有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.13 paragraph argument note!

1.The Malbec grape, originally grown in France, has become the main varietal in Argentina. This is surprising because most Malbec grown in Argentina is grown at high altitudes, whereas the Malbec grape once was grown at low altitudes. Therefore, Argentinian winegrowers should grow the Malbec grape at low elevations.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion of the argument?

A.The Bordeaux grape is the most popular grape in France but is rarely, if ever, grown in Argentina.B.Some varietals are unable to grow at high altitudes.
C.The soil at high altitudes is filled with nutrients that help many of Argentina’s varietals flourish.
D.The Malbec vine is susceptible to phylloxera, a plant louse that only grows at low altitudes.
E.Malbec has recently enjoyed a surge in popularity, and can be found in many different countries.

the conclusion is Argentinian winegrowers should grow the Malbec grape at low elevations.
so to weaken to conclusion, the choice should provide reason for not growing Malbec at low elevationsC is tempting, whereas it mentions only the reason for growing at high altitude, instead of reason for not growing at low elevations. Becise, it talks about varietals, not just Malbec.
A talks about another grape, B talks about varietals, E talks about the popularity, all unrelavat.

D presents a reason for not growing at low elevations because there is a pathogenic louse which attacts Malbec.


2.Soft Drinks Manufacturer: Despite attractive offers, our company has rejected any plans to expand our market into the Czech Republic at this time. We simply have no data on how well received our products would be in the Czech Republic.

Industry Analyst: Your position is inconsistent. Last year, you expanded into Bolivia, even after taste tests had definitely found that approximately 40% of the Bolivian population did not care for any of your products. Therefore, concerns about how well received your product will be cannot be motivating this position.

The industry analyst's argument is flawed because it fails to consider that

A.the company's most popular soft drink in Bolivia might be different from the company's most popular soft drink in the Czech Republic
B.coffee is more popular than most soft drinks in both Bolivia and in the Czech Republic
C.the Czech Republic operates on the Euro, which is a much stronger currency than the Boliviano, the national currency of Bolivia
D.the results of taste tests in a particular country can change over the years as different beverages are sold in that country
E.known risks can be assessed, whereas unknown risks cannot

The flaw of industry analyst is obvious. the analyst consider the situations in B and C are the same.
E known related to the data of B, unknown related to having no data of C, which matches the argument.
D talks about whether drink will become popular in B, not related
A states the differences between B and C but not the differences showed in the argument which is having data of B while not having data of C
B talks about the popular drink which is not relative
C talks about the currency, not relative either


3.The Dvorak keyboard requires less finger movement than the ubiquitous QWERTY keyboard. As a result, Dvorak keyboard users are not only able to type more words per minute, but are also less vulnerable to both repetitive stress disorder and carpal tunnel syndrome. Nonetheless, businesses, as well as consumers, have not adopted the Dvorak keyboard. Clearly, if the Dvorak keyboard is to become more widely used, its benefits must be more widely touted.

Which of the following, if true, most threatens the author’s conclusion?

A.The initial cost of manufacturing a Dvorak keyboard will be more expensive than that of a QWERTY keyboard.
B.Many who have attempted using a Dvorak keyboard claim that learning the configuration of keys takes weeks
C.Those suffering from repetitive stress injuries often attribute the injuries to multiple factors
D.Businesses that have educated employees on the benefits of the Dvorak keyboard have found that employees continue to use the QWERTY keyboard
E.Businesses have found that many employees who believe the QWERTY keyboard is responsible for stress-induced injuries are unaware of the Dvorak keyboard.

The conclusion is that after people adopted the D keyboard as well as being aware of its benefits, they will prefer D to Q
D states a condition which people are aware of the benefits of D, whereas they still use Q which is conflicted with the conclusion.
E states the reason why people don't choose D in the passage which is they don't know
B states the process of adoption, however, the conclusion is about the situation after the adoption
A talks about economic issue which is not the point in the passage
C talks about the injuries, though it can be attributed to multiple factors, it didn't exclude using Q keyboards out. Thus it is wrong


4.Child psychologists recommend that mothers of one-year olds not only name objects in the immediate environment, but that they include the color of the object, when applicable. For instance, if a mother hands her child a red ball, she should say, “This is a red ball.” Nonetheless, even if mothers began to name the color, instead of simply saying, “This is a ball,” no real benefit will be conferred to the child, because studies have shown that children under 18-months old do not grasp the notion of color.

The pediatrician’s argument is most vulnerable to which of the following?
A.Infants who hear words embedded in sentences that have each part of speech present tend to speak sooner than those infants who do not.
B.Children usually benefit from having toys in their environments.
C.The range at which children utter their first sentence typically ranges from 15-months to 30-months.
D.Children under the age of three tend to be confused when parents use adult level vocabulary.
E.Psychologists have conducted studies showing that most children under the age of 30 months often utter the names of colors even when that color is not present in their environments.

The argument is about children under 18-month, C D E talks about age beyond this range
B is beyond the range of saying and word

5.The Canadian elk has traditionally been limited in its geographic range by the presence of elderberries, its primary source of food, which only grow up until a certain point in the tundra. A recent rise in temperatures, however, has seen a spread in the growth of elderberries northwards into the tundra. Therefore, the overall range of the Canadian elk can be expected to increase.

Which of the following, if true, best casts doubt on the argument?

A.In addition to elderberry, the Canadian elk also consumes loganberries, which are expected to also begin growing at more northerly latitudes.
B.During the summer months, many Canadian elk are hunted both for sport and for their meat.
C.The grizzly bear, the Canadian elk’s primary predator, has also started moving north into the tundra.
THE predators' moving does not influence the range of grizzly bear increase
D.The permafrost, the region above the tundra, in which the temperatures never reach above freezing, will unlikely see elderberry growth.
E.Increasing temperatures have created conditions too warm for elderberry growth in the southern half of the Canadian elk’s traditional territory.
this means grizzly bear may leave the southern half for a lack of food resource

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.14 comprehension note!


The US Constitution established both gold and silver as the basis of US currency: that is to say, it established a bimetallic standard for currency. This remained in place for about a century, until the Coinage Act of 1873, which embraced a "gold only" standard, a monometallic standard, effectively dropping silver as the basis of currency. Over the next several decades, advocates of bimetallism and advocates of the "gold only" standard fiercely debated.

The "gold only" advocates, such as William McKinley, argued that shifts in the relative value of the two precious metals could lead to wild fluctuations in the values of currency in a bimetallic system. Early in the United States history, Alexander Hamilton had tried to fix the gold-silver exchange rate by fiat, but of course, such restraints only inhibit the natural development of a free market.

