separate) room where the temperature controlled to preserve the old paper in them. You need to get special permission to access them that you have to wear gloves(Script里面多了个need to?) to handle them. ‘Cause the oil in our hands, you know, can destroy the paper, and gloves prevent that, so we have(a) basket of gloves in the room
S: Ok, thanks, I supposed that I all **(I need) to know. You’ve been very helpful.
L: Anytime, bye
S: Bye

shiwei83UID: 2680950

TPO7 Lecture3

Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.


So we've been discussing 16th century native American life. And today we're gonna focus on the Iroquois and Hooray peoples. They lived in the northeastern great lakes region of North America. Now, back then, their lives depended on the natural resources of the forests, especially the birch tree. The birch tree can grow in many different types of soils, and it's prevalent in that area. Now, can anyone here describe a birch tree?

Um, they're tall, and white, the bark, I mean.


Yes, the birch tree has white bark, and this tough protective outer layer of the tree, this white bark, is waterproof. And thiswaterproof quality of the bark, oh it made it useful for making things useful like cooking containers and a variety of utensils(器具). And if you peel(剥皮)birch bark in the winter, we call it the winter bark, another layer, a tougher inner layer of the tree, adheres to the bark, producing a stronger material, so the winter bark, was used for larger utensils and containers.

I know people make utensils out of wood, but utensils out of tree bark?

Well, birch bark is pliable(柔顺的), and very easy to bend. The native americans would cut the bark and fold it into any shape they needed, then secure(缚牢)with cords(绳)until it dried. They could fold the bark into many shapes.


So if they cooked in bowls made of birch barks, wouldn't that make the food taste funny?


Oh that's one of the great things about birch bark, the taste of the birch tree doesn't get transferred to the food. So it was perfect for cooking containers. But the most important use of the bark, by far, was the canoe. Since the northeast region of north America is interconnected by many streams and waterways, water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential. The paths through the woods were often overgrown, so water travel was much faster. And here's what the native Americans did, they would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form light-weight, yet sturdy (结实的)canoes. The bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched(缝)together, and sealed with resin (树脂), you know, that sticky liquid that comes out of the tree? And when it dries, it's watertight. One great thing about these birch bark canoes was they could carry a large amount of cargo. For example, a canoe weighing about 50 pounds could carry up to 9 people and 250 pounds of cargo.

Wow, but how far could they travel that way?

Well, like I said, the northeastern region is interconnected by rivers and streams and the ocean at the coast. The canoes allow them to travel over a vast area that today would take a few hours to fly over. You see, the native Americans made canoes of all types for travel on small streams or on large open ocean waters. For small streams, they made narrow maneuverable(可移动的，可操作的) boats, while larger canoes were needed for the ocean. They could travel throughout the area, only occasionally having to portage(搬运，由陆路运输), to carry the canoe over land a short distance to another nearby stream. And since the canoes were so light, this wasn't a difficult task. Now how do you think this affected their lives?

Well, if they could travel so easily over such a large area, they could trade with people from other areas, which I guess would lead them to form alliances?

Exactly! Having an efficient means of transportation, well, that helped the Iroquois to form a federation, linked by natural waterways. And this federation expanded from what's now southern Canada all the way south to the Delaware River. And this efficiency of the birch bark canoe also made an impression on newcomers to the area. French traders in the 17th century modeled their, well they adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes, and they found they could travel great distances, more than 1500km a month. Now besides the bark, native Americans also used the wood of the birch tree. The young trees were used to support for loggings, with the waterproof barks used as roofing. Branches were folded into snow shoes, and the native American people were all adept to running very fast over the snow in these birch branch snow shoes, which...if you'd ever tried walking in snow shoes, you know it wasn't easy.

eyreknowUID: 2604430

六错一（第二道，不知道咋想的把rough texture给选上了，其实笔记上都写waterproof这个词了……T T）

听写内容：
P：So we’ve been discussing 16th century native American life, and today we’ll [‘re going to] focus on the U**and H** peoples. Eh, they lived in the north-east {in?} great lakes region of North American. Now, back then, their life {lives} depended on the nature resources of the forests. Especially the birch tree. The birch tree can grow in many different types of soils and it is prevalent in that area. Now, can anyone here describe the birth tree?

