有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.

Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.

Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.

17.        The passage is primarily concerned with describing
(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development
(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity(narrow scope, only one of the four)
(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers(narrow scope, only one part)
(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections(contradict, not slowing, but chanelling)
(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources(one part)

18.        The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to
(connecting to the former paragraph)
(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
(C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values
(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare

19.        According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally
(A) are harmful when all factors are considered(contradict, actually, beneficial)
(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs(mixed, no relationship between these two issues)
(C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources(unsupported, other factors need to be taken into account)
(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone
(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology(mixed, transaction is the basis of those controls' validity.)

20.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?
(A) Protecting the environment for future use(the author mentioned air pollution is not good, so at least not argue against)
(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business(Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, ..., and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.)
(C) Intervening in the activity of the free market(market incentive modification)
(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society(same as 23)
(E) Causing technological development to cease(contradict, attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction)

21.        A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of
(A) a specific directive
(B) a market incentive modification
(C) an optimal resource allocation
(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure
(E) an external cost

22.        If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true?
(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.(unsupported, whether effective or not depends on this, but not all would be.)
(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.(contradict)
(C) Prices would include all costs to members of society.(same as 23 A)
(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.(not mentioned)
(E) The availability of common goods would increase.(not mentioned)

23.        The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to
(When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity)
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology(paraphrase the two sentences)
(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum(contradict, not theoretical optimum, but real optimum)
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments(unsupported)
(D) predict the costs of new technological developments(unsupported, no prediction)
(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices(mixed, costs do not depend on prices)
there are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods.
no persuasion, thus C is wrong.


24.        On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development?
(A) The government should own technological operations.(unsupported, Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation, not own.)
(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.(contradict, Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology, can be controlled)
(C) Some technological developments are beneficial.( Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology; thus some are beneficial while some are not)
(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.(mixed, not results in, but result from；unsupported, the current state was not mentioned in the passage)
(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.(unsupported, they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological application; may instead of are)

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

1. The artist is known for making photographs that deals with political matters, yet because her art is open-ended and evocative, it would be wrong to characterize it as ______.
A. polemical
B. edifying
C. unobservant
D. innovative
E. ambiguous

shift: political + yet = not political = wrong to say it political which should be polemical
ambiguous means there is something wrong with your delivering clarity, instead of the topic you are dealing with.

4.The museum’s compelling new architectural exhibition looks at 11 projects that around the world that have had major (i)______ impacts despite modest budgets. It is part of (ii)______ in the museum’s architecture and designing the department, which in the past has championed that artistic value over its real-world consequences.

Blank (i)          Blank (ii)
A. social          D. an emphasis on theory
B. aesthetic     E. a shift in philosophy
C. critical         F. a rejection of pragmatism

so now are real-world consequences which are social impacts taking preponderance


6. Within the culture as a whole, natural science has been so successful that the word “scientific” is used in (i)______ manner; it is often assumed that to call something “scientific” is to imply that its reliability has been (ii)______ by research whose results cannot reasonably be (iii)______.

Blank (i)              Blank (ii)           Blank (iii)
A. an ironic          D. maligned       G. exaggerated
B. an literal          E. challenged     H. anticipated
C. an honorific     F. established     I. disputed

successful should be the key word

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

Researchers working in Iceland say they have discovered a new way to trap the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) deep underground: by changing it into rock. Results published this week in Science show that injecting CO2 into volcanic rocks triggers a reaction that rapidly forms new carbonate minerals—potentially locking up the gas forever. The technique has to clear some high hurdles to become commercially viable. But scientists say the project, dubbed CarbFix, offers a ray of hope for beleaguered efforts to fight climate change by capturing and storing CO2 from power plants. “This is a great step forward,” says Sally Benson of Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, a geologist unaffiliated with the project.

Dozens of pilot projects around the world have sought to test carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a way of curbing CO2 emissions from power plants. Very few have been scaled up, owing to prohibitive costs, estimated at $50 to $100 per ton of 
CO2 sequestered.

CCS also faces technical hurdles, and one of the largest is where to store the captured gas. Most researchers favor formations of sedimentary rock, often sandstone harboring briny groundwater or depleted oil wells, because industry has long experience in working with them. But scientists fear that fissures in the rock layers that cap the storage aquifers could let CO2 leak back into 
the atmosphere.