Unemployment was high in the depression caused by the Panic of 1893, and many argued that these economic challenges had been triggered by abandoning bimetallism. One of the more prominent advocates of bimetallism was William Jennings Bryant: indeed, bimetallism was the very center of his presidential campaigns in 1896 and 1900, both of which he lost to McKinley. Bryant articulated the popular view that a "gold only" standard limited the money supply, and thus favored those who were already quite wealthy, against the interests of working people of all professions. He famously expressed this argument in his "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, in which he argued that continuing the "gold only" standard would "crucify" the honest laboring classes on a "cross of gold."

Despite the eloquence of Bryant's arguments, history strongly favored the "gold-only" standard. The argument that increasing the money supply would lead to greater prosperity strikes us now as naïve: of course, we now understand that increasing the monetary supply can lead to runaway inflation, which hurts everyone. Furthermore, gold did not remain as limited as the advocates of bimetallism imagined. In the 1890s, scientists discovered a cyanide process that allowed workers to extract pure gold from much lower grade ore, thus significantly increasing domestic gold production. Additionally, the discovery of two immense gold deposits in South Africa substantially increased world gold supply. Thus, the "gold only" standard allowed for ample currency, and even robust prosperity in the 1920s, so bimetallism died a quiet death.


1.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that government attempts to control exchange rates

A.compromise the workings of a free economy
relative sentence: Alexander Hamilton had tried to fix the gold-silver exchange rate by fiat, but of course, such restraints only inhibit the natural development of a free market.
B.will inevitably lead to fiscal collapse
C.are usually favorable in the short-term
D.run counter to the tenets of the United States
E.lead to a greater chance for inflation
B C D are not mentioned, E mixed


2.The author of the passage believes that William Jennings Bryant’s argument that a gold standard favors the rich to be

A.somewhat relevant, because it accounts for a common trend seen throughout the history of bimetallism
B.lacking validity, because it believes increasing the money supply will benefit a segment of the population
relative sentence: Bryant articulated the popular view that a "gold only" standard limited the money supply, and thus favored those who were already quite wealthy, against the interests of working people of all professions.
we now understand that increasing the monetary supply can lead to runaway inflation, which hurts everyone.
B thought that a limited money supply would favor the wealthy and imperil the poor.
While the history turned out that increasingly money supply would hurt everyone.
C.without merit, because it is not based on actual historical accounts
B's argument wasn't based on historical accounts. This choice is reverse. Based on historical accounts, B turned out to be wrong.(which I assumed the choice talking about)
D.not entirely accurate, because it overemphasizes the role of silver in regulating the money supply
E.partially correct, because it described some of the class differences between the rich and the poor


3.The “cyanide process” mentioned in the last paragraph does which of the following?

A.Serves as a countermeasure to actions taken by advocates of the “gold only” standard
B.Provides evidence against an argument of those opposed to a “gold only” standard
right
C.Illustrates one way in which controlling the money supply can lead to inflation
D.Argues against the position adopted by William Jennings Bryant.
narrow the scope, B was not the only one which c process argued against
E.Offers up a compelling reason governments should be favor of bimetallism.

4.The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.provide a brief account of a common economic trend
not brief
B.discuss the development of and reactions to an economic policy
right
C.chronicle the ascendancy of an idea in economics
not chronicle
D.illustrate the shortcomings in multiple theories
no multiple theories
E.argue for greater governmental control of the economy
contradict

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.15 comprehension note!

The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars.（TC) One school of thought, citing entries in the History of the Britons and Welsh Annals, sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons sometime in the late 5th to early 6th century.(one view A) The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae.(another view B) The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales.(new view C) Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals.

This lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of post-Roman Britain.(SE, view D) In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards there may well have been an historical Arthur, but a historian can as yet say nothing of value about him.(TCE supports view D) These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend; earlier generations of historians were less skeptical.(transition sentence, lead to a new view which is partly different to D) Historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organizing principle of his history of post-Roman Britain and Ireland.(JM's view E) Even so, he found little to say about a historical Arthur.(still shares the same conclusion of D) Partly in reaction to such theories, another school of thought emerged which argued that Arthur had no historical existence at all.(the derivative view F, including the core conclusion of its origin) Morris's Age of Arthur prompted archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian's time. Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820. He is absent from Bede's early-8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People, another major early source for post-Roman history.(evidence for view F)

Some scholars argue that Arthur was originally a fictional hero of folklore — or even a half-forgotten Celtic deity — who became credited with real deeds in the distant past. They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish totemic horse-gods Hengest and Horsa, who later became historicized. Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th-century Anglo-Saxon conquest of eastern Britain.

Historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce. Of the many post-Roman archeological sites and places, only a handful have been identified as "Arthurian", and these date from the 12th century or later. Archaeology can confidently reveal names only through inscriptions found in reliably dated sites. In the absence of new compelling information about post-Roman England, a definitive answer to the question of Arthur's historical existence is unlikely.


1.Which of the following best parallels the relationship between Charles-Edwards's and John Morris's interpretations regarding the existence of King Arthur?


A.An ancient historical document is transcribed by three scholars, each of whom have similar translations but divergent interpretations.
not divergent
B.According to one archaeologist recent evidence unearthed at a dig suggests that North America may have been populated earlier than thought, while another archaeologist says that the evidence is too insubstantial to say for certain whether this is the case.
relative sentence: In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards there may well have been an historical Arthur, but a historian can as yet say nothing of value about him.(a certain conclusion)
Historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organizing principle of his history of post-Roman Britain and Ireland.Even so, he found little to say about a historical Arthur.
not a certain conclusion, because he is less skeptical = the evidence is too insubstnatial to lead certain conclusion

C.Radio static picked up from distant space was thought to not follow a typical pattern, and therefore was thought by some scientists as indicative of other life forms, an interpretation that another group of scientists dismissed outright.
no dismiss in the passage, just the different attitude towards the same resources
D.A team of marine biologists recently found a prehistoric fish thought  extinct for thousands of years.
no comparison between two sites
E.A work thought to be that of a Flemish master, upon being exposed as a forgery, was nonetheless bought by a museum claiming that the work was indeed the original.
no comparison between two sites, just one site

2.The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.evaluate a historical debate and then take a position
the debate is whether Arthur has historical basis. the position is there is no certain conclusion
B.discuss two positions on an issue, while disagreeing with both
no direct attitude, and there are more than two positions: admit the historical Arthur, not admit, not sure. three positions.
C.discount evidence arguing against the existence of a historical person
wrong
D.suggest that the verification of many historical figures is beyond our ability
not the key
E.draw a link between mythical and historical figures
not the key

3.Nowell Myres would most likely view the idea of an Arthurian reign as key to the understanding of the history of sub-Roman Briton as
relative sentence: Morris's Age of Arthur prompted archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian's time. Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820.

