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1.12 Tpo 8 Lecture 1
Listening in the lecture in the animal behavior class
Ok ,last time we talk about passive habitat action(selection), like plant for example, they don’t make active chooses(choices) about where to grow. They are first(dispersed) by some other agent like the wind and if the seeds land (in a)suitable habitat they seed(do) well and reproduce. with active habitat(habitat’s) selection the orgnisatim(organism is) able to fixed(physically) to(to 去掉) select where to live and breed. and because the (animal)breeding habitat is so important we expect animal speciense(species to develop preferences) for particular(type of) habitant.places where they are(their) offspring has(have) the best chance to survival .so, let’s  look at the impactence(effect the preference)  can have by looking in(at) some examples.but first we recatch(recap) ,what are the meaning of habitant(what do we mean by habitat).Frank?
Well,it is bascally(basically) the place or environment(where an) org normally lives and grows
Right and as we discuss(dicussed) there are some key elements for(that) the habitat should(must) contain food obvioursly(obviously) water and it(is) has got to have(got have) a right climate for basis facal protection (and basics for physical protection) and we some(were sound) how important habitat selection is when we look at (the)habitat were some of these(the) factor are remove(d) perhaps(through) the habitats’ suggestion(destruction).Um I just read about a short Bur(bird),the Plover
The plover live(s) by the ocean(and feeds) is on some(small) shellfish insect in plants it blends in with the sand some(so it will camouflage from predator bird above) plant.so we sound     of bird.but it lays(lags) eggs (in shallow depressions in the sand )with (very)little protection(around) them,so if the(there are) people or dogs on the breach the eggs  and the (fledglings in the )nest  are really **able(vulberable) .outing of Cal (weather)there are(has been) a lot of human development by the ocean ,plover are now (is threaten species) so the(conservation is triedto recreate) is try to creat a new habitat they may the artificial breaches(and sun bars in ) area insecsitibale(inaccessible) to people and dog and the plover population is up (quite)a bit (in those places).
ok that is an (incidence where a) habitat with(is make) less suitable,but now what are(about) the cases (where)other animal (exhibits a clear)have choose(choice) between two suitable habitats in cases like that dosen’t(does) the preference matter? well let’s look at the blue warbler
the BW is a sound bird(songbird) live in the north American. they clearly prefer the hard wood forests with (dense shrubs) , bushes under the neath(underneath) of the trees. they actually nest in the shrubs not the trees so they pretty close to the ground ,but these bird also nests in the forests where has(have) low shrub density .it is usually the younger wp because their prefer is of shrub(spots there a lot of shrubs) are taken by the older (more dominant)birds. and the choice(of) habitat seem to affect the reproductive succeed(success) ,because the older (and) more experience birds nests in the high density shrub areas has(have) significantly more offspring than those in the low(density) shrub areas .that(which) suggest that where they choose to nest(the choice of wherewo neast) does the impact (on) the number of how many chips(chicks) they have ,but preferred environment doesn’t really greatly(always seem to correlate with greater) reproductive success ,for example in Europe study have been done by(of) a bird ：BB which we just call them BC
The BC can be find(found) in the true development(two different enviroments) um they are(their) prefer habitat is near the air(edge of) streams ,however bc also live in the paiwood(pine wood) away from water ,study has been done by(on) the reproductive success (rate)for the bird in both area .and the result show surprisly(surprisingly that) the reproduction is essentially the same in both area the preferred and the second choice of the ara(habitat)
well why it turn out they are actually four times as many bird pairs couples living in the stream (edge)habitat compare to the area away from the stream .so the stream(edge) area had much densir(denser) population which match(meant ) much more (members of same species)spieces giving(competing) for resources (when into)feed on the same (thing or build their nests in the same)places which lower the suitability(of prime) the habitat even through there are(its their ) the preferred habitat ,so the result of the study suggests (that when) the number of the(competitors in the prime) habitat just (because there are fewer member of the same species living there) the certain point the second habitat became just successful as the habitat just because less same species living there so it look like the(competition)resources is another  important factor (in) determining the(if) particular habitat is suitable
太多错了 悲剧