S1:They are tall, and white? The bark I mean.

P: Yes, the birch tree has white bark, and this tough protective outer layer of the tree, this white bark, is waterproof. And this waterproof quality of the bark, oh it make it useful to {for} make things like cooking container, a, a variety if you t**s {utensils}. And if you pile {peel} birch bark in the winter, we call {it} the winter bark, another layer, tougher inner layer of the tree, adheres to the bark, producing the stronger material, so the larger bark was used for the larger {utensils} and containers.

S1: Oh, I know people use u***l {utensils out} out of wood, but u***l {utensils} out of tree bark?

P: Well, birch bark is very plable {拼错：pliable} and very easy to bend, the native Americans would cut the tree bark and fold it into any shape they needed. Then s** with chore {then secure with cords?} until they dried. Eh, they could fold the bark in many shapes.

S2: So they cooked in bow make of birch bark, wouldn’t that make the food taste funny?

P: Oh, that is one of the greatest things of birch bark, the taste of birch tree doesn’t get transfer {-red} to the food. So it was perfect for cooking containers. But the most important use of the bark, by far, was the canoe, since of the north-east region of north American is inter connected by many streams and water ways. Water transportation by vessel{s}, like a canoe was most essential. The p* {path} of the woods was often over grown. So water travel was much faster. And here {is} what the native American did, they would pile {peel} large sh* {sheet} bark from the tree to form l**way {light-weight}, yes, the st** {sturdy} of the canoes. The bark was stretched over f**{frame} made from tree branches. Sti** {stitch}together and sealed with re***{resin}. You know, that sticky liquid that come{s} out from the tree. And when it dries, it’s watertight. One great thing about these birch bark canoes was it could carry the large amount of cargo. For example, A canoe weight about 50 pounds could carry up to nine people and 200 pounds of cargo.

S2: Woo, but how far could they travel that way?

P: Well, like I said, the north-east region is inter-connected by rivers and streams the ocean at the coast, the canoe allow them to travel over the west { a vast }area that today will take {a few} hours to fly over. You see, the native American made canoes in all types, for travel on small streams, or on large open, ocean waters, For small streams, they make narrow, n** {maneuverable} boats, while larges canoes were made for the ocean. They travel throughout the area, only occasionally, having to d**.{portage} Oh, to carry the canoe over land s**{ short distance} to another nearby stream. Since the canoe was so light. It wasn’t the difficult task. Now how do you think this affects their lives?

S2: Well, if they could travel such easily over such an large area, they could trade with people from other areas. Which, I guess, lead them to form the l***s? {alliances}

P: Exactly, have a efficient means of transportation, that help the i*** to form the federation. Linked by nature water r**s {ways}, and this federation expand from, well, where’s now southern Canada, all the way self to the deli** {Dalever} river. And this efficiency of birch bark canoe made an impression on the new comers to the area. France traders, in the 17 century, model their, well, they adopt the design of the u** birch bark canoes. And they found that they could travel great distances more than 50000 km a month. Now, besides the barks, native American also used the wood of the birch tree, eh, the young tress was used to support for l**s {logging}, while the waterproof bark used for roofing, branches were folded into snow shoes, and the native American people were all adapt to running very fast over the snow in this birch branches snow shoes, if you ever try to walking in the snow shoes, you know it was {wasn’t= =正好听反了}easy.

shiwei83UID: 2680950

TPO7 Lecture 4
Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.


Last time we started to talk about glaciers, and how these masses of ice form from crystallized snow. And some of you were amazed that how huge some of these glaciers are. Now, even though it may be difficult to understand how a huge  mass of ice could move or flow, it's another word for it, it's really known secret that glaciers flow because of gravity. But how they flow, the way they flow, needs some explaining. Now the first type of glacier flow is called basal slip.


Basal slip, or sliding, as it's often called, basically refers to the slipping or sliding of a glacier across bedrock, actually across a thin layer of water on top of the bedrock. So this process shouldn't be too hard to imagine. What happens is that the ice at the base of the glacier is under a gradual(逐步的)pressure,the pressure coming from the weight of the overlaying(重复占位)ice. And you probably know that under pressure the melting temperature of water...ah, of the ice, I mean, is reduced. So ice at the base of the glacier melts, even it's below zero degrees Celsius. And this results in a thin layer of water between the glacier and the ground.(13. 逻辑顺序) This layer of water reduces friction(摩擦力), it's like a lubricant(润滑剂). And it allows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock.