A.invalid, because it presupposes the existence of a person who most likely never existed
this is the case, NM doesn't believe in the existence of Arthur in history
B.suspect, since it overlooks other factors important to an understanding of sub-Roman Briton
not relative, NM doesn't care about other factors that can prove the existence for he doesn't believe.
C.plausible, to some degree, as there was some major historical figure who helped shaped the history of early Briton
not related to other historical figures
D.unsubstantiated by events described in the Annales Cambriae
the author didn't mentioned the specific events in AC, actually he/she doesn't think historians can get any certain results from it. so can't be unsubstantiated by events in AC
E.vital in determining the authenticity of the historical Arthur
the attitude should be negative, eliminate E

4.According to the passage, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People contains information that

A.provides context that would argue against an historical Arthur
right
B.undermines the notion of a historical Arthur by furnishing evidence that refutes that King Arthur ever existed
there is no furnishing evidence that refutes Arthur, there is no evidence related to Arthur
C.suggests that Bede’s work did not fully account for events between 400 and 820
not relative or mentioned
D.indirectly supports the existence of an historical Arthur
contradict
E.diverges from most narratives popular during the 12th century
not mentioned the divergence

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.15 comprehension note!

The ponerines are the most diverse of all the ant groups and are global in distribution. They cannot really be thought of as sophisticated superorganisms, though, for they tend to live in small colonies of a few tens to a few thousand individuals, with one Australian species living in colonies of just a dozen. Like Stone Age human hunters who specialized in killing woolly mammoths, the ponerines tend to specialize in hunting one or a few kinds of prey. That the great success of the ponerines is achieved despite their primitive social organization presents entomologists with what is known as the ponerine paradox. It lacks a widely accepted solution, but researchers suspect that the ponerines’ predilection to seek specialized types of prey limits their colony size (for such specialized hunters cannot gather enough food to develop large and sophisticated colonies). If this is the case, then the very characteristic that helps the ponerines to diversify and survive in a wide variety of environments also prevents them from attaining superorganism status.

1.According to the passage, ponerines’ tendency to seek specialized prey helps to account for which of the following?

A.Their worldwide spread
B.The size of each colony
C.Their inability to store food
can't store food is not equal to can't store food enough for a superorganism status

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.15 comprehension note!

In the 1860s, the German philologist Lazarus Geiger proposed that the subdivision of color always follows the same hierarchy. The simplest color lexicons (such as the DugermDani language of New Guinea) distinguish only black/dark and white/light. The next color to be given a separate word by cultures is always centered on the red part of the visible spectrum. Then, according to Geiger, societies will adopt a word corresponding to yellow, then green, then blue. Lazarus’s color hierarchy was forgotten until restated in almost the same form in 1969 by Brent Berlin, an anthropologist, and Paul Kay, a linguist, when it was hailed as a major discovery in modern linguistics. It showed a universal regularity underlying the apparently arbitrary way language is used to describe the world.

Berlin and Kay’s hypothesis has since fallen in and out of favor, and certainly there are exceptions to the scheme they proposed. But the fundamental color hierarchy, at least in the early stages (black/white, red, yellow/green, blue) remains generally accepted. The problem is that no one could explain why this ordering of color exists. Why, for example, does the blue of sky and sea, or the green of foliage, not occur as a word before the far less common red?

There are several schools of thought about how colors get named.有很多种学派关于颜色怎么得名进行了解释。 “Nativists,” who include Berlin and Kay, argue that the way in which we attach words to concepts is innately determined by how we perceive the world.自然学派，包括Berlin an Kay，认为我们把单词和颜色的概念连接起来的方式是有我们内在如何感知世界来决定的。 In this view our perceptual apparatus has evolved to ensure that we make “sensible”—that is, useful—choices of what to label with distinct words这种观念认为，我们的感知器官已经进化到可以确定我们对于给东西贴上独特的单词标签有敏感的选择: we are hardwired for practical forms of language.我们对于语言的形式有内在固有行为 “Empiricists,” in contrast, argue that we don’t need this innate programming, just the capacity to learn the conventional (but arbitrary) labels for things we can perceive.经验主义，相反认为我们没有使用这种内在的机制，而仅仅使用了学习给东西贴标签的传统方法（来给新的东西贴标签）

In both cases, the categories of things to name are deemed “obvious”两种情况中，对于东西的分类而决定名字被视作是显而易见的: language just labels them.语言就这样标记他们 But the conclusions of Loreto and colleagues fit with a third possibility但是Loreto和他的同事们的结论却更适合看作是第三种可能的解释: the “culturist” view, which says that shared communication is needed to help organize category formation, so that categories and language co-evolve in an interaction between biological predisposition and culture.文化主意认为，共有的交流是把那个汉族组织分类框架的必要因素，所以分类和语言的共同进化是在生物倾向和文化的相互影响中进行的。 In other words, the starting point for color terms is not some inevitably distinct block of the spectrum, but neither do we just divide up the spectrum in some arbitrary fashion, because the human eye has different sensitivity to different parts of the spectrum.换句话说，最开始关于颜色术语的定义并不是不可避免的光谱中已经相区分的色块，也不是仅仅通过我们把光谱分裂称一些武断死板的部分，而是因为我们人类的眼睛对光谱上不同的部分有不同的感知。 Given this, we have to arrive at some consensus, not just on which label to use, but on what is being labeled.因此，我们应该就这一问题达成共识，即不仅仅是要讨论我们使用了哪种标签，而是讨论什么部分被贴标签了。

How does the culturist view relate to the nativist and empiricist views?