So in 2006, Icelandic, U.S., and French scientists proposed a different approach: injecting CO2 into underground layers of basalt, the dark igneous rock that underlies Earth’s oceans and crops up in parts of continents as well. They knew that unlike sandstone, the basalt contains metals that react with CO2, forming carbonate minerals such as calcite—a process known as carbonation. But they thought the process might take many years. To find out, they launched the CarbFix experiment 25 kilometers east of Reykjavik, intending to dose Iceland’s abundant underground basalt with CO2 that bubbles from cooling magma underground and is collected at a nearby geothermal power plant.

In 2012, the researchers injected 
220 tons of CO2—spiked with heavy carbon for monitoring—into layers of basalt between 
400 and 800 meters below the surface. They also added extra water, which reacted with the gas to form a key driver of mineral reactions, carbonic acid. Then they monitored the pH, geochemistry, and other characteristics of the subsurface by taking samples from nearby wells.

What happened next startled the team. After about a year and a half, the pump inside a monitoring well kept breaking down. Frustrated, engineers hauled up the pump and found that it was coated with white and green scale. Tests identified it as calcite, bearing the heavy carbon tracer that marked it as a product of carbonation.

Measurements of dissolved carbon in the groundwater suggested that more than 95% of the injected carbon had already been converted into calcite and other minerals. “It was a huge surprise that the carbonation happened so fast,” says Juerg Matter, a geologist with CarbFix at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom. Laboratory tests by Matter’s team and others, along with computer modeling, had previously suggested that carbonation in basalt would take at least a decade. (Sandstone aquifers are so unreactive that carbonation is thought to take centuries at conventional CCS sites.)

The speedy carbonation “means this method could be a viable way to store CO2 underground—permanently, and without risk of leakage,” Matter says. Unpublished data from a similar project in basalt near the Columbia River near Wallula, Washington, point to a similar conclusion. And there is no lack of basalt formations on land or offshore, which could make CCS possible for power plants “not near sedimentary rocks or depleted oil wells,” Matter adds.

Bigger field tests are needed, says geo
logist Peter Kelemen of Columbia University, to confirm that such a high fraction of the injected carbon was mineralized. (Columbia is a CarbFix partner, but Kelemen is not on the project.) Scaled-up demonstrations could also make sure that the speed of the reaction won’t turn into a drawback, Stanford’s Benson says. If carbonation generates minerals that quickly plug the pores in the basalt, she worries, they could trap CO2 near the injection site instead of letting it spread through the rock.

But even CarbFix’s own scientists acknowledge that the biggest obstacle to CCS in basalt is financial: Power companies have little incentive to pursue it. “Without a price on carbon emissions, there’s no business case,” admits Matter, who hopes policymakers will create such an incentive. Otherwise, projects in basalt could suffer the same fate as the dozens of conventional CCS projects around the world that have failed to be commercialized. In the meantime, says Benson, the success in Iceland is a welcome development. “We could all use some positive news in this field,” she says.

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observe who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.

These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.

An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography’s means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier-Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing.” Cartier-Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.
同时存在两种概念的一个重要结果是 重复出现的针对照相工具的矛盾。不论怎样声称照相可能是一种和绘画一样的个人情感的表达形式，照相的源头都不可避免的被连接到了一种机械的力量上。随着这些机械的发展，很多带有非凡信息和创造力的美丽照片都得以实现，比如HE的高速摄像机下拍摄的一颗子弹旋转并击中目标，或一个网球的旋转击打。但是，随着相机越来越复杂并自动化，一些摄影家开始试图让自己不再被相机所武装，而是建议不使用高科技相机——他们更喜欢把他们自己限制在院士相机的技术范围内，因为一个更加粗糙，低级的工具被认为是可以赋予摄影家更多的乐趣，有感情的相片，并给他们更多带有创造力的偶然事件的机会。比如，对于很多摄影家来讲，包括WE 和 CB 拒绝使用现代相机被视作一种荣誉。这些摄影家都质疑相机作为快速观看工具的价值。CB甚至指出现代相机可能就是看得太快了。
This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past—when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.
这种工具造成的矛盾决定了品味的趋势。未来最热的潮流可能会随着时间而交替改变——变回原来的样子，就是一幅画和手工制作一个水平。这种对于原始摄影形态的思旧是现在广泛流传的趋势，支持了现在对于银板照相法和被遗忘了的十九世纪偏远摄影师的热情。摄影家和观看照片的人似乎需要周期性的拒绝自己对于照相的认知，

21.