OK? Now the next type of movement we'll talk about is called deformation. You already know that ice is brittle, if you hit it with a hammer, it'll shatter(粉碎)like glass. But ice is also plastic, it can change shape without braking. If you leave, for example, a bar of ice, supported only at one end, the end, the unsupported end will deform under it's own weight, kind of flatten out at one end, get distorted, deformed.


Think of deformation as a very slow oozing(渗出). Depending on the stresses on the glacier, the ice crystals within it reorganize. And during this reorganization, the ice crystals re-allied in a way that allows them to slide past each other. And so the glacier oozes down hill without any ice actually melting. Now there are a couple of factors that affect the amount of deformation that takes place, or the speed of the glacier's movement, for example, deformation is more likely to occur the thicker the ice is, because of the gravity of the weight of the ice. And temperature also plays a part here,in that cold ice does not move as easily as ice that is closer to the melting point. In fact it's not too different from the white oil is, thicker at lower temperatures. So if you have the glacier in a slightly warmer region, it'll flow faster than a glacier in a cooler region.  

OK, um, now I'd like to touch briefly on extension and compression. Your textbook includes these as types...as a particular type of glacier movement, but you'll see that there are as many textbooks that omitted it as a type of movement as include it. And I might not include it right now if it weren't in your textbook. But, ah, basically the upper parts of glaciers have less pressure on them, so they don't deform easily, they tend to be more brittle, and crevasses(裂缝)can form in these upper layers of the glacier, when the glacier comes into contact with bedrock walls, or is otherwise under some kind of stress but can't deform quickly enough. So the ice will expand or constrict, and that can cause big fishers, big cracks to form in the surface layers of the ice. And that brittle surface ice moving is sometimes considered a type of glacial movement, depending on which source you're consulting.


Now as you probably know, glaciers generally move really slowly, but sometime they experience surges(汹涌), and during these surges, in some places, they can move at speeds as high as 7000 meters per year. Now speeds like that are pretty unusual, hundreds of times faster than the regular movement of glaciers, but you can actually see glaciers move during these surges,though it is rare.

这篇听得云里雾里，相当痛苦，很多地理学名词不知道，唉。。。

shiwei83UID: 2680950

TPO 8 Conversation1
Listen to a conversation between a student and a registrar.

S: Hi, I'd like to drop off（把…交给某处） my graduation form, I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.
R: OK, I'll take that. Um, before you leave, let me check our computer, ah, looks like you're ok for graduation, and um, actually I'm getting a warning flag（红旗警告） on your academic record here.
S: Really?
L: Yeah, let's see what's what. OK, are you familiar with your graduation requirements?
S: I think so.
R: Well, then you know you need 48 credits in your major field to graduate and at least 24 credits of the intermediate（中级的）level or higher. Also, after your second year, you have to meet with your department chair to outline a plan for the rest of your time here. In the past we also issued letters before students' final year begin, to let them know what they needed to take in the final year to be OK. But we don't do that anymore.
S: I definitely met with my chair person two years ago. He told me that I needed 8 more courses at the intermediate level or higher in the last 2 years to be OK. So, I'm not sure what the problem is, I made sure I got those credits.
R: Unfortunately the computer is usually pretty reliable. So I'm not sure what's going on here.
S: It could be that I've taken 2 basic courses, but coupled both of them with field experiences.
R: What do you mean?
S: Well, I could only take intro courses, because there were no intermediate level courses available for those particular topics. My chair person told me that if I did independent field research in addition to the assigned work in each course, they would count as intermediate level courses. My classmates, well, some of my classmates did this for an easy way to meet their intermediate course requirement, but I did it to get a kind of depth in those topics I was going for. As it turned out, I really enjoyed the field work, with a nice supplement to just sitting and listening to lectures.
R: I'm sure that's true, but the computer's still showing them as basic level courses, despite the field work.
S: Ah, I'm not sure what to do, then. I mean, should I cancel my graduation party?
R: No, no reason to get worried like that. Just contact your chair person immediately, OK? Tell him to call me as soon as possible so that we can verify your field work arrangement and certify those credits right away. It's not like there's an actual deadline today or anything, but if more than a few weeks go by, we might have a real problem that would be very difficult to fix in time for you to graduate. In fact, there probably would be nothing we could do.
S: I'll get on that.