A.The culturist view, in providing a synthesis of the nativist and the empiricist views, fails to add anything that falls outside the scope of these two views.
B.The culturist view, in discussing the limitations of language, focuses mainly on the way in which innate capacities drive the specific labels appended to colors, a feature common to both the nativist and the empiricist views.
C.The culturist view is driven by the arbitrary labels people use to describe the world, and in that sense shares more in common with the empiricist than with the nativist view.
D.In positing that interaction encodes certain labels, the culturist view is similar to the empiricist view, but in imposing limitations on such labeling, the culturist view is similar to the nativist view.
C-view: because the human eye has different sensitivity to different parts of the spectrum.
N-view: argue that the way in which we attach words to concepts is innately determined by how we perceive the world
share a similarity on limitation(which means boundary here)
C-view:  so that categories and language co-evolve in an interaction between biological predisposition and culture. + Given this, we have to arrive at some consensus, not just on which label to use, but on what is being labeled.
E-view: just the capacity to learn the conventional (but arbitrary) labels for things we can perceive.
share a similarity on how the labels come = interaction
from the things we can perceive is an interaction from the precedence
know other language is an interaction as well
E.The culturist view is largely unrelated to both the nativist and the empiricist views because, unlike both of those theories, it focuses exclusively on the way in which people arrive at an arbitrary label to describe the world.

This is a so hard question.
I can only know that N and E have different views. so B is eliminated
and C-view doesn't synthesis the two, but creates a new possibility, so A is eliminated
While C-view doesn't emphasize on arbitrary labels as well, eliminate C

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.15 comprehension note!

Most educated people of the eighteenth century, such as the Founding Fathers, subscribed to Natural Rights Theory, the idea that every human being has a considerable number of innate rights, simply by virtue of being a human person. When the US Constitution was sent to the states for ratification, many at that time felt that the federal government outlined by the Constitution would be too strong, and that rights of individual citizens against the government had to be clarified. This led to the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments, which were ratified at the same time as the Constitution. The first eight of these amendments list specific rights of citizens. Some leaders feared that listing some rights could be interpreted to mean that citizens didn't have other, unlisted rights. Toward this end, James Madison and others produced the Ninth Amendment, which states: the fact that certain rights are listed in the Constitution shall not be construed to imply that other rights of the people are denied

Constitutional traditionalists interpret the Ninth Amendment as a rule for reading the rest of the constitution. They would argue that "Ninth Amendment rights" are a misconceived notion: the amendment does not, by itself, create federally enforceable rights. In particular, this strict reasoning would be opposed to the creation of any new rights based on the amendment. Rather, according to this view, the amendment merely protects those rights that citizens already have, whether they are explicitly listed in the Constitution or simply implicit in people's lives and in American tradition.

More liberal interpreters of the US Constitution have a much more expansive view of the Ninth Amendment. In their view, the Ninth Amendment guarantees to American citizens a vast universe of potential rights, some of which we have enjoyed for two centuries, and others of which the Founding Fathers could not possibly have conceived. These scholars point out that some rights, such as voting rights of women or minorities, were not necessarily viewed as rights by the majority of citizens in late eighteenth century America, but are taken as fundamental and unquestionable in modern America. While those rights cited are protected specifically by other amendments and laws, the argument asserts that other unlisted right also could evolve from unthinkable to perfectly acceptable, and the Ninth Amendment would protect these as-yet-undefined rights.

1.Constitutional scholars of both the traditionalist and liberal views would agree that "Ninth Amendment rights"

A.accommodate shifts in cultural values with respect to issues affecting human rights
no shifts
B.cannot serve as the basis of legal decisions
not mentioned basis of legal decisions
C.are directly reflected in our understanding of who can and can't vote
narrow the scope
D.are not stated explicitly in the Bill of Rights
right, not stated explicitly refers to the general definition of rights rather than listed
E.extend the idea of Natural Rights Theory
contradict, the original idea was to limit the rights lest them would against the federal government

2.In the view of James Madison and the other Founding Fathers, the Ninth Amendment limits the power of the central federal government by

A.preventing constitutionally listed rights from being viewed as exhaustive
the fact that certain rights are listed in the Constitution shall not be construed to imply that other rights of the people are denied
exhaustive here means comprehensive
B.giving the citizens rights in every area not explicitly addressed by the law
C.codifying a vast universe of federally enforceable rights
D.guaranteeing, in the text of US Constitution, all rights held by Natural Rights Theory
E.ensuring all citizens are able to vote and, thus, choose the democratic leaders

3.The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.clarify the most proper interpretation of an amendment
B.argue for a broader perspective on human rights and their legal protection
C.contrast historical perspectives of an amendment to its modern legal reading
D.explain the motivation for an amendment and the ambiguity this amendment presents
the fact that certain rights are listed in the Constitution shall not be construed to imply that other rights of the people are denied
E.demonstrate how the Founding Fathers' intentions have been distorted by subsequent legal proceedings.

4.The passage provides support for which of the following?

A.The right to privacy, not mentioned at all in the Bill of Rights, must have its constitutional basis in the Ninth Amendment.
B.Madison would have been in favor of women's right to vote.
C.Certain parts of the Bill of Rights are open to divergent interpretations.
the fact that certain rights are listed in the Constitution shall not be construed to imply that other rights of the people are denied
D.Twentieth-century amendments that explicitly added new rights weakened the Ninth Amendment.
E.In the absence of the Ninth Amendment, the American Federal Government would have interpreted the list of rights in the Bill of Rights as setting a strict limit on the possible rights that American citizens could enjoy.

ally1213UID: 2948121

亲你阅读是怎么限时完成的。。跳读么

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

ally1213 发表于 2015-6-16 11:07
亲你阅读是怎么限时完成的。。跳读么

我没有限时完成啊T_T，时间是我用了多少就记多少

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.16 comprehension note！

Unlike Mercury and Mars, Venus has a dense, opaque atmosphere that prevents direct observation of its surface. For years, surface telescopes on Earth could glean no information about the surface of Venus. In 1989, the Magellan probe was launched to do a five-year radar-mapping of the entire surface of Venus. The data that emerged provided by far the most detailed map of the Venusian surface ever seen.

The surface shows an unbelievable level of volcanic activity: over one hundred large shield volcanoes, many more than Earth has, and a solidified river of lava longer than the Nile. The entire surface is volcanically dead, with not a single active volcano. This surface is relatively young in planetary terms, about 300 million years old. The whole surface, planet-wide, is the same age: the even pattern of craters, randomly distributed across the surface, demonstrates this.

To explain this puzzling surface, Turcotte suggested a radical model. The surface of Venus, for a period, is as it is now, a surface of uniform age with no active volcanism. While the surface is fixed, volcanic pressure builds up inside the planet. At a certain point, the pressure ruptures the surface, and the entire planet is re-coated in lava in a massive planet-wide outburst of volcanism. Having spent all this thermal energy in one gigantic outpouring, the surface cools and hardens, again producing the kind of surface we see today.