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Ok, well, last time we talked about passive habitats selection, like plants for example, they don’t make active choices about where to grow. They are dispersed by some other agents, like the wind. And if the seed lands in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce. With active habitat selection, (an) organism (is able to) physically select where to live and breed. And because animals’ breeding habitat is so important, we inspect (expect) animal’s species to develop preferences to particular types of habitat. Places where all springs have best chances to survive. So let’s look at how (effects) these preferences can have by looking some examples. But first we (recap).  What we mean by habitat, Frank?
It’s basically the place or environment where an organism normally lives or grows?
Right! And as we discussed, there are some key elements for the habitat must contain, food, obviously, water and it had to get (is got have a right) climate and species (basics) for physical protection. And we (were sound) how important habitat selection is, when we look at the habitat (were) some of the factors are removed, perhaps (through) habitats’ destruction. I just read about shore bird, the plover. The plover living by the ocean and feeds on small fish (shellfish) insects plants. It blends in with the sand, so it well camouflaged from (predator birds above). But it lays eggs in shallow (depressions) in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or (dogs) on the beach, the eggs (and fledglings) in the nest are really vulnerable. Outing California where has been a lot of human development by the ocean. The plover is now threatened species. So conservation is trying to create a new habitat for them. They made artificial beaches and sand (sun bars) in area inaccessible to people and dogs. And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places. Ok, that is an incidence where a habitat is made less suitable. But, now what are cases when animal exhibits a clear choice between two suitable habitats? In cases like that, does the preference matter? Well, let’s look at the blue warbler. The blue warbler is (sing) bird living in North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forest with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees. They actually nested in shrubs not in the trees. So they prefer(pretty close) to the ground. But these warblers also nest in the forest that have low shrub density. It’s usually young warblers nested in that area because prefer (spots) where a lot of shrubs are taken by older more (dominate) birds. And the choice (of) habitat seems to (affect) a reproductive success. Because the older more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significant more offspring than those in low density areas. Which suggest the choice where to nest does have impact on the number of chicks they have. But preferred environment doesn’t always have great (correlate) with greater reproductive success. For example, study has done of blackcap warblers. We just call them blackcaps. The blackcap can be found in two different environments. Their preferred habitat is (forest) that near the edge of stream. However, blackcap also lives (in pine woods) away from the water. Study have done on the reproductive success rates for birds in both area. And the result shows surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas, the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well, why? It turned out they are actually 4 times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream habitat compared to the area away from the stream. So the stream (edge) area has much densier (denser) population which meant more members of same species competing for the resources. When they feed on the same thing or build nests in same places which low (lower) the suitability of the prime habitat even though (its) their preferred habitat. So the results of the study suggest there (when) the number of the competitors in prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second (random) habitat become just a successful as the prime habitat. Just because there are fewer members of same species living there. So it looks like competition resources is another important factor that (in) determine (if particular) habitat is suitable.
6个错了两个，连第一题main purpose也挂了，悲剧。。

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1.13 by Fatrui

listening to the lecture bout the lecture about the art history class.
pro: targeting(we had been talking) about art world (in) the late 19th century in Pairs . Today i(i'd) want(like) to look at a(the) woman who went to(Pairs) at that time to be(become) an artist. Now um from your reading, what do you know about the Pairs about the art world of Pairs (is) during the late 19th century (centuries).
s1: come from over the world to study?
s2: it have (had a lot of) many art school(s) and artists (who taught) painting? There are (were) (our )book(mention) classes (for woman artists) and it is(was) the good place to go to study art.
pro:if you want to become an artist, Pairs is not a good place to go, Pairs is the place to go. And women can find skills struggle(and instructors) there. Before the late 19th century, they (if the) women who want to became the artist have(to) take(private) lesson or learn from family menbers.they have many limit(limited options) than man(men) did.
but around (1870s) ,some artists in Pairs begin(began to) offer art classes (for) female students. these classes are for women only, and by the end of the 19th century, it became many(much more) common for the women and men studying in the same classes together(to study together in the same classes) .so some(within few decades) decade things had changed sinificantly,ok back (up) again let's(and) talk about the a(time) period between(from) 1970(1860) to the 1880,and talk (more)about what (had) happened in the women art classes. and (in)1868,a private (art academy)opened in Pairs,an for (decades) it was probably (the most) famous private art school in the world.it was founded(is founder) XX(RJ was a canine) businessman and quickly establish his school (premiere destination)for women artists. what he did was, after (an initial trail)the period (of mixed class) he changed the school policy, he completely(completely separated) set the man and woman students
s2: any reason why he did that?
pro:well like i said JR is a (brilliant)business man was(with progressive) idea he though another small private art school where all the students are(were) woman are(was very) popular in(at) that time and that(probably) why he adopted the woman only class this(his) class are(were typically) offer by establish artists and were help in the studio the place they are painting(painted).this is(was a) big deal, because finally the woman can(could) study (art) in the formal (setting) and there are(was) another benefit for this(the) group setting (in these)this class the class included (weekly criticism) and the teacher will(would) rank (the art of) all the students in the class from best to worest.how did(would) you like i do it(did that) in this class?
s1:hehe No way
s2:but the(our) text (book) said that the competition is(was) good for woman.it help them see what(where) they have(need) to improve.
Pro: is(isn't) that interesting? one woman artist her name is RBKS,once wrote how she felt about classmate's work ,she thought he classmate's art was much better than there(her) own,and it give she(her an) incentive to do better. overall the competition in the (woman's art) class give woman more confident(confidence) ,confident(confidence) they can(could) also compete in art world after their schooling. and even though B couldn't study (in the same)as the man she also(having an ) have impacted on her artist,um just look at the Salon ,what do you konw about the Salon
s2:it was a big exhibition .um a big art show that(and) they have(had) in Pairs every year.the(they) art has(had) to be accepted by judges
s1:it was a big deal,you can (make a)name for yourself
pro:you can have a painting or sculpture in (the) salon ,and go back to your own(home) countries and saying you are(were been) success in (the) Pairs.um
it was sort of (a seat of approval).it was a great encourge for (an)artist ,and by the last two decades by(of) 19 century one fifth (of the)paintings in the salon were by woman much higher (than) in the past in fact the sell(MB self) his(had a) painting in the salon,in 1881.interstingly this masterpiece called in the studio is a pained(painting interior of) in the J art school it is not in your text book um i will show you the painting next week the pating (depiction active)crowed with woman drawing and painting life model.it was actually B actually follow the J (savvy)suggestion and painting(painted) the(her) follower(fellow) student in the(a) class at the school(was the artist self at far right) with the artist herself a great advertisment for the school when the painting (eventually hung up)hangding in(at) the salon.for a women dtudio has never been painted before .