名字是个词儿UID: 2707493

TPO 10-2
Listen topart of a lecture in a marine biology class.

We knowwhales are mammals, and that they evolved from land creatures. So the mysteryis figuring out how they became ocean dwellers, because until recently therewas no fossil record of what we call the missing link, that is evidenceof species that show the transition between land dwelling mammals and today’swhales. Fortunately, some recent fossil discoveries have made the picture alittle bit clear[clearer]. For example, a fewyears back in Pakesta[Pakistan], they found askul[skull] of a wolf-like creature, it wasabout fifteen million years old. Scientists had seen this wolf-like creaturebefore, but this skull was different, the ear area of this skull hadcharacteristics seen only in aquatic mammals, specifically whales. Uh, well,then also in Pakistan, they found a fossil of another creature, which we callambulusitus Nattan[Ambulocetus natans]. That[That’s] a mouthful, aey? The name Ambulocetus Natanscomes form Latin, of course, and means “walking whale that swims”. It clearly had four limbs 肢 that could have been used for walking, it also had a long thin tale,typical of mammals, something we don’t see in today’s whales. But it also had along skeletal 骨骼的 structure, and that long skeletal structure suggests that it wasaquatic.(7. 列举) And very recently in Egypt, theyfound a skeleton骨骼 of basila sourts[Basilosaurus].Balilosaurus was a creature that we had already known about for over a hundredyears, and it has been linked to modern whale because of its long whale-likebody, but this new fossil find showed a full set of leg bones, something wedidn’t have before, the legs were too small to be useful, they weren’t evenconnected to its pulvus[pelvis] and couldn’thave supported its weight. But it clearly shows Basilosaurus’s evolution fromland creatures, so that’s a giant step in the right direction. Even better, itestablishes Ambulocetus as a clear link between thewolf-like creature and Basilosaurus. Now, these discoveries don’t completelysolve the mystery. I mean Ambulocetus isa mammal that shows a sort of bridge between walking on land and swimming,（8. 对象物质）
but it also…it’s[is] very different from the whales we know today. Soreally we are working with just a few pieces of a big puzzle.

Um, arelated debate involves some recent DNA studies, remember, DNA is the geneticcode for any organism, and when the DNA from two different species is similar,it suggests that those two species are related. And when we compare[compared] some whale DNA with DNA from otherspecies, we got quite a surprise, theDNA suggests that whales are decendance[descendants]of the hippopolimus[hippopotamus 河马].（9. 例子与观点的对应）
Yes, the hippopotamus, well, that came as abit of a shock. I mean that a four leggedland and river dweller could be the evolutionary source of a completely aquaticcreature up to 25 times its size? Unfortunately, this revolation[revelation 被揭示的真相] about the hippopotamus apparently contradicts the fossil record whichsuggests that the hippopotamus is only a very distant relative of the whale,not an ancestor.（10. 陈述观点）
And of course as I mentioned, that whales aredescendant not form hippos but from that distant wolf-like creature. So we havecontradictory 相矛盾的 evidence, and more research might just rise morequestions and create more contraversies[controversies 辩论]. At any rate, we have a choice, we canbelieve the molecular分子的 data, the DNA, or we can believe theskeleton trail小路, but unfortunately, probably not both.

Um, andthere have been some other interesting findings from DNA research, for a longtime, we assume[assumed] that all whales thathave teeth, including spurm[sperm] whales andkiller whales, are closely related to one another, and the same for thetoothless whales, like the blue whale and other blin[baleen]whales. We assumed that they’d be closely related. But recent DNA studies suggest that that’s not thecase at all.（11. 例子作用）
The sperm whale is actually closely relatedto the baleen whale, and it’s only distantly related to the toothed whales. Sothat was a real surprise to all of us.