Turcotte proposed that this cycle repeated several times in the past, and would still repeat in the future.

To most planetary geologists, Turcotte's model is a return to catastrophism. For two centuries, geologist of all kinds fought against the idea of catastrophic, planet-wide changes, such as the Biblical idea of Noah's Flood. The triumph of gradualism was essential to the success of geology as a serious science. Indeed, all features of Earth's geology and all feature of other moons and planets in the Solar System, even those that are not volcanically active, are explained very well by current gradualist models. Planetary geologists question why all other objects would obey gradualist models, and only Venus would obey a catastrophic model. These geologists insist that the features of Venus must be able to be explained in terms of incremental changes continuously over a long period.

Turcotte, expecting these objections, points out that no incremental process could result in a planet-wide surface all the same age. Furthermore, a slow process of continual change does not well explain why a planet with an astounding history of volcanic activity is now volcanically dead. Turcotte argues that only his catastrophic model adequately explains the extremes of the Venusian surface.

1.Which of the following would constitute evidence against Turcotte's model?

A.the success of gradualist models explaining the surface of Mars
B.an even more detailed map of the surface of Venus
C.an even longer river of lava on Io, a moon of Jupiter
D.a few active volcanoes on Ishtar Terra, a continent on Venus
T suggests that the volcanoes are all inactive right now
E.a volcano on Earth releasing a massive burst of thermal energy all at once

2.The purpose of this passage is

A.to provide proof for the most persuasive theory of planetary surface
narrow the scope
B.to explain a controversial scientific theory and the pattern of objections to it
right, the objections are mentioned in the last second paragraph
C.to trace the success of geology as a multidisciplinary science
not succeed yet
D.to demonstrate how different Venus is from every other geological entity in the solar system
narrow the scope, only mentioned in the first sentence
E.to evaluate Turcotte's strengths as a researcher in his field
not evaluate his strengths in his field, but in his theory

3.The author implies which of the following about Geology as a science?

A.its legitimacy as a scientific discipline is not well established
not mentioned its legitimacy as a scientific descipline
B.its proper field is Earth, and therefore its analyses of other planets and moons is more speculative
not mentioned Earth is proper
C.it did not find, in previous religious models of the Earth, a sound basis for analytical theories
better than all other choices
D.it can deduce everything about the surface of Mercury purely from Earth-based observations
not everything
E.its success derives from surviving exposure to major catastrophes
wrong idea

4.All of the following would help support Turcotte’s contention that Venus' geology is quite different from every other geological entity in the solar system EXCEPT
A.the size of the volcanoes on Venus
B.the absence of oceans to provide erosion and weathering
because the surface was covering by larva
C.surface rocks that cooled quickly when molten
the surface cools and hardens, again producing the kind of surface we see today
D.no natural satellite to induce continuous seismic forces
if there were, then the surface would have changed, not as plain as it is now
E.a radioactive core that continues to generate great amounts of heat
While the surface is fixed, volcanic pressure builds up inside the planet. At a certain point, the pressure ruptures the surface, and the entire planet is re-coated in lava in a massive planet-wide outburst of volcanism.

this is a very hard question, because the answer is not stated in the passage directly. I need to postulate from the facts stated in the passage

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.16 comprehension note!

In his magnificent biography of Keats, Nicholas Roe chronicles a forward-looking spirit, whose poetry offered a strikingly modern amalgam of the arts and sciences. Medical allusions to nerves, arteries, bone and blood developed in tandem with deepening thoughts on human pain and suffering, says Roe. Keats’s vaunted “negative capability” allowed him to engage imaginatively with life’s transience and his own consumptive state (he suffered from tuberculosis and was not expected to live for long). The rueful melancholy of “To Autumn” and “Ode to a Nightingale” speaks of a courageous reckoning with mortality.

Lord Byron, with customary disdain, regarded Keats as a mere dilettante of sensation and “his imagination.” Roe will have little of this. The imagination at work in a poem such as “Isabella, or, the Pot of Basil” derived from Keats’s professional exposure to dissecting-room corpses. As the son of a Moorfields livery stables manager, Keats knew how the poor could serve as fodder for scalpels. Hospitals were complicit in the body-snatching trade, as the science of anatomy was in its infancy and trainee surgeons were required to practice their skills.

1.According to the passage, Lord Byron’s attitude toward Keats is suspect primarily because

A.Keats drew on his experience with death to write some of his poems
Lord Byron, with customary disdain, regarded Keats as a mere dilettante of sensation and “his imagination.” The imagination at work in a poem such as “Isabella, or, the Pot of Basil” derived from Keats’s professional exposure to dissecting-room corpses.
so Byron disdained K's imagination using corpse as basis
B.Keats’ poems combined ideas that were a synthesis of art and science
mixed, this idea was stated in the first sentence, Byron appears at the second paragraph
C.Keats’ succumbed at a relatively young age to tuberculosis
not mentioned
D.Byron himself was known for his whimsical imagination
not mentioned
E.Byron did not know Keats personally
not mentioned


2.Select the part of the passage that mentions the poems that were informed by Keats's illness.

Keats’s vaunted “negative capability” allowed him to engage imaginatively with life’s transience and his own consumptive state (he suffered from tuberculosis and was not expected to live for long).
the former sentence mentioned K's illness
The rueful melancholy of “To Autumn” and “Ode to a Nightingale” speaks of a courageous reckoning with mortality.
This following sentence mentioned poems, so it is.


3.The author of the passage would agree with all of the following EXCEPT

A.Keat’s family background played no role in his familiarity with death.
B.Keats encountered corpses in a working capacity.
C.An artist’s experience can have an effect on his or her creations.
D.Lord Byron was known for being contemptuous towards his peers.
peer means contemporaries
E.Hospitals during Keats’ time placed pragmatic concerns above ethical ones.

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.16 comprehension note!

I don't know the key words related to this subject. Thus I felt confused about the passage's motif.

At the peak of tulip mania in Holland, in March 1637, some single tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. It is generally considered the first recorded speculative bubble. The term "tulip mania" is now often used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble (when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values).

The event was popularized in 1841 by British journalist Charles Mackay. According to Mackay, at one point 12 acres of land were offered for a Semper Augustus bulb. Mackay claims that many such investors were ruined by the fall in prices, and Dutch commerce suffered a severe shock. Some modern scholars, however, feel that the mania was not quite as extraordinary as Mackay described. Some even argue that not enough price data remain, historically, to represent an all out tulip bulb bubble.

