有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

艾小卉UID: 3484633

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-5-23 10:14
1.我全都做了
2.什么文章都练
3.我数学没用什么资料，理科生

非常感谢啊，这段时间在看the economist, the New Yorker。你也是用这些材料么？ 我个人感觉纽约客上有的文章，比如影评啊什么的，好像并没有个人观点，只是一种客观陈述。。。

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

艾小卉 发表于 2015-5-23 15:14
非常感谢啊，这段时间在看the economist, the New Yorker。你也是用这些材料么？ 我个人感觉纽约客上有的 ...

没事，讨论是极好的~
没看，总是刷网页，堕落T_T

wfxmfwjwUID: 3582171

阅读9710,9804,9811,9904

单词1000

两天没做填空好伤心，阅读第一遍终于完成，要开始攻克填空啦，加油

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.24 comprehension note!

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, prohibits state governments from denying citizens the “equal protection of the laws.” Although precisely what the framers of the amendment meant by this equal protection clause remains unclear, all interpreters agree that the framers’ immediate objective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the United States and subject to United States jurisdiction. This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. The act was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who argued that the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, did not provide Congress with the authority to extend citizenship and equal protection to the freed slaves. Although Congress promptly overrode Johnson’s veto, supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. Yet for the first eight decades of the amendment’s existence, the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the amendment betrayed this ideal of equality. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, for example, the Court invented the “state action” limitation, which asserts that “private” decisions by owners of public accommodations and other commercial businesses to segregate their facilities are insulated from the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.
After the Second World War, a judicial climate more hospitable to equal protection claims culminated in the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that racially segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Two doctrines embraced by the Supreme Court during this period extended the amendment’s reach. First, the Court required especially strict scrutiny of legislation that employed a “suspect classification,” meaning discrimination against a group on grounds that could be construed as racial. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. Second, the Court relaxed the state action limitation on the Fourteenth Amendment, bringing new forms of private conduct within the amendment’s reach.

17.        Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
(A) By presenting a list of specific rights, framers of the Fourteenth Amendment were attempting to provide a constitutional basis for broad judicial protection of the principle of equal citizenship.
one word wrong, no specific rights: its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship
(B) Only after the Supreme Court adopted the suspect classification approach to reviewing potentially discriminatory legislation was the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment extended to include sexual discrimination.
narrow the scope, this is only one of the two doctrines, it can't be the main idea
(C) Not until after the Second World War did the Supreme Court begin to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment in a manner consistent with the principle of equal citizenship that it expresses.
The structure of the passage is: first states the enacting of the Fourteenth Amendment, then indicates that at the first 80 years the Court betrayed the Amendment. After WWII,the judicial climate more hospitable to the practice of this Amendment. Since then did the Supreme Court begin to authentically practice it.
(D) Interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment have yet to reach consensus with regard to what its framers meant by the equal protection clause.
the consensus is: its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship
(E) Although the reluctance of judges to extend the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment to nonracial discrimination has betrayed the principle of equal citizenship, the Supreme Court’s use of the state action limitation to insulate private activity from the amendment’s reach has been more harmful.
not mentioned this comparison, what's more, its narrows the scope

I did this wrong because I forgot that sometimes the answer choice may not be a suitable one, but a better one, while all the other choices are definitely wrong

18.        The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to
(A) allow some discriminatory practices to continue unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment
the sentence meaning: allow practices unimpeded = connive these practices to happen
(B) influence the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v, Board of Education
not mentioned, and kind of unrelated
(C) provide expanded guidelines describing prohibited actions
contradict, it was a disclaiming of responsibility
(D) prohibit states from enacting laws that violated the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
not related to enact law
(E) shift to state governments the responsibility for enforcement of laws prohibiting discriminatory practices
contradict, the "state action" limitation stressed that state governments  couldn't prohibit every discrimination, so it was not state governments' responsibility to do so

I did this wrong because I didn't understand the sentence meaning of choice A and what does "state action limitation" mean

19.        The author’s position regarding the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment would be most seriously undermined if which of the following were true?
(A) The framers had anticipated state action limitations as they are described in the passage.
contradict, if they anticipated in advance, they would have done sth to prevent this from happening. Thus strengthen the 14th Amendment.
(B) The framers had merely sought to prevent discriminatory acts by federal officials.
this means allow state action limitation, which is forbidden
(C) The framers were concerned that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would be overturned by the Supreme Court.
(D) The framers were aware that the phrase “equal protection of the laws” had broad implications.
(E) The framers believed that racial as well as non-racial forms of discrimination were unacceptable.
C D E are all talking about the things happened later, so not related