cgpzmxccUID: 2360875

We have been talking about the art world of (in) late 19 century in Paris, and today I’d like to look at the women who went to Paris that time to become artists. Now, from your reading, What do you know about Paris? About the art world of Paris during the late 19 century? People came there from all over the world to study. It had a lot of art schools and artists who taught painting. There were out book mentions classes for women artists. And it was a good place to study art. If you want to become artist, Paris was not a good place to go, Paris was (the) place to go. And women could find skill and instructor here (there). Before the late 19 century, If they women who want to be artists (an artist), have to take private lessons or learn from family members. They have more limited options than man did. But around 1870s, some artists in Paris began to offer classes for female students. These classes were for women only, and by the end of 19 century, it became much more common for women and men study together in the same classes. So within a few decades, things had changed significantly. Ok, let’s back again and talk about the time period from 1860s to the 1880s, and talked more about what happened in women’s (woman) art classes. In 1868, a prime (private) art academic (academy) open in Paris, and for decades, it was probably the most famous private art school in the world. It’s found R.J was a candy (canny) business man and quickly established his school as a premiere destination for women artists. What he did was, after an initial (trial) period, it was (for) a mixed class. He changed the school policy, he completely separate the man and woman students. And (any) reasons why he did that? Well, like I said, J was a brilliant business man with aggressive (progressive) ideas. He thought another small private art school where all the students were women was very popular at that time. That’s probably why he opened (adopted) women only classes. His classes were typically offered by established artists and were held in the studio the place where they painted. This was a big deal, because finally women can study in a formal setting. And there was another benefit to the group setting in these classes. The class included (weekly criticism), and the teacher would rank the art of all the students’ in the class, from best to worst. How would (you like) if I did these(that) in this class?  No way… But our test book said the competitive.. the competition was good for women. It helps them to see what need to improve. Isn’t that interesting? One woman artists, her name was M.B, M.B (once) wrote about how she felt about classmates’ work. She thought her classmates’ art was much better than (her own), and it gave her incentive to do better. Overall, the competition in the women’s art class gave women more confidence. Confidence that they could also compete in the art world after their schooling. And even though B could not study in the same classes as man, she was having an impact as an artist. Now(X), just look at the salon. What do you know about salon? It was a big exhibition, a big art show and they were held (had) in Paris every year. They art had to (accepted) by judges. It was a big deal you can make your (a) name yourself. You can have a painting or scupulture (sculpture) in the salon and go back to your home country saying you have (were) been success in Paris. It was sort of a serial (see) of approval. It was a great encouragement for an artist career. And by the last two decades 19 century, one fifth of the paintings in the salon were by women, much higher than in the past. In fact, M.B self had a painting in the salon in 1881. Interestingly, this (masterpiece) called in the studio is a painting (interior) of J’s art school. It was not in your text book, I’ll show you the painting next week. The painting depict a painting crowd studio with women drawing and painting (life) model. It was actually B actually J (savvy) suggestion and painted here fellow students and (in a) class at school was the artist herself far away. A great advertisement for the school (when) the painting eventually hung on the salon, for a women studio had never been painted before.
17题做错了，只听到前面说paris is not a good place...没听到后面那个“the”...