In her 2007 scholarly analysis Tulipmania, Anne Goldgar states that the phenomenon was limited to "a fairly small group", and that most accounts from the period are based on a few contemporary pieces of propaganda. While Mackay's account held that a wide array of society was involved in the tulip trade, Goldgar's study of archived contracts found that even at its peak the trade in tulips was conducted almost exclusively by merchants and skilled craftsmen who were wealthy, but not members of the nobility. Thus, any economic fallout from the bubble was very limited. Goldgar, who identified many prominent buyers and sellers in the market, found fewer than half a dozen who experienced financial troubles in the time period, and even of these cases it is not clear that tulips were to blame. This is not altogether surprising. Although prices had risen, money had not exchanged hands between buyers and sellers. Thus profits were never realized for sellers; unless sellers had made other purchases on credit in expectation of the profits, the collapse in prices did not cause anyone to lose money.

There is no dispute that prices for tulip bulb contracts rose and then fell in 1636–37, but even a dramatic rise and fall in prices does not necessarily mean that an economic or speculative bubble developed and then burst. For tulip mania to have qualified as an economic bubble, the price of tulip bulbs would need to have become unhinged from the intrinsic value of the bulbs. Modern economists have advanced several possible reasons for why the rise and fall in prices may not have constituted a bubble. For one, the increases of the 1630s corresponded with a lull in the Thirty Years' War, which occurred between 1618 and 1648. Hence market prices were responding rationally to a rise in demand. However, the fall in prices was faster and more dramatic than the rise, and did not result from a sudden resurgence in the war.

1.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following applies to the merchant and skilled craftsmen in 17th century Holland who traded in tulips?

A.They comprised a smaller total percentage of the economy than did the nobility.
  even at its peak the trade in tulips was conducted almost exclusively by merchants and skilled craftsmen who were wealthy, but not members of the nobility. Thus, any economic fallout from the bubble was very limited.
B.They were likely to experience financial difficulties during the tulip mania.
same as A, tulip consisted of only a small part of the economy, it could cause a crisis.
C.They used the term “tulip mania” to refer to the high prices of tulips in the 17th century.
wrong
D.They caused an economic crisis through their speculative trading of tulips.
found fewer than half a dozen who experienced financial troubles in the time period, and even of these cases it is not clear that tulips were to blame.
it is not certain
E.They commonly sold highly priced tulips to members of the nobility.
not mentioned

2.The author of the passage believes that an economic bubble occurs when

A.the demand for a luxury good becomes far greater than the supply of that good
B.the price of a good far exceeds the inherent worth of that good
right
C.too many buyers pay a price that the sellers know is inflated
D.there is a sudden absence of any buyers for a product
E.there a dramatic rise in prices followed by a sudden drop

3.The author of the passage implies that had the lull in the Thirty Year’s War ceased more abruptly then
For one, the increases of the 1630s corresponded with a lull in the Thirty Years' War, which occurred between 1618 and 1648. However, the fall in prices was faster and more dramatic than the rise, and did not result from a sudden resurgence in the war.
it means the price would fall anyway. since there was a lull, the price increased a little which led to the faster fall. not fall because the war. the lull just caused the price falling more greatly
A.the tulip mania would have likely spread throughout other parts of Europe
not mentioned
B.the price of tulips would not have become separated from the intrinsic worth of the flower
wrong, the price had been fall when the fall didn't begin
C.the price of the tulips would have fallen at a similar rate, if not even more steeply
D.the drop in the number of tulips traded would not have been as significant
not the drop in the number of trade, but the price of tulips
E.the aristocracy would have likely suffered significant losses as a result of the tulip trade
not mentioned

4.Based on the passage, all of the following are mentioned as casting doubt on Mackay’s thesis EXCEPT

A.Accounts of tulip mania came from limited and not totally credible sources
B.Trade of tulips was limited to a certain group of people
C.There was a dearth of information relating to the price of tulips throughout the mania
D.The nobility ceased to trade in tulips once prices began to increase sharply
exclusively by merchants and skilled craftsmen who were wealthy, but not members of the nobilit
E.The rise in the price of tulips corresponded with the changes in the Thirty Years War

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.17 comprehension note!

To describe a style as Faulknerian or Beckettian or Nabakovian conjures up a host of literary moods, dispositions, and temperaments that coalesce to form an imprint as distinctive as a genetic code. This imprint, a trace-code of the authorial DNA, is our primary way of distinguishing the focused person who writes from that “bundle of accidents and incoherence that sits down at breakfast,” as Yeats somewhat comically described the writer of prose.

Yet however expert we become in deciphering the authorial code, we can never know the person who writes directly through her writing. This is an odder claim than it may initially appear, when you consider that the writer may divulge the most intimate secrets of her inner life through the very things she chooses to write about and by the way she writes about them. I want to make an even odder claim and insist that the person who writes never appears to us except as a figment of our imagination.

So this is what I am conveying in the case of Virginia Woolf, when I say I am “imagining” Virginia Woolf. I do not mean by this that I am making her up or attributing qualities to her that she may not indeed possess. Quite the opposite. It is Woolf who makes things up, who makes herself up—that is what it means, at a very fundamental level, to have an imagination and to use it in your writing. What I fabricate is an image of her that has slowly formed in my mind—a figment I call it—from the impressions, some more concrete than others, that I collect as I am reading her. This figment of the author may coexist with, but should never be mistaken for, the “figure of the author.” I suspect it matters little to most readers whether the author as a literary figure is dead or alive or temporarily missing in action. On the other hand, the figment, being a subjective creation and not a rhetorical or literary personification, has a different reality and possesses a different importance in the mind of the reader. The figment of the author that attends us in our reading tends to be evanescent, but is never insubstantial in its impact upon us.

It was Woolf who alerted me to the inevitability of these figments, of their power to shadow and ultimately affect our intellectual and emotional relation to what we are reading. The first concrete piece of advice she gives the reader in “How Should One Read a Book?” is to try to become the author, but then, in a reversal that becomes more and more typical of her as she becomes confident in her own opinions that she can afford to qualify and, when necessary, disregard, she admits her inability to follow her own advice.