20.        According to the passage, the original proponents of the Fourteenth Amendment were primarily concerned with
(A) detailing the rights afforded by the principle of equal citizenship
contradict
(B) providing support in the Constitution for equal protection for all citizens of the United States
right
(C) closing a loophole that could be used to deny individuals the right to sue for enforcement of their civil rights
not mentioned such loophole
(D) asserting that the civil rights protected by the Constitution included nonracial discrimination as well as racial discrimination
this is the thing happened later
(E) granting state governments broader discretion in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1866
this is the thing happened later

21.        The author implies that the Fourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if
(A) Congress’ authority with regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged

(B) the framers had anticipated the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education
(C) the framers had believed that it would be used in deciding cases of discrimination involving non-racial groups
(D) most state governments had been willing to protect citizens’ civil rights
(E) its essential elements had not been implicit in the Thirteenth Amendment

22.        According to the passage, which of the following most accurately indicates the sequence of the events listed below?
I.        Civil Rights Act of 1866
II.        Dred Scott v. Sandford
III.        Fourteenth Amendment
IV.        Veto by President Johnson
I am sure that I preceded III, eliminate E
IV preceded III, eliminate A
II preceded III, eliminate C
(A) I, II, III, IV
(B) I, IV, II, III
(C) I, IV, III, II
(D) II, I, IV, III
(E) III, II, I, IV

23.        Which of the following can be inferred about the second of the two doctrines referred to in lines 39-41 of the passage?
(A) It caused some justices to rule that all types of discrimination are prohibited by the Constitution.
the is the first doctrine
(B) It shifted the focus of the Supreme Court from racial to nonracial discrimination.
wrong, not shift, but include them all
(C) It narrowed the concern of the Supreme Court to legislation that employed a suspect classification.
contradict, broaden
(D) It caused legislators who were writing new legislation to reject language that could be construed as permitting racial discrimination.
this is the first doctrine
(E) It made it more difficult for commercial businesses to practice racial discrimination.
right, for it forbid state action limitation which allowed commercial businesses to practice racial discrimination

艾小卉UID: 3484633

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-5-23 19:31
没事，讨论是极好的~
没看，总是刷网页，堕落T_T

楼主可以把要看的文章放到pocket上，或者放到word 上，然后关闭网络

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.23 comprehension note!

Upwards of a billion stars in our galaxy have burnt up their internal energy sources, and so can no longer produce the heat a star needs to oppose the inward force of gravity. These stars, of more than a few solar masses, evolve, in general, much more rapidly than does a star like the Sun. Moreover, it is just these more massive stars whose collapse does not halt at intermediate stages (that is, as white dwarfs or neutron stars). Instead, the collapse continues until a singularity (an infinitely dense concentration of matter) is reached.
It would be wonderful to observe a singularity and obtain direct evidence of the undoubtedly bizarre phenomena that occur near one. Unfortunately in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity; outgoing light rays are dragged back by gravity so forcefully that even if they could start out within a few kilometers of the singularity, they would end up in the singularity itself.

25.        The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to
(A) describe the formation and nature of singularities
(B) explain why large numbers of stars become singularities
narrow the scope
(C) compare the characteristics of singularities with those of stars
narrow the scope
(D) explain what happens during the stages of a singularity’s formation
narrow the scope
(E) imply that singularities could be more easily studied if observers could get closer to them
narrow the scope

26.        The passage suggests which of the following about the Sun?
I.        The Sun could evolve to a stage of collapse that is less dense than a singularity.
II.        In the Sun, the inward force of gravity is balanced by the generation of heat.
amazing logic, sometimes choices like this are wrong, sometimes they are just miraculously right
III.        The Sun emits more observable light than does a white dwarf or a neutron star.
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

27.        Which of the following sentences would most probably follow the last sentence of the passage?
(A) Thus, a physicist interested in studying phenomena near singularities would necessarily hope to find a singularity with a measurable gravitational field.
not mentioned physicist, logical leap
(B) Accordingly, physicists to date have been unable to observe directly any singularity.
right
(C) It is specifically this startling phenomenon that has allowed us to codify the scant information currently available about singularities.
not relative
(D) Moreover, the existence of this extraordinary phenomenon is implied in the extensive reports of several physicists.
not relative
(E) Although unanticipated, phenomena such as these are consistent with the structure of a singularity.
not relative

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.25 comprehension note!