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

Studies of this kind have been carried out with cells released from tissues in various ways and then allowed to reveal their behavior after being spread out into a thin layer. In many cases, such cells show the ability to reaggregate, after which different cell types may sort themselves out into different layers and even take part in still more intricate morphogenetic events. But in most cases, the behavior of cells in the intact embryo is difficult to study because of the thickness and opacity of the cell masses. The sea urchin embryo, however, has the advantage that it is so transparent that each cell can be easily observed throughout development. Thus, by recording the development of a sea urchin embryo with time-lapse photography, the research scientist might discover previously unknown features of cellular behavior. Perhaps the study of the sea urchin in this manner can provide a medium by which the molecular biologist and the morphologist can begin communicating with each other more effectively about the way in which genes control morphogenesis.

21.        It can be inferred from the passage that the study of the effects of genes on morphogenesis is best accomplished by observing
(A) intact developing embryos
(B) adult sea urchins
(C) isolated living cells（this one is not as specific as A)
(D) groups of genetically mutated cells
(E) cells from the same kink of tissue


The black experience, one might automatically assume, is known to every Black author. Henry James was pondering a similar assumption when he said: “You were to suffer your fate. That was not necessarily to know it.” This disparity between an experience and knowledge of that experience is the longest bridge an artist must cross. Don L. Lee, in his picture of the Black poet, “studying his own poetry and the poetry of other Black poets,” touches on the crucial point. In order to transform his own sufferings—or joys—as a Black person into usable knowledge for his readers, the author must first order his experiences in his mind. Only then can he create feelingly and coherently the combination of fact and meaning that Black audiences require for the reexploration of their lives. A cultural community of Black authors studying one another’s best works systematically would represent a dynamic interchange of the spirit—corrective and instructive and increasingly beautiful in its recorded expression.
25.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers poetry to be which of the following?
(A) A means of diversion in which suffering is transformed into joy
(B) An art form that sometimes stifles creative energy
(C) A bridge between the mundane and the unreal
(D) A medium for conveying important information
(E) An area where beauty must be sacrificed for accuracy
26.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?
(A) Courses that promote cultural awareness through the study of contemporary art
(B) The development of creative writing courses that encourage mutual criticism of student work
(C) Growing interest in extemporaneous writing that records experiences as they occur (not write as they occur, but to organize)
(D) A shift in interest from abstract philosophical poetry to concrete autobiographical poetry
(E) Workshops and newsletters designed to promote dialogues between poets

27.        The author refers to Henry James primarily in order to
(A) support his own perception of the “longest bridge” (lines 6-7) (this is the beginning, right)
(B) illustrate a coherent “combination of fact and meaning” (lines 14-15) (the is the semi result)
(C) provide an example of “dynamic interchange of the spirit” (line 19) (this is the final result, Henry James is the beginning of how a black writer can inspire dynamic interchange of the spirit)
(D) establish the pervasiveness of lack of self-knowledge (not lack of self-knowledge)
(E) contrast James’s ideas about poetry with those of Don L. Lee(not contrast)

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

My objective is to analyze certain forms of knowledge, not in terms of repression or law, but in terms of power. But the word power is apt to lead to misunderstandings about the nature, form, and unity of power. By power, I do not mean a group of institutions and mechanisms that ensure the subservience of the citizenry. I do not mean, either, a mode of subjugation that, in contrast to violence, has the form of the rule. Finally, I do not have in mind a general system of domination exerted by one group over another, a system whose effects, through successive derivations, pervade the entire social body. The sovereignty of the state, the form of law, or the overall unity of a domination are only the terminal forms power takes.
topic: power; problem: somebody may have misunderstanding, so deny three wrong understanding--

It seems to me that power must be understood as the multiplicity of force relations that are immanent in the social sphere; as the process that, through ceaseless struggle and confrontation, transforms, strengthens, or reverses them; as the support that these force relations find in one another, or on the contrary, the disjunctions and contradictions that isolate them from one another; and lastly, as the strategies in which they take effect, whose general design or institutional crystallization is embodied in the state apparatus, in the formulation of the law, in the various social hegemonies.
argu: power should be understood as force relations, process, support of the force relations, and the strategy in the formulation of law.