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1.14. by Fatrui
Listen to the conversation between a student and business professor.
T: so R what's up?
S: well i know we(will) have (a)test (coming up)on chapter...um
T: chater 3 and 4 from (test) book
S: Right,3 and 4 well i didn't get something you said at Monday
T: all right,do you remember what it is(was it) about?
S: yeah,you are talking about the(a) gym health club where people can go to exercise(exercise) that kind of thing.
T: ok but actually the healthy club modle(model) is from Chapter 5 So......
S: (Ok) Chapter 5 so it not Ok i guess i (still) want to try to understand
T: well i talking about the(an) issue about(in strategic) marketing ,the healthy club model i mean with healthy club you might they will have trouble preting pratice(attracting customs) Right?
S:well i know when i past(pass) by a healthy club i see all (these) people working out exercising i just (soon walk) on by.
T:yeah,there was(is) that. plus lots of people have exercise with equitment(equipment) at home or they can play football(sports) with their friends right? but nowadays insbite(in spite) of all that and expensive membership fees health club hugely popular? So how come
S:i guess i didn't understand
T:Ok basically they can find what people want something else people want (have to offer things that most people can find anywhere else).you know quality ,that means better exercise equipment, high(higher stuff) and class-exercise classes maybe aerobics.
S:ok i guess(i am not sure if i ) i get it yeah,and i(you) konw other thing is (i think)people probably feel good when they are in the(get) gym,and they can meet people,socilize.(socialize)
T:Healthy club also offer high qualities(quality for facilities) and also they sell(sold) image about people have(having) more fun relating better to others and mess(improving their own lifes) if they can remember(become member)
S:sure that make sense.
T:can you (think of) another business or another organation(organization that could) can benefit (from) doing this?think about a important building in campus here, something everyone uses? a major sources of information.
S:you mean like the(an administration) building?
T:well that not (what) i had in (my) mind
S:Oh,you mean the library .
T:excetally(exactly) library,image public library they have(there are) the nes sources of infomation (information resource) in whole comunity,right?
S:well they can be now (with)the internet and big book store can point out why not(you can probably get what you need without) going to the library.
T:that true ,if you are(were) the director (of)in the(a public) library, what would(will) you do about that
S:to get more people to stop in ,like you said (better)equipment maybe super fast internet connection (not just a variety of) books but also a(like) nice (and comfortable) areas (where) people can read or do research things (make them want to come to the library)they like to in the library and stay and maybe (have) some authors come and do some readings, or special presentations something people couldn't get at home .
T:now you are getting it
S:thanks to professor W i think so too

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TPO 12-5
臭名昭著的opera
Listen to part of a lecture in a musichistory class. The professor has been discussing opera.

The word “opera” means work, actually itmeans works. It’s the plural 复数 of the word poers[opus 作品] from the Latin. And in Italian it refers in general to works ofart. Opera lyrica[lyric] or lyric opera refersto what we think of as opera, the musical drama. Opera was commonplace 寻常的事物 in Italy for almost 1000 years before it became commercial aseventure[a venture 风险投资], and during thoseyears, several things happen, primarily linguistic or thymatic[thematic 主题的],(6. 主旨题) and both involve in secularization 世俗化. Musical drama started in the churches, it was an educational tool,it was used primarily as a vehical[vehicle] forteaching religion, and was generally presented in Latin, the language of the Christianchurch, which had considerable influence in Italy at that time. But thelanguage of everyday life was evolved[evolving]in Europe, and at a certain point in the middle ages, it was really only merchants 商人, suristicrats[aristocrats 贵族] and clergy神职人员 who could deal with Latin. The vast 大量的 majority of the population used their own reagional[regional 当地的] vernacular地方语 in all aspects of their lives,and so, in what is now Italy, operasquit being presented in Latin, and started being presented in Italian.(7. 细节，逻辑顺序，题干定位) And once that happened, the themes ofthe opera presentations also started to change. And musical drama moved fromthe church to the plaza right outside the church. And the themes, again, thethemes changed, and opera was no longerabout teaching religion（7. 细节，逻辑顺序， 正确选项改写） as it was about sataya[satire 讽刺] and about expressing the ideas of society or government withoutcommiting[committing] yourself to writing andrisking in prison and[imprisonment]or prosecution[persecution 迫害], or what have you.