Although the hormone adrenaline is known to regulate memory storage, it does not pass from the blood into brain cells. We are faced with an apparent paradox: how can a hormone that does not act directly on the brain have such a large effect on brain function?
Recently, we tested the possibility that one of the hormone’s actions outside the brain might be responsible. Since one consequence of adrenaline release in an animal is an increase in blood glucose levels, we examined the effects of glucose on memory in rats. We found that glucose injected immediately after training enhances memory tested the next day. Additional evidence was provided by negative findings: drugs called adrenergic antagonists, which block peripheral adrenaline receptors, disrupted adrenaline’s ability to regulate memory but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline. These results are as they should be if adrenaline affects memory modulation by increasing blood glucose levels.
17.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) reconcile two opposing theories
not opposing, it's speciously conflict
(B) compare two different explanations for a phenomenon
no two
(C) describe experimental research that appears to support an unpopular theory
not unpopular
(D) present evidence that may help to resolve an apparent contradiction
right
(E) describe a hypothesis that has cause a controversy
not the hypothesis that caused a controversy

18.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely describe the “additional evidence” (line 12) provided by experiments with adrenergic antagonists as
(A) revolutionary
(B) disappointing
(C) incomplete
(D) unexpected
(E) corroborative
positive attitude, but A is excessive

19.        The passage provides information about which of the following topics?
(A) The mechanism by which glucose affects memory storage
no mechanism
(B) The evidence that prompted scientist to test the effects of adrenaline on memory regulation
no evidence
(C) The reason that the effects of glucose on memory were tested
Since one consequence of adrenaline release in an animal is an increase in blood glucose levels, we examined the effects of glucose on memory in rats
(D) The ways that memory storage modifies the structure of the brain
not mentioned
(E) The kinds of training used to test memory enhancement in rats
not mentioned

20.        The author refers to the results of the experiment using adrenergic antagonists as “negative findings” (line 13) most likely because the adrenergic antagonists
(A) failed to disrupt adrenaline’s effect on memory
wrong, not fail, but to support in a reverse way
(B) did not affect glucose’s ability to enhance memory
right, but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline.
(C) did not block adrenaline’s ability to increase blood glucose levels
but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline.
contradict, it blocked
(D) only partially affected adrenaline’s ability to enhance memory
not partially affected adrenaline's ability, but only affected it
(E) disrupted both adrenaline’s and glucose’s effect on memory
wrong, only one of them

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5. 24 comprehension note!

In prehistoric times brachiopods were one of the most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth: more than 30,000 species of this clamlike creature have been cataloged from fossil records. Today brachiopods are not as numerous, and existing species are not well studied, partly because neither the animal’s fleshy inner tissue nor its shell has any commercial value. Moreover, in contrast to the greater diversity of the extinct species, the approximately 300 known surviving species are relatively uniform in appearance. Many zoologists have interpreted this as a sign that the animal has been unable to compete successfully with other marine organisms in the evolutionary struggle.
Several things, however, suggest that the conventional view needs revising. For example, the genus Lingula has an unbroken fossil record extending over more than half a billion years to the present. Thus, if longevity is any measure, brachiopods are the most successful organisms extant. Further, recent studies suggest that diversity among species is a less important measure of evolutionary success than is the ability to withstand environmental change, such as when a layer of clay replaces sand on the ocean bottom. The relatively greater uniformity among the existing brachiopod species may offer greater protection from environmental change and hence may reflect highly successful adaptive behavior.
The adaptive advantages of uniformity for brachiopods can be seen by considering specialization, a process that occurs as a result of prolonged colonization of a uniform substrate. Those that can survive on many surfaces are called generalists, while those that can survive on a limited range of substrates are called specialists. One specialist species, for example, has valves weighted at the base, a characteristic that assures that the organism is properly positioned for feeding in mud and similar substrates; other species secrete glue allowing them to survive on the face of underwater cliffs. The fossil record demonstrates that most brachiopod lineages have followed a trend toward increased specialization. However, during periods of environmental instability, when a particular substrate to which a specialist species has adapted is no longer available, the species quickly dies out. Generalists, on the other hand, are not dependent on a particular substrate, and are thus less vulnerable to environmental change. One study of the fossil record revealed a mass extinction of brachiopods following a change in sedimentation from chalk to clay. Of the 35 brachiopod species found in the chalk, only 6 survived in the clay, all of them generalists.
As long as enough generalist species are maintained, and studies of arctic and subarctic seas suggest that generalists are often dominant members of the marine communities there, it seems unlikely that the phylum is close to extinction.