7题错，做题太急了，选了CDE。查查笔记就知道，E的ear是属于wolf-like creature的，所以E肯定错。而A在笔记能找到skeletal structure，排除了E的情况下，应该能猜出来的。

名字是个词儿UID: 2707493

TPO 10-3
Listen to part of a lecture in a European historyclass.
Sowould it surprise you to learn that many of the foods that we today consider traditionalEuropean dishes, that their key ingredients were not even known in Europe untilquite recently, until the Europeans started trading with the native peoples inNorth and South America?(12. 主旨题) Imean, well, you are probably aware that the America’s provided Europe, andAsia, with foods like squash 美国南瓜, beans, turkey, peanuts, but what about all those Italian tomatosauses[sauces], humgariengurush, or my favorite,French fries, those yummy fried potatos[potatoes]?

Wait, I mean I knew potatoes were from…where,South America？

South America, yeah, the Andis[Andes] Mountains.

But you’re saying tomatoes, too? I just assumedsince they are used in so many Italian dishes.

No, like potatoes, tomatoes grew wild inthe Andes, although unlike potatoes, they weren’t originally cultivated there.That seems to have occurred first in Central America. And even then, the tomatodoesn’t appear to have been very important as a food plant, until the Europeanscame on the scene. They took it back to Europe with them around 1550, and Italywas indeed the first place where it was widely grown as a food crop. So in ascence[sense], it really is more Italian thanAmerican. And another thing and this is true of both the potato and the tomato.Both of these plants are members of the night shade family.

Thenight shade family is the category of plants which also includes many that youwouldn’t want to eat, like…mandrac[mandrake],baladana[belladonna], and even tobacco. So itno wonder that people once considered tomatoes and potatoes to be ineatable[inedible] too, even poisonise[poisonous].（13. 细节，对象特征） Andin fact, the leaves of the potato plant are quite toxic, so it took both plantsquite a while to catch on in Europe, and even longer before they made theirreturn trip to North America, and became popular food items here.

Yeah, you know, I remember my grandmother tellingme that when her mother was a little girl, a lot of people still thought thattomatoes were poisonous.

Oh, sure. People didn’t really start eatingthem here until the mid 1800s.

But…it seems like I heard, didn’t Tomas Jeffersongrow them or something?

Uh, well, that’s true, but then Jefferson was known not only as the thirdpresident of the United States, but also as a scholar who was way ahead of histime, in many ways. He didn’t let the conventional thinking of his day restrainhis ideas.（14. 细节，某人对某事的看法）

Now potatoes went through a similar sort ofa rejection process, especially when they were first introduced into Europe.You know how potatoes can turn green if they are left in the light too long,and that greenish scan can make the potato taste bitter, even make you ill, sothat was enough to put people off for over 200 years. Yes, Bill?

I’m sorry, Professor Johns, but…I mean,yeah, OK, American crops have probably contributed a lot to European cookingover the years, but…

Buthave they really played any kind of important role in European history?（17. 重听） Well, as a matter of fact,yes, I was just coming to that. Let’s start with North American corn, or maize 玉米, as it’s often called. Now before the Europeans made contact withthe Americans, they subsisted mainlyon grains, grains that often suffered from crop failures, and it’s largely forthis reason that political power in Europe was centered for centuries in thesouth, around the Medetrainian[Mediterranean 地中海] sea, which was ready[where they] couldgrow these grains with more reliability, but when corn came to Europe from Mexico, well now they had a much hardier 耐寒的 crop that couldbe grown easily in more northerly 北方的 climates, and the center of powerbegan to shift accordingly.（15. 情节发展逻辑顺序）And then, well, as I said potatoes weren’treally popular at first, but when they finally did catch on which they didfirst in Ireland around 1780, well, why do you suppose it happened? Becausepotatoes had the ability to provide in abundant and extremely nutriashus[nutritious] food crop,（16. 逻辑关系，因果） no other crop growingin northern Europe at the time had anything like the number of vitaminscontained in potatoes. Plus, potatoes growing on a single acer[acre] of land could feed many more people than, say,wheat, growing on that same land. Potatoessoon spread to France and other European countries, and as a result, the nutrition 营养 of the general populationimproved tremendously, and population soured[soared]in the early 1800s, and so the shift of power from southern to northern Europecontinued.（15. 情节发展逻辑顺序）