Opera, as we think of it, is of course areserected[rather restive 不安静的] form. It is the melonious[melodious 悦耳的] drama of ancient Greek theater,the term melodious drama being shorten eventually to melodrama 音乐戏剧, becauseoperas frequently are melodramatic, not to say I’m realistic. And the groupthat put the first operas together that we have today then were,（8. 细节的逻辑作用） well, it was a group ofmen that included Galolao’s[Galileo’s] father,Venchenzo[Vincenzo]. And they met in Florence,he and a group of friends of the count of Bardy[Countof Bardi], and they formed what is called the Camarata Diabardi[Camerata de’ Bardy]. And they took classicaltheater, and reproduced it in the Reloson’s[Renaissance’s文艺复兴] time. This producedsome of the operas that we have today.

Now, what happened in the following century[centuries] is very simple, opera originated inItaly, but was not confined in[to] Italy anymore than Italians were. And so, as Italians migrated across Europe, theycarried theater with them, and opera specifically because it was an Italianform.

What happened is that the major divide of[in] opera that endures 持续 today took place. The French said opera auto-reflect[aught to reflect] the rhythem[rhythm 节奏，韵律] and cadens[cadence 抑扬，节奏，韵律] of dramatic戏剧的 literature, bearing in mind thatwe are talking about the golden age in French literature, and so the music was secondary, if you will, to the dramatic cadence oflanguage, to the way the rhythm of language was used to express feeling and usedto add drama,（9. 细节，对象特征） andof course, as a result, in stead of arias 咏叹调 or solos独唱 which would come to dominateItalian opera, the French relied on what the Italians called Regitatival or Resatative[Recitative] in English, the lyrics were spokenfrequently to the accompaniment ever[of a] hardsequard[harpsichord 键琴].

The French said, you really can’t talkabout real people who lived in opera, and they relied on methology[mythology 神话] to give them their characters and their plauds[plots 故事情节], mythology, the pasril[past old] traditions, the novels of chivalry 骑士精神 or the apicts[epics 史诗] of chivalry out of the middle ages. The Italians said, No, this isa great historical tool, and what better way to educate the public about theneural[neo 新的，现代的] or atilo[Attalla] or any number ofpeople then[than] to put them into a play theycan see and listen to.

The English appropriated opera after theFrench. Opera came late to England because all theaters, public theaters wereclosed, of course, during their civil war, and it wasn’t until the restoration 修复 in 1660 that public theaters again opened and opera took off. The English made a major adjustment to opera,and exboarded[exported 出口] what they have done toopera back to Italy,（10. 重听，演讲者意图） sothat you have this circle of musical influences: the Italian invented opera,the French adapted it, the English adopted it, the Italians took it back.

It came to America late, and was consideredto illegas[elites 精英] for the general public, but Broadway musicals fulfilled the similarfunction for a great long while. John J.Chapen[Champon] wrote about opera, “If an extra terrestrial 地球外的
bingore to[being or two] appearbefore us and say, what is your society like, what is this earth thing allabout, you could do worse than take that creature to opera.” Because operadoes, after all, begin with a man and a woman, and emotion.(11. 重听，演讲者态度)