1.The author of the passage ultimately finds a consummate understanding of authorial DNA insufficient for truly knowing a writer because

A.the reader conjures up an interpretation of the writer that is not tantamount to the actual writer
This figment of the author may coexist with, but should never be mistaken for, the “figure of the author.
B.the writer often anticipates that readers will try to decipher deeper meanings in the text
not relative
C.a distorted view typically emerged when a reader relies on figments
not mentioned distorted view
D.the writer is incapable of projecting an unvarying sense of him- or herself
not mentioned
E.oftentimes a writer, in attempting to project a certain self forward, comes up short in the effort
not mentioned

2.How would the author of the passage rebut the contention that the reader can arbitrarily impute negative qualities or characteristics to the writer?

countering question like this, we should focus on what does the question ask first! That is to understand the intention of the question
the question asks how would the author rebut.
B C D E are not what the author said

A.The writer, through his or her works, is the one who creates a fabricated image of him- or herself.
I do not mean by this that I am making her up or attributing qualities to her that she may not indeed possess. Quite the opposite. It is Woolf who makes things up
I = reader, Woolf = writer
B.The reader can be mistaken in his or her perception of the writer’s inner life.
C.Often the author is very similar to the person he or she projects on the page.
D.The writer changes too often for a reader to have a solid grasp as to who the writer really was.
not mentioned writer's changing
E.Our figments can often misrepresent the writer’s literary aims.

3.The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.highlight the misuses of a particular methodology pertaining to the writer
no particular methodology
B.debunk a finding by offering up an alternative explanation
no debunking
C.offer a claim regarding how a reader interfaces with a writer
I want to make an even odder claim and insist that the person who writes never appears to us except as a figment of our imagination.
D.point out the incongruity between a writer and the reader’s perception of that writer
narrow the scope
E.anticipate an objection regarding the way in which the reader engages with a written work
narrow the scope, not anticipating

4.According to the author of the passage, Woolf herself regards the figments as

A.unnecessary intrusions upon the reader that ultimately diminish comprehension
contradict
B.exercising a significant effect on the way in which the reader engages with the text
C.essential to a reader’s sense of who the writer of a text is
the key should not be understanding the writer, but the literary work
D.harmful to the aesthetic qualities of a literary work
contradict, no harm
E.an impoverished form of imagination, because it presumes to understand something that is beyond the reader’s grasp
not impoverished

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.17 comprehension note!

As with impact structures, studies of African meteorites, as well as expeditions dedicated to the search for meteorites, have in the past generally been directed by non-African institutions. Obviously this has a lot to do with availability of funding for such work. It is, however, strongly felt that the widely noted lack of knowledge about the importance of the study of meteorites, of how to identify them, and of impact structures also contributes to this one-sided research situation.

Meteorites, especially the iron and stony-iron meteorites, can be recognized by their metallic or semi-metallic appearance, frequently grooved surface structure, and strong magnetism. It is important that, when such material is discovered, all information, for example about its position, orientation on the surface, time of fall, and any visual observations made or sound heard, be meticulously recorded.

Contamination from metal tools and chemical reagents must be avoided. That said, a small number of scientists, for example at the Universities of Cape Town, Cairo, and of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, have in the past actively studied meteorites. While these institutions display requisite expertise for the task, they tend to work in isolation.

1.It can be inferred that in contrast to the universities mentioned, most other African universities have

A.been underfunded to the point that they are unable to conduct rigorous studies on meteorites
wrong
B.shown no interest in pursuing the study of meteorites
no is excessive
C.most likely contaminated the tools they use to gather information concerning impact sites
not mentioned contaminating the tools
D.displayed less expertise regarding the study of meteorites
It is, however, strongly felt that the widely noted lack of knowledge about the importance of the study of meteorites
lack of knowledge = less expertise
E.been more meticulous in documenting the details of meteorites impact sites


2.Select the sentence in which the author points out an additional cause for the one-sidedness of research.

It is, however, strongly felt that the widely noted lack of knowledge about the importance of the study of meteorites, of how to identify them, and of impact structures also contributes to this one-sided research situation.


3.The author’s tone towards the work done by “a small number of scientists” can best be described as one of

A.grudging sympathy
B.qualified approval
C.systematic disregard
D.outright condemnation
E.unrestrained enthusiasm

eliminate all the excessive attitude could lead me to the right answer

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.17 comprehension note!

People associate global warming with temperature, but the phrase is misleading—it fails to mention the relevance of water. Nearly every significant indicator of hydrological activity—rainfall, snowmelt, glacial melt—is changing at an accelerating pace (one can arbitrarily pick any point of the hydrological cycle and notice a disruption). One analysis pegged the increase in precipitation at 2 percent over the century. In water terms this sounds auspicious, promising increased supply, but the changing timing and composition of the precipitation more than neutralizes the advantage. For one thing, it is likely that more of the precipitation will fall in intense episodes, with flooding a reasonable prospect. In addition, while rainfall will increase, snowfall will decrease. Such an outcome means that in watersheds that depend on snowmelt, like the Indus, Ganges, Colorado river basins, less water will be stored as snow, and more of it will flow in the winter, when it plays no agricultural role; conversely, less of it will flow in the summer, when it is most needed. One computer model showed that on the Animas River an increase in temperature of 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit would cause runoff to rise by 85 percent from January to March, but drop by 40 percent from July to September. The rise in temperature increases the probability and intensity of spring floods and threatens dam safety, which is predicated on lower runoff projections. Dams in arid areas also may face increased sedimentation, since a 10 percent annual increase in precipitation can double the volume of sediment washed into rivers.

The consequences multiply. Soil moisture will intensify at the highest northern latitudes, where precipitation will grow far more than evaporation and plant transpiration but where agriculture is nonexistent. At the same time, precipitation will drop over northern mid-latitude continents in summer months, when ample soil moisture is an agricultural necessity. Meanwhile the sea level will continue to rise as temperatures warm, accelerating saline contamination of freshwater aquifers and river deltas. The temperature will cause increased evaporation, which in turn will lead to a greater incidence of drought.

Perhaps most disturbing of all, the hydrological cycle is becoming increasingly unpredictable. This means that the last century’s hydrological cycle—the set of assumptions about water on which modern irrigation is based—has become unreliable. Build a dam too large, and it may not generate its designed power; build it too small, and it may collapse or flood. Release too little dam runoff in the spring and risk flood, as the snowmelt cascades downstream with unexpected volume; release too much and the water will not be available for farmers when they need it. At a time when water scarcity calls out for intensified planning, planning itself may be stymied.

1.According to the passage, the likelihood that “dams in arid areas also may face increased sedimentation” will most likely result from

A.an increase in precipitation
B.a decrease in the annual snowmelt
C.the rise in the average annual temperature of major rivers
D.a shift in the seasonality of precipitation
E.a rise in sea level

2.The second paragraph supports which of the following?

Saline contamination will have a uniform effect on all freshwater regions.
Rising temperatures at high altitudes will threaten the purity of freshwater areas.
The effects of precipitation will differ depending on latitude.