Thus, the viewpoint that permits one to understand the exercise of power, even in its more “peripheral” effects, and that also makes it possible to use its mechanisms as a structural framework for analyzing the social order, must not be sought in a unique source of sovereignty from which secondary and descendent forms of power emanate but in the moving substrate of force relations that, by virtue of their inequality, constantly engender local and unstable states of power. If power seems omnipresent, it is not because it has the privilege of consolidating everything under its invincible unity, but because it is produced from one moment to the next, at every point, or rather in every relation from one point to another. Power is everywhere, not because it embraces everything, but because it comes from everywhere. And if power at times seems to be permanent, repetitious, inert, and self-reproducing, it is simply because the overall effect that emerges from all these mobilities is a concatenation that rests on each of them and seeks in turn to arrest their movement. One needs to be nominalistc, no doubt: power is not an institution, and not a structure; neither is it a certain strength we are endowed with; it is the name that one attributes to a complex strategic situation in a particular society.
argu: not unique in sovereignty

17.        The author’s primary purpose in defining power is to
(A) counteract self-serving and confusing uses of the term(not counteract self-serving uses)
(B) establish a compromise among those who have defined the term in different ways(not compromise)
(C) increase comprehension of the term by providing concrete examples(no concrete examples)
(D) demonstrate how the meaning of the term has evolved(not demonstrate the evolution)
(E) avoid possible misinterpretations resulting from the more common uses of the term

18.        According to the passage, which of the following best describes the relationship between law and power?
as the strategies in which they take effect in the formulation of the law--so law comes from power
(A) Law is the protector of power.(not mentioned)
(B) Law is the source of power.(contradict)
(C) Law sets bounds to power.(not mentioned)
(D) Law is a product of power.(right)
(E) Law is a stabilizer of power.(not mentioned)

19.        Which of the following methods is NOT used extensively by the author in describing his own conception of power?
(A) Restatement of central ideas(the third paragraph is restatement)
(B) Provision of concrete examples(no concrete examples)
(C) Analysis and classification(as...,as...,as... part is classification and the whole passage is analyzing)
(D) Comparison and contrast(comparsion all the time)
(E) Statement of cause and effect(the first paragraph says the cause of the misunderstanding and the effect)

20.        With which of the following statement would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.(not mentioned corrupt)
(B) The highest proof of virtue is to possess boundless power without abusing it.（not mentioned boundless power)
(C) To love knowledge is to love power.(not mentioned love knowledge)
(D) It is from the people and their deeds that power springs.( it is the name that one attributes to a complex strategic situation in a particular society.）
(E) The health of the people as a state is the foundation on which all their power depends.（not mentioned health)

21.        The author’s attitude toward the various kinds of compulsion employed by social institutions is best described as
I do not mean a group of institutions and mechanisms that ensure the subservience of the citizenry.
this is one of the three explanations, so the author does not put extra emotion in stating it.
(A) concerned and sympathetic
(B) scientific and detached
(C) suspicious and cautious
(D) reproachful and disturbed
(E) meditative and wistful

22.        According to the passage, states of power are transient because of the
in the moving substrate of force relations that, by virtue of their inequality, constantly engender local and unstable states of power.
(A) differing natures and directions of the forces that create them(differing is right)
(B) rigid structural framework in which they operate
(C) unique source from which they emanate（not unique)
(D) pervasive nature and complexity of the mechanisms by which they operate
(E) concatenation that seeks to arrest their movement

23.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes the conflict among social forces to be
(A) essentially the same from one society to another even though its outward manifestation may seem different
(B) usually the result of misunderstandings that impede social progress
(C) an inevitable feature of the social order of any state(power must be understood as the multiplicity of force relations that are immanent in the social sphere; as the process that, through ceaseless struggle and confrontation, transforms, strengthens, or reverses them)
(D) wrongly blamed for disrupting the stability of society
(E) best moderated in states that possess a strong central government

The hypothesis of an expanding Earth has never attracted notable support, and if it were not for the historical example of continental drift, such indifference might be a legitimate response to an apparently improbable concept. It should be remembered, however, that drift too was once regarded as illusory, but the idea was kept alive until evidence from physicists compelled geologists to reinterpret their data.
Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to reenact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted. The cases are not precisely analogous. There were serious problems with the pre-drift world view that a drift theory could help to resolve, whereas Earth expansion appears to offer no comparable advantages. If, however, physicists could show that the Earth’s gravitational force has decreased with time, expansion would have to be reconsidered and accommodated.