8题错，听的时候没理解上下文关系。笔记自然记不清。并且C有生词，不敢选。印象中很早很早就在Italy有opera，所以猜的A。
生词：precursor 先驱

cgpzmxccUID: 2360875

Listen to a conversation between a student and a business professor.
P: So, Richard what’s up?
S: Well, I know we’ll have a test coming on chapters
P: Chapter 3 and 4 on (from) textbook.
S: Right, 3 and 4. Well, I didn’t get something you said in class Monday.
P: All right, do you remember what was (it) about?
S: Yes, you were talking about a gym, health club where people can go to exercise that kind of thing.
P: Ok, but health club model was actually from chapter 5 (so).
S: Chapter 5, so it’s not…. OK, but I guess I still try to understand…
P: Of course, I was talking about issue (in) strategy marketing. The health club model, I mean with a health club, you might think with (they would) trouble attracting customers, right?
S: Well, I know when I passed by a health club, I see people working out, the exercising, I just soon walk on by.
P: Yeah, that (there) is that. (Plus), lots of people have exercise equipment at home, or they can play sports with their friends, right?
S: Sure.
P: But nowadays, in spite of all that, and expensive membership fees, health club are hugely popular, so how come?
S: I guess that is I didn’t understand.
P: Ok, basically, they offer things that most people can find anywhere else, you know quality, that means better exercise equipment (higher) stuff. And classes, exercise classes, may be robotic (aerobics).
S: I am not sure if I… OK. I get is. And you know another thing is I think people probably feel good about themselves when they are at the gym. And they can know new people, socialize.
P: Right, so how health club offer high quality (facilities). And also they sold an image about people having more fun relating (better) to others and improve their own lives if they become members.
S: Sure, that makes sense.
P: Well, then, can you think another business or organization could benefit from doing this? Think about an important building in campus here. Something everyone uses, a major source of information.
S: You mean like the administrator (administrative) building.
P: Well, that is not what I had in mind.
S: You mean the library.
P: Exactly. Libraries, imagine public libraries. There are information resource for the (whole) community, right?
S: Well, they can be. Now, with the internet and bookstores, you can probably get what you need without going to the library.
P: That’s true. So if you were the direct of a public library. What would you do about that?
S: To get more people to step (stop) in. Well, like you said, better equipments, may be a super fast internet connection, not just provide (a good variety) books, but also like nice comfortable areas where people can read and do research. Things make them want to come to the library instead (and stay).
P: Great,
S: Oh, maybe have authors come to do some readings and or I don’t know, special presentations, something people could not get at home.
P: You are getting it.
S: Thanks, professor Williams, I think to.

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valen30 发表于 2010-1-12 23:52

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lilei865UID: 2690371

Listen to part of the lecture in a history class
So we’ve been talking about the printting progress, how it changs people’s lives, making book accessible to everyone, more books make more reading, right? As you know, not everyone has perfect vision. This incease in  literatacy in reading, lead to increasing demind for eye glasses. And or here sth you probablely havn’t though of, increase demin  impact its society twoards.   eye glasses. But, first let me back up to that date, and tale about the vision cracktion before pintting progress. And what did pople with poor vision do> I mean those few people who were actrually litherater. What did they do before eye glasses were invented. Well, they had different ways of dealing with not seeing well. If you thinking about it, poor vision wasn’t their only problem.    I mean, think about the conditions they lived in. houses were dark, sometimes there were any windows. Candle  was the only souce of light. When some places, M and G, for example, the wealthest poor vision pople could  have someone to read them. Easy solution if you could afford it. Another solution was sth called a reading stone,   around 1000CE,  Eouropean month would take a piece of clear rock, offen quartz, and place it on the top of  reading material, the clear rock magnify the lighters, making them appear larger,  looks like what happen when a drops of water falles on sth, below the drops of water, appear’s larger, right?    The reading stone  works   in a similar way.  The rock like quartze, quartz of the optical quality were cheap, late in the 13 century, glasses in italy came up with the less expensive alternative , they made reading stone out of  a clearglass,  and these clear reading galsses evolved into the eye glasses we know today, so we’re pretty sure that the glasses were invented in the late 12 hundreds. Well over 100 years before the printing progress. But it’s not clear who invented them first or exactly quite year, but record shows they were invented in both euaroup and china  at about the same time. By the way, we call this independent discovery.  Independent discovery means when sth is invented in different parts of the world at the same time,  and it’s not unusual as it sounds. You can look at the  time lanch chart back in your textbook to see when things were  invented in the different cultures at the same time, to see what I am talking about,  so let’s tie tha to what  I said befroe about societ attitude towards eye glasses.  Initially, in parts of euroup and in china, glasses were a symble of wisnism and intelligence. This is evidenced in art work from that period. E pintting offen portaied  docters, judges  wearing glasses.     China, glasses were vere expensive, so in addition to integience, they also simblize  infulence. In 14centure chinese portaies, the bigger the glasses, the smarer and   wealthier   the subject was. Glasses were a state simble in some parts of the world.  Now let’s get back to the printting progress in 1440, what happened, suddenly books became readily available, and more people wanna read, so the need, well, actually, not only the need, but the demind form a more affordable glasses rose dramatically. Eventually, inexpensive glaases were produced, and  then glasses were available to everyone. People could perchuse them easily froma travelling tailor.