3.The passage is primarily concerned with

A.arguing how the world’s hydrological cycle is irrevocably changing
B.highlighting the inadequacy of relying on last century’s hydrological cycle
C.discussing the consequences of decreased water supply in dams
D.warning against the unrestrained exploitation of natural resources
E.describing how the Earth’s water will be affected by global warming

4.Based on information in the second paragraph, which of the following can best be supported?

A.Precipitation across different latitudes can differ significantly.
B.An increase in soil moisture can have devastating effects on agriculture.
C.Increased temperatures at sea level can affect the highest altitudes.
D.Saline contamination mostly results from an increase in sea levels.
E.Hydrological activity at one elevation has little to no effect on hydrological activity at another elevation.

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.6.17 paragraph argument note!

Malaria passes into the human population when a mosquito carrying the malaria protozoa bites a human who has no immunity. The malaria parasite can remain for up to forty days in the blood of an infected person. The disease cannot be passed from person to person, unless a non-infected person is exposed to the blood of an infected person. Theoretically, malaria could be eradicated in any given area, if all the mosquitoes carrying malaria in that area are exterminated. If such a course of action is carried out at a worldwide level, then the global eradication of malaria is possible.

1.Which of the following, if true, suggests that the epidemiologist’s plan for eliminating malaria is not viable?

A person who is infected with malaria can infect a mosquito that is not carrying malaria, if that mosquito bites such a person.

Unless a mosquito bites an infected person, and then bites a non-infected person, malaria cannot be passed directly from human to human.

Malaria is still endemic in many parts of the world, and many health workers believe that the global eradication of malaria is not possible.

Some people in areas where malaria is rife have developed an immunity to mosquitos, yet they also show a higher incidence of genetic disorders such as sickle-cell anemia.

Mosquitos in many developing parts of the world are responsible for passing on a variety of viruses to human hosts.


the argument's conclusion is to eliminate the mosquitoes with malaria.
A could create new infected mosquitoes, so it will weaken the arugment
B states the theory not a fact or situation, wrong perspective
C not related to weaken or strengthen
D not related to sickle-cell anemia
E not related to other viruses



2.State park officials recently released a report urging hikers in Rockridge Mountain Park to exercise caution during the months of April and May. According to the report, the number of mountain lion sightings in the park reaches its peak in the months of April and May.

All of the following could account for the increased number of mountain lion sightings EXCEPT

A.During April and May, which feature the best hiking weather of the year, more people visit the park than during any other time of year.
B.Throughout the year, local newspapers report any mountain lion sightings, and most reports come during the months of April and May.
This is the result of high sighting, not the reason
C.The red-tailed deer, the mountain lion’s primary food source, is most abundant during these months and tends to favor hiking trails.
D.In spring, the trail conditions are best for mountain bikers, who, because they make less noise than hikers, are more likely to startle mountain lions.
E.Creek beds high in the mountains tend to dry up in spring, so mountain lions often descend into the lower elevations, where hikers are more common.


3.In the last few years, a drastic spike in sea temperatures around Prudhoe Bay has caused the eggs of snow crabs to hatch earlier in the year than they had previously. As a result, baby snow crabs are more likely to be caught by deep sea fishing boats, since deep sea fishing boats are more numerous in Arctic waters during the fall season than they are during the winter season.

the argument doesn't mention when the boats leave. Since only until the boats leave, will the snow crabs avoid of being caught.
amazing logic

Which of the following pieces of information is necessary to evaluate the argument?

A.The total number of snow crabs that hatch versus the total number that had hatched before the increase in temperatures
not related
B.The time of year the deep sea fishing boats arrive to the waters around Prudhoe Bay
C.The month in which the boats leave, and the month in which the snow crabs eggs hatch
D.The amount of area the fisherman’s nets can cover in one day
E.The amount of time the deep sea fishing boats spend in water directly above where the snow crabs are likely to hatch


4.Hightrail Park, a state park popular amongst weekend hikers, is suffering erosion along its trails. The primary cause are the many hikers, who looking for a quicker route between the switchbacks, cut between trails, thereby trampling undergrowth. Without grass and weeds, the land abutting the trails is more prone to erosion. To combat this problem, state park officials have placed yellow tape on those parts of the trail where erosion is most significant. State park officials expect that the park will not witness any erosion more extreme than what the park is currently witnessing.

The argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?

Hikers who hike between trails tend to hike along a similar route, thereby making erosion more likely in certain areas along the trail.
not mentioned similar route

Hikers who hike during the week are not as likely to walk on the land between the switchbacks.
not mentioned walk on the land or not, only mentioned hikers go quicker route

Erosion in the state park can be caused by other factors such as significant rainfall.
not mentioned, not related

The yellow tape at higher altitudes along the trail, where weather is more severe, will fall apart at the same rate as the yellow tape located at lower altitudes.
not mentioned falling apart at what rate

Those parts along the trail that do not qualify as being highly eroded will not in the next five years become more eroded than those parts along the trail that are currently the most eroded.
right, as the trail without yellow note won't be eroded, then the yellow note will work


5.The waters off the coast of Iceland are filled with pods of killer whales, which migrate there during the summer. Wildlife parks that rely on the killer whales for entertainment hunt the killer whale almost exclusively in the water of Iceland, because strict sanctions forbid them from doing so off the coast of North America, an area also abundant in killer whales. Since Iceland recently gave into pressure from international groups opposed to the hunting of killer whales, it too will forbid the hunting of killer whales off its coast. Therefore, all wildlife parks will be forced to end their shows featuring killer whales once their current killer whales are unable to perform.

All of the following cast doubt on the conclusion of the argument EXCEPT?

The recent ban only extends to within one hundred miles of Iceland, though killer whales are plentiful along the shores of Greenland, which fall outside this range.
another place for hunting, like B

The incoming prime minister of Canada, who is more conservative, is planning on lifting the ban on hunting killer whales off the coast of Canada.
lift here means to stop temporarily, so the hunters find another wonderful place to hunt killer whales

In-park killer whale births have become increasingly common, especially in those wildlife parks that harbor a large number of killer whales.
if so, then the in-park won't shut down the show because they have abundant killer whales

Some wildlife parks are involved in the illegal trade of killer whales.
involved in illegal trade means the parks still could have killer whales for show

It is nearly impossible to catch killer whales in deep waters, so hunters typically rely on luring killer whales into coves.
does not provide a new way to hunt, so the hunt can't continue, the ban works