12题错，被后边男生的问题误导了，以为整个都是关于influence的，也是做太快的缘故。

cgpzmxccUID: 2360875

TPO 8 Conversation1

Listen to a conversation between a student and a registrar.
M: Hi, I’d like to drop off my graduation form. I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.
W: Ok, I’ll take that. Before you leave, let me check our computer. Looks like your are ok for graduation ,  actually, I get a warning flag on your academic record here.
M: Really?
W: Yeah. Let’s see was what. Ok, are you familiar with graduation requirements?
M: I think so.
W: Then you know you need 48 credits in your major fields to graduate and at least 24 credits in intermediate level or higher. Also, after your second year, you have to meet with your apartment chair to out line a plan for your rest of your time year here. In the past, we also issue letters before students’ final year began to let them know what they need to take in the final year to be Ok. But, we do not do that anymore.
M: I definitely met my chair person two years ago. He told me that I need 8 more courses at intermediate level or higher in the last two years to be OK. So I am not sure what the problem is. I make sure I get(got) these credits.
W: Unfortunately, the computer is usually pretty reliable. So I am not sure what’s going on here.
M: It could be that I take two basic courses, but a couple both of them with a few experience.
W: What do you mean?
M: Well, I could only take intro courses, because there were no intermediate level courses available for those particular topics. My chair person told me that if I did independent field research in addition to scientific work each course. They would count as intermediate level courses. My classmates, some of my classmates, did this for an easy way to meet their intermediate courses requirement. But, I did it to get the kind of depth in those topics  was going for. As I turned out, I really enjoy the field work. which I supplement  just sitting and listening lectures.
W: I am sure that’s true. But the computer is still showing miss basic courses despite the field work.
M: I am not sure what to do then. I mean should I cancel my graduation party.
W: No reason to get worried about that. Just contact your chair person immediately, OK? Tell him to call me as soon as possible so that we can verify your field work arrangement to certified these credits right away. It’s not only there is an actually the deadline to date you or anything, but if more than a few weeks go by, we might have a real problem that would be very difficult to fix in time for you to graduate. In fact, the problem would be nothing we could do.
M: I’ll get on that.

lilei865UID: 2690371

S:hi, I like to drop off my graduation form. I understand you need this lessons to process my diploma
R:ok, I will take that.  Before you leave, let’s me check out the computer. It looks like you are ok for graduation.  Actrually I am getting a warning flag on your academic record here.
S:really?
R:yeah, let’s see what was. Ok, are you familiar with our graduation requairment?
S:I think so
R:then you may know you need 48 credits in your major field to graduate, and at least 24 credits intermediate or higher. Also, After your second year, you have to meet with your deparment chair to outlay a plan for the rest of your time here. In the past, we also  issue letters before students’ final year begin to let them know what they need to  take in their final year to be ok. But we don’t do that any more.
S: I definittly meet with my chair person 2 years ago. And he told me that  I need 2 or more courses so that intermediate or higher in the last 2 years to be ok.. so, I am not sure what the problem is? I make sure I got the credits.
R: unfortunately the computer is usually pretty reliable. So,I am not sure what’s going on here.
S:it could be that I have taken 2 basic coures, but couple both of them with a few experiences.
R:what do you mean?
S:well, I could only take introcouses because were no intermediate leval courses available for those particular topic. My chair person told me that if I did independent field reseach in   addition to the asignment each course they would count as intermediate courses. My classmates, well, some of my classmates, did this  easy way to meet their intermediate course requirment. But I did  it  to get the kind of  on the topic that I was going for. As it turned out, I really enjoy the field work  wasn’t I   supplement just sitting in the listenning directures.
R: I’m sure that’s true but the computer is still showing the mis basic leval coureses despit the field work.
S: I am not sure what to do then. I mean should I cancle my graduation party?
R:no, no reason to get worry like that, just context your chair person immediately, ok? Tell them to call me as soon as possible so that we can varify your field work arrangment and certainfy the  those credits right away. It’s not  like those actual deadline to die anything, but if more than a few  weeks go by, we might have real problem that  would be very difficult   to fix in time for you  to graduate.in fact, that problem would be nothing we could do.
S:I’ll get on that.