cgpzmxccUID: 2360875

We have been talking about printing press. How it changes people’s life, make books more accessible to everyone, more books and more readings, right? But, as you know, not everyone has perfect vision. This increasing literacy, in reading, leads to increasing demand on (for) eyeglasses. And, here is something you have probably thought of. This increase (d) demand impact the society’s attitude towards eyeglasses. But, first let me back up a (bit) and talk about vision correction before printing press. And what did the people with poor vision do, I mean, especially those people who were actually literate? What did they do before glasses were invented? Well, they have different ways (of) dealing with (not) seeing well. If you think about it, Poor version was not only their problem. I mean, think the conditions they lived in, houses were dark, sometimes there were not any windows, candles were only source of light. So, in some place, (like ancient Greece) for example, the wealthy (wealthiest) people with poor vision could have someone else to read to them, easy solution if you could afford it. Another solution was something called (a) reading stone. Around 1000ce, Europeans (monks) would take a piece of clear rock, often (quartz), and place it on top of their material. The clear rock magnified the letters, making them appear larger, looks like what happens when one (a) drop (of) water falls on something, what was (whatever) below the drop of water appear larger, right? Well the reading stone works in the similar way. But rocks like (quartz), quartz of optical quality was not cheap, later in the 13th century; glass makers (In Italy) came up with a less expansive as alternative. They made reading stone out of clear glass. And these clear glass reading stone evolved into the eye glass we know today. So we are pretty sure that glasses were invented in about later 12 hundreds. Well, over a hundred years before the printing press. But, it is not clear that who invented them first or exactly what year. But, record shows that they were invented both Europe and China at about the same time. Another (By the) way, we call this independent discovery. Independent discovery means when something is invented in the different of the world at the same time. And it’s not usually as it sounds. You can look at the timeline charts at the back of your textbook, to see when things were invented in different culture at about the same time to see what I am talking about. So let’s tie this to what I (have) said before society attitude towards glasses. Initially, in parts of Europe and China, glasses were symbol of wisdom and intelligence; this is evident from art work from the period. Europe paintings often portrayed doctors or judges wearing glasses. In China, glasses were very expensive, so in addition to intelligence, they also symbol of (symbolize) affluence and wealth. In 14 century, Chinese portrays the bigger glasses, the smarter and wealthier the subject was. So glasses were a (steady) symbol in some parts of the world. Now, let’s go back to the invention of the painting press in 1440, what happened? Suddenly, books became (widely) available, and more people want to read. So they need actually not only the need but the demand for more affordable glasses (rose) dramatically. Eventually, inexpensive glasses were produced, and then glasses were available to everyone. People could purchase them easily from a traveling (peddler).

hnhbdavidUID: 2636450

TPO8, Lecture 3. 昨天晚上听写的，但是我一般喜欢在纸上听写。今天起来敲到电脑里，补交昨天的作业。
So, we have been talking about the printing press, how’s it changing people’s lives, making books more accessible to everyone. More books meant more reading, right? But as you know, not everyone has a perfect vision. This increasing literacy in reading led to an increasing demand for eyeglasses. And here is sth you probably haven’t thought of. This increased demand impact the societal attitude towards eyeglasses. But, first le me back up a little bit and talk about vision correction before the printing press. What did people with poor vision do? I mean especially those few people who were actually literate. What did they do before glasses were invented? Well, they had different way of dealing with not seeing well. If you think about it, poor vision wasn’t their only problem. I mean, thinking about the conditions they lived in, housed were dark, sometimes there weren’t any windows, candles were the only source of light. So, in some places, like ancient Greece, for example, the wealthiest people with poor vision would have someone else read to them. Easy solution if you could afford it. Another solution was sth called a reading stone. Around 1000 ce, European monks would take a piece of clear rock, often quartz and place it on the top of the reading material. The clear rock magnify the letters, making them appear larger. It’s like what happens when the drop of water falls on sth. Whatever is below the drop of water, appears larger, right? Well, the reading stone works in the similar way. But rocks like quartz, quartz of optical quality weren't cheap. Late in the 13 century, glass makers in Italy come up with a less expensive alternative. They made reading stones out of clear glass. And these clear glass reading stones involved into the eye glasses we know today. So, we’re pretty sure that glasses were invented in the about late 1200s, well, over a hundreds year before the printing press. But it’s not clear who exactly invented them first or exactly what year. But record showed that they were invented in both Europe and China at about the same time. By the way, we call this independent discovery. Independent discovery means when sth is invented in different parts of the world at the same time, and it’s not as unusual as it sounds. You can look at the time line charts at the back of your books to see when things were invented in different cultures at about the same time, to see what I am talking about. So now let’s tie this to what I said before about societal attitudes towards glasses. Initially, in parts of Europe and in China, glasses was a symbol of wisdom and intelligence, this is evident to the artwork of the period. European paintings often portrait doctors or judges wearing glasses in China, glasses were very expensive. So, in addition to intelligence, they also symbolize affluence, wealth. In 14th century, Chinese portraits, the bigger the glasses, the smarter and wealthier the object was. So glasses were steady symbol in some parts of the world. Now let's back to the invention of the printing press in 1440. What happened? Suddenly books became readily available and more people wanted to read. So the need, well, actually not only the need, but the demand for more affordable glasses rose drastically. Eventually, inexpensive glasses were produced, and then glasses were available to everyone. People could purchase them easily from a traveling paddler.