21.        In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) rejecting an earlier explanation for the longevity of certain brachiopod species
(B) reevaluating the implications of uniformity among existing brachiopod species
(C) describing the varieties of environmental change to which brachiopods are vulnerable
(D) reconciling opposing explanations for brachiopods’ lack of evolutionary success
(E) elaborating the mechanisms responsible for the tendency among brachiopod species toward specialization

22.        It can be inferred from the passage that many zoologists assume that a large diversity among species of a given class of organisms typically leads to which of the following?
(A) Difficulty in classification
not mentioned
(B) A discontinuous fossil record
not mentioned
(C) A greater chance of survival over time
better choice
(D) Numerical abundance
not mentioned
(E) A longer life span
not inferring, but literal

23.        The second paragraph makes use of which of the following?
(A) Specific examples
right, For example, the genus Lingula has an unbroken fossil record extending over more than half a billion years to the present.
(B) Analogy
(C) Metaphor
(D) Quotation
(E) Exaggeration

24.        The author suggests that the scientists holding the conventional view mentioned in lines 15-16 make which of the following errors?
(A) They mistakenly emphasize survival rather than diversity.
contradict
(B) They misunderstand the causes of specialization.
(C) They misuse zoological terminology.
(D) They catalog fossilized remains improperly.
(E) They overlook an alternative criterion of evolutionary success.
Many zoologists have interpreted this as a sign that the animal has been unable to compete successfully with other marine organisms in the evolutionary struggle.
recent studies suggest that diversity among species is a less important measure of evolutionary success than is the ability to withstand environmental change

25.        It can be inferred from the passage that the decision to study an organism may sometimes be influenced by
(A) its practical or commercial benefits to society
Today brachiopods are not as numerous, and existing species are not well studied, partly because neither the animal’s fleshy inner tissue nor its shell has any commercial value.
(B) the nature and prevalence of its fossilized remains
(C) the relative convenience of its geographical distribution
(D) its similarity to one or more better-known species
(E) the degree of its physiological complexity

26.        Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author’s claim (lines 56-57) that “it seems unlikely that the phylum is close to extinction”?
(A) Generalist species now living in arctic water give few if any indications of a tendency towards significant future specialization.
right, cause the passage supports generalist
(B) Zoologists have recently discovered that a common marine organism is a natural predator of brachiopods.
not related
(C) It was recently discovered that certain brachiopod species are almost always concentrated near areas rich in offshore oil deposits.
not related
(D) The ratio of specialist to Generalist species is slowly but steadily increasing.
weaken
(E) It is easier for a brachiopod to survive a change in sedimentation than a change in water temperature.
not mentioned

27.        Information in the passage supports which of the following statements about brachiopods?
I.        Few brachiopods living in prehistoric times were specialists.
The fossil record demonstrates that most brachiopod lineages have followed a trend toward increased specialization.
II.        A tendency toward specialization, though typical, is not inevitable.
when a particular substrate to which a specialist species has adapted is no longer available, the species quickly dies out
the specialist had gone
III.        Specialist species dominate in all but arctic and subarctic waters.
contradict, As long as enough generalist species are maintained, and studies of arctic and subarctic seas suggest that generalists are often dominant members of the marine communities there
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) II and III only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II and III

I need to read the passage more carefully!!

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.25 comprehension note!

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of other elements. The interstellar material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

17.        According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?
(A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.
right
(B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.
(C) The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed.
(D) The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.
(E) The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.

18.        It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is
(A) higher where distances between the stars are shorter
(B) equal to that of interstellar dust
(C) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun
(D) independent of the incidence of gaseous components
(E) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space
The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum.
the sentence emphasizes average, so it is not homogeneous

19.        It can be inferred from the passage that it is because space is so vast that
(A) little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial
not mentioned
(B) normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density
not mentioned
(C) stars can be far enough from Earth to be obscured even by very sparsely distributed matter
(D) interstellar gases can, for all practical purposes, be regarded as transparent
literal, not inferring
(E) optical astronomy would be of little use even if no interstellar dust existed
contradict

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.25 comprehension note!

The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium at the interface of the water and the air. Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with water vapor. But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. An interacting—and complicating—phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when waves are formed. When the wind makes waves, it transfers important amounts of energy—energy that is therefore not available to provide turbulence.