24.        The passage indicates that one reason why the expansion hypothesis has attracted little support is that it will not
(A) overcome deficiencies in current geologic hypotheses
(B) clarify theories concerning the Earth’s gravitational forces
(C) complement the theory of continental drift
(D) accommodate relevant theories from the field of physics
(E) withstand criticism from scientists outside the field of geology
25.        The final acceptance of a drift theory could best be used to support the argument that
(A) physicists are reluctant to communicate with other scientists(not mention communicate)
(B) improbable hypotheses usually turn out to be valid（not mention usually)
(C) there should be cooperation between different fields of science( the idea was kept alive until evidence from physicists compelled geologists to reinterpret their data. this sentence implies that physicists found out the truth, so there should be cooperation between them）
(D) there is a need for governmental control of scientific research（not mention government)
(E) scientific theories are often proved by accident(not mention by accident)
26.        In developing his argument, the author warns against
(A) relying on incomplete measurements
(B) introducing irrelevant information
(C) rejecting corroborative evidence
(D) accepting uninformed opinions
(E) making unwarranted comparisons(The cases are not precisely analogous. so we should not compare them when they are not very similar)
27.        It can be deduced from the passage that the gravitational force at a point on the Earth’s surface is
(A) representative of the geologic age of the Earth( the Earth’s gravitational force has decreased with time, expansion would have to be reconsidered and accommodated. so the force should have relationship with the age)
(B) analogous to the movement of land masses
(C) similar to optical phenomena such as mirages
(D) proportional to the size of the Earth
(E) dependent on the speed of the Earth’s rotation

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

The making of classifications by literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This caution is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of the century (1900-1909) and those of the generation of the 1920’s. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences also existed for similar generations of White poets.
When poets of the 1910’s and 1920’s are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between “conservative” and “experimental” would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although these remain helpful classifications for White poets of these decades. Certainly differences can be noted between “conservative” Black poets such as Counter Cullen and Claude McKay and “experimental” ones such as Jean Toomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.
However, in the 1920’s Black poets did debate whether they should deal with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive. It may be said, though, that virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Weldon Johnson rightly put it, “perforce the thing the Negro poet knows best.”
At the turn of the century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gifted, though Roscoe Jamison and G. M. McClellen may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has suggested, “meant a rejection of stereotypes of Negro life,” and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes, “Valuably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of race, these poets committed [an] error… they refused to look into their hearts and write.” These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too, often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.
17.        According to the passage, most turn-of-the-century Black poets generally did which of the following?
(A) Wrote in ways that did not challenge accepted literary practice.
(B) Described scenes from their own lives.
(C) Aroused patriotic feelings by expressing devotion to the land.
(D) Expressed complex feelings in the words of ordinary people.
(E) Interpreted the frustrations of Blacks to an audience of Whites.
18.        According to the passage, an issue facing Black poets in the 1920’s was whether they should
(A) seek a consensus on new techniques of poetry
(B) write exclusively about and for Blacks
(C) withdraw their support from a repressive society
(D) turn away from social questions to recollect the tranquility of nature
(E) identify themselves with an international movement of Black writers
19.        It can be inferred from the passage that classifying a poet as either conservative or experimental would be of “little significance” (line 21) when discussing Black poets of the 1910’s and the 1920’s because
(A) these poets wrote in very similar styles
(B) these poets all wrote about nature in the same way
(C) these poets were fundamentally united by a sense of racial achievement despite differences in poetic style
(D) such a method of classification would fail to take account of the influence of general poetic practice
(E) such a method of classification would be relevant only in a discussion of poets separated in time by more than three decades
20.        The author quotes Sterling Brown in lines 53-56 in order to
(A) present an interpretation of some black poets that contradicts the author’s own assertion about their acceptance of various poetic styles(the author does not oppose himself in the passage）
(B) introduce a distinction between Black poets who used dialect and White poets who did not（not mention poets who use dialect in this paragraph, so there is no contrast)
(C) disprove James Weldon Johnson’s claim that race is what “the Negro poet knows best”(contradict, not disprove, but prove）
(D) suggest what were the effects of some Black poets’ decision not to write only about racial subjects（only suitable choise while others are all absolutely wrong)
(E) prove that Black poets at the turn of the century wrote less conventionally than did their White counterparts(contradict: black poets here are very conventional and not mentioned the contrast between black poets and white poets in this paragraph）
21.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author finds the work of the majority of the Black poets at the turn of the century to be
(A) unexciting（not gifted, has negative influences all refer to a negative attitude)
(B) calming
(C) confusing(not mentioned confusing)
(D) delightful
(E) inspiring
22.        The author would be most likely to agree that poets tend to produce better poems when they
(A) express a love of nature(not mentioned)
(B) declaim noble emotions(unsupported, the author says the author at the turn of 19 centuries who wrote with noble emotions most were not gifted)
(C) avoid technical questions about style(not mentioned technical questions）
(D) emulate the best work of their predecessors（not mentioned)
(E) write from personal experience
（virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being）