cgpzmxccUID: 2360875

TPO 8 lecture 4
Listen to a part of lecture in a chemistry class. The professor has been discussing the period (periodic) table of elements.
P: So, are there any questions?
S: Yes, Professor Harrison, you were saying the periodic table is predictive, what exactly does that mean? I mean I understand how it organizes the elements, but where is the prediction?
P: Ok, let’s look at the periodic table again. Ok, it groups (is a group of ) the elements in the categories that share some (center) properties, right? And it is ranged according to increasing atom number which is
S: In number of (protons) in each atom of an element.
P: Right, early version of periodic table had gaps, missing elements, every time you had one more (proton), you had another element. And then, (opps), there have been atomic number for which there is no (known) elements. And the prediction was element without (with that) atomic number existed somewhere, but it just have (not) been found yet. And its location in the table would tell you what property it (should) have. It was really pretty exciting for scientist that time to find these missing element confirm their predictive properties. Actually, that reminds me of a very good example (of all these) element 43, see on the table, the symbol for element 42 and 44. Well, in early version in the table, there was no symbol for element 43 (protons). Because no elements with 43 protons has been discovered yet. So the periodic table had a gap, between elements 42 and 44. And then, in 1925, a team of chemist lead by a scientist named Ida Turk claimed they had found the element of 43. Then had been using a relatively new technology called X-ray (spectroscopy), and they were using this to examine all (ore) sample, and they claimed they had found element with 43 protons. And they named it Masuria.
S: Professor Harrison, How came my periodic table here element 43 is TC, that is Technetium, right?
P: OK, let me add that. Actually, that is the point I am coming to. Hardly anyone believes that Turk discovered new element. X-ray (spectroscopy) was a new method that time. And they were not able to isolate enough Masuria to have available sample to convince (everyone) the discovery. So they were distressed (discredited). But then, 12 years later, in 1937, a different team became the first team to (synthesize) the element using a (cyclotron). And that element had
S: 43 protons.
P: That’s right, but they use the name Technetium to emphasize that is was artificially created with technology. And people thought (synthesizing) these elements, making it artificially was the only way to get it. We still haven’t found it in (X) current (in) nature. Now element 43 would be called Masurium or Technetium is radioactive. Why is that matter? What’s true of radioactive element?
S: It decays, it turns out into other elements. Oh, so does that explain why was missing in the periodic table?
P: Exactly, because it is radioactive, it (X) decays, element 43 does not last very long. And therefore if that had been present on earth would decays ages ago. So the Masurism people were obvious wrong and technetium people were right. Right? That was then. Now, we know, that element 43 does occur naturally. It can be naturally generated from Uranium (atom that has spontaneous split). And guess what, the all (ore) sample that Masurim group working with had plenty of Uranium enough to split into measure amounts of Masurium. So Turk’s team might very well have found small amounts of Masurium in all (ore) sample just that once was generated from split Uranium decayed very quickly. And you know, here is incredible (irony). Ida Tack, the chemist of (that Musuium team), she was the first to suggest that Uranium could break up into smaller pieces, but she didn’t know that was the defense of her own discovery about (of) element 43.
S: So is my version of periodic table wrong? Should element 43 really be called Masurium?
P: Maybe, but, you know it’s hard to tell for sure after all these time , if Ida Tack’s group did discovery element 43. They didn’t publish enough detail on their (method or instruments) for us to know for sure. But I’d like to think element 43 was discovered twice. As Musurium, it was first element discover that occurs (in) nature only from spontaneous (vision). And as Tc, it was the first element discovered in laboratory. And of course, it was an element in periodic table let us to expect it existed before anyone found it or made it.

这篇被几个专业词汇搞得好痛苦，16题做错了，听教授说43被发现两次，就直接选了A，应该再仔细想想的，跟前面几句没怎么听出来也有关系