17.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) resolve a controversy
no controversy
(B) describe a phenomenon
(C) outline a theory
no theory
(D) confirm research findings
narrow the scope
(E) classify various observations
no classification

18.        According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the following?
I.        Causes relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.
II.        Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.
increasing rate
III.        Causes frequent changes in the temperature of the water at the ocean’s surface.
the changes are moisture and heat
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

19.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author regards current knowledge about heat and moisture transfer from the ocean to air as
(A) revolutionary
(B) inconsequential
(C) outdated
(D) derivative
(E) incomplete
Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study

20.        The passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there was no wind at all which of the following would occur?
Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with water vapor. But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up
The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy.
(A) The air closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapor.
(B) The air closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.
(C) The amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface would decrease.
(D) The rate of heat and moisture transfer would increase.
contradict
(E) The air closest to the ocean would be at the same temperature as air higher up.

wfxmfwjwUID: 3582171

525
阅读magoosh10题
单词1000

感觉这两天精神都有些恍惚，天气又热，一直没有沉下心学习。
为了保持学习兴趣，今天入手了一个二手manhattan模拟，又有心动力了。要继续努力才行，还有45天一战，填空，数学，作文都基本上没开始，阅读速度又跟不上趟，好怕一战去打酱油。

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

wfxmfwjw 发表于 2015-5-25 23:45
525
阅读magoosh10题
单词1000

还有45天呢！！现在开始准备完全来得及啊~~怎么会打酱油呢？

昨天打了一天酱油，自虐

小禾苗儿UID: 3368238

iwishican 发表于 2015-3-28 11:08
（别的网站转载的，看了很有动力，加油吧。虽然不知道真假，但是可行性貌似还行。）
一、交代背景

附件没有看见

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.28 comprehension note!

Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simpleminded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simplemindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.

Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.

Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians’ literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

21.        The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which of the following?
(A) Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines
mix
(B) Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving
Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simplemindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
(C) Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers
wrong, the comparison is between mathematicians and scientists
(D) Provide one definition of intelligence
narrow the scope
(E) Emphasize the importance of computers in modern technological society
not related

22.        According to the passage, scientists are skeptical toward their equations because scientists
(A) work to explain real, rather than theoretical or simplified, situations
right,
(B) know that well-defined problems are often the most difficult to solve
not mentioned
(C) are unable to express their data in terms of multiple variables
not mentioned
(D) are unwilling to relax the axioms they have developed
wrong
(E) are unable to accept mathematical explanations of natural phenomena
wrong, This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.
scientists can accept, not unable, but unwilling because it is not appropriate

23.        It can be inferred from the passage that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?
(A) The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.
not mentioned only
(B) The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.
contradict, ignoring of this thing is a dangerous action
(C) The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.
not mentioned only to other scientists
(D) The conclusions of the arguments do not necessarily follow from their premises.
contradict, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed
(E) The premises on which the arguments are based may change.
whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

24.        According to the passage, mathematicians present a danger to scientists for which of the following reasons?
(A) Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.
(B) Mathematicians may define situation in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.
(C) Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.
The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.
(D) Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.
not mentioned
(E) Scientists may begin to provide arguments that are convincing but imprecise.
this is what scientists used to do

25.        The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problems is which of the following?
(A) Practical for scientific purposes
right
(B) Detrimental to scientific progress
wrong: detrimental
(C) Unimportant in most situations
not mentioned unimportant
(D) Expedient, but of little long-term value
not mentioned of little long-term value
(E) Effective, but rarely recognized as such
not mentioned rarely recognized

26.        The author suggests that a mathematician asked to solve a problem in an ill-defined situation would first attempt to do which of the following?
(A) Identify an analogous situation
not identify, but make
(B) Simplify and define the situation
Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately
(C) Vary the underlying assumptions of a description of the situation
not mentioned varying, but turning
(D) Determine what use would be made of the solution provided
not mentioned
(E) Evaluate the theoretical assumptions that might explain the situation
no evaluation

27.        The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that
(A) mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists
not mentioned
(B) changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments
not mentioned
(C) well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments
not mentioned, and the truth is opposite
(D) mathematical solutions can rarely be applied to real problems
not mentioned, and the truth is opposite
(E) some factors in most situations must remain unknown
learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation.
like the indefinite statistics, it must remain unknown.

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

Today is a new start! Since today I will start to prepare GRE all day!
I will get on Gter only at lunch and dinner time, to type my comprehension and other notes!
Other time, I will get back to the ancient time with no internet-linking instrument and just do exercises with high concentration and efficiency!

Plus, I will stop thinking about whether I do this question right or wrong, but only focus on the content, structure and strategy!
Nobody can help me in making me work hard!  Nobody can pull me out of bed but myself!
Nobody can study for me but myself! It all depends on me! And this time, I will not allow me to be decadent like I did many times before! This is my last chance, the chance that decides whether I can be a successful person or an ordinary person! If I don't have the capacity of living in a right way, I don't have any chance to change my status!!