有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

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1 the questions are often asked in a ague or confusing fashione

2. there is no direct correlation between prompt language and question type, the choices' content may cover the whole passage

3.the best answer may be not an ideal answer, the avaiable choice may simply be better than other obvious wrong answers

3 types of question

Identification: find the relative information in the passage
       watch out for false mathches

Inference: first, find the relative information in the passage, then infer
       eliminate the wrong answer certainly by finding contradicts in the inference with the relative information
       don't infer too much, don't include a logic leap

Synthesis: consider the passage as a whole, not just focus on one of the points
       be flexible, often need to choose answer by eliminating the obvious wrong ones
       watch out for narrow scope answers which only express one part of the passage

Tips for high score

starts by actively seeking to eliminate wrong answers with certainty
so I don't need to return to it and am able to break down and double-cheking the most (narrow to 2 choices) attractive answer choices(saving time).
Elimintate with the relative information and figure out the characteristics of incorrect answer, not gut sense

when feeling conplexed about choices, go back and find the relative information instead of re-examine the choices

characteristics of incorrect answers

Interpretation issues:
contradiction ----  the exact opposite of the part in text relative to the question
unsupported ----  requires a logic leap which do not have evidence in the text

Scope issues:
out of scope ---- not mentioned in the passage
narrow scope ---- like one part of the passage in a main idea question
half scope ---- the relative part of the question includes two sides but the choice only mentions one

Degree issues:
modifier ---- the passage don't mention all, most or other things relate to number, but the choice includes
opinion ---- usually the extreme attitude like uncritical agree or totally disdain won't be the right answer

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2015.4.5 comprehension note!

Although a historical lack of access to formal Spanish-language education initially limited the opportunities of some Chicanos to hone their skills as writers of Spanish, their bilingual culture clearly fostered an exuberant and compelling oral tradition. It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers, whose English-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. This Spanish-English difference is not surprising. When writing in Spanish, these authors stayed close to the spoken traditions of their communities where publication, support, and instructive response would come quickly in local or regional newspapers. Works in English, however, often required the elimination of nuance or colloquialism, the adoption of a formal tone, and the adjustment of themes or ideas to satisfy the different demands of national publications.
　　17. The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?
　　(A) Debating the historical value of a literary movement
no movement
　　(B) Describing and accounting for a difference in literary styles
　　(C) Explaining a publishing decision and evaluating its results
no publish decision
　　(D) Analyzing the expectations of a particular group of readers
no expectations of readers
　　(E) Classifying several kinds of literary production
only comtrast two kinds of literary, no classifying

　　18. According to the author, the Chicano oral experience contributed directly to which of the following characteristics in the work of some Chicano writers?
　　(A) A sensitivity to and adeptness in using the spoken language
relative sentence: It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works.
　　(B) A tendency to appear in national rather than regional publications
not reason, but result
　　(C) A style reflecting the influence of Spanish language education
contradict, lack of language education led to this
　　(D) A reliance on a rather formal style
no reliance
　　(E) A capacity to appeal to a broad range of audiences
no audiences

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2015.4.5 comprehension note!

Before 1965 many scientists pictured the circulation of the ocean‘s water mass as consisting of large， slow-moving currents， such as the Gulf Stream （Gulf Stream： n. 湾流，墨西哥暖流）。 That view， based on 100 years of observations made around the globe， produced only a rough approximation of the true circulation. But in the 1950’s and the 1960‘s， researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment， including subsurface floats that move with ocean currents and emit identification signals， and ocean-current meters that record data for months at fixed locations in the ocean. These instruments disclosed an unexpected level of variability in the deep ocean. Rather than being characterized by smooth， large-scale currents that change seasonally （if at all）， the seas are dominated by what oceanographers call mesoscale fields： fluctuating， energetic flows whose velocity can reach ten times the mean velocity of the major currents.
    Mesoscale phenomena—the oceanic analogue of weather systems—often extend to distances of 100 kilometers and persist for 100 days （weather systems generally extend about 1，000 kilometers and last 3 to 5 days in any given area）。 More than 90 percent of the kinetic energy of the entire ocean may be accounted for by mesoscale variability rather than by large-scale currents. Mesoscale phenomena may， in fact， play a significant role in oceanic mixing， air-sea interactions， and occasional—but far-reaching—climatic events such as El Nino， the atmospheric-oceanic disturbance in the equatorial Pacific that affects global weather patterns.
    Unfortunately， it is not feasible to use conventional techniques to measure mesoscale fields. To measure them properly， monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers， with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months. Because using these techniques would be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming， it was proposed in 1979 that tomography （tomography： n.[医]X线断层摄影术） be adapted to measuring the physical properties of the ocean. In medical tomography x-rays map the human body‘s density variations （and hence internal organs）； the information from the x-rays， transmitted through the body along many different paths， is recombined to form three-dimensional images of the body’s interior. It is primarily this multiplicative increase in data obtained from the multipath transmission （multipath transmission： 多路传输） of signals that accounts for oceanographers‘ attraction to tomography： it allows the measurement of vast areas with relatively few instruments. Researchers reasoned that low-frequency sound waves， because they are so well described mathematically and because even small perturbations in emitted sound waves can be detected， could be transmitted through the ocean over many different paths and that the properties of the ocean’s interior—its temperature， salinity， density， and speed of currents—could be deduced on the basis of how the ocean altered the signals. Their initial trials were highly successful， and ocean acoustic tomography was born.

the logic of the passage:
before 1965: old view about the circulation of ocean -- large, slow-moving currents
1950-1960: new developed equipment was used -- new view: mesoscale(MS) fields consist of major currents
describe MS, state it influence 90% of energy, presented an example
drawback: can't measure MS. give reason
present evidence of medical tomography(TX)
compare TX with MS, find possible to apply TX to MS
present evidence that used TX got favorable result
ocean acoustic TX was born

27. Which of the following， if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph， would most logically continue the discussion presented in the passage？
    （A） Timekeeping in medical tomography must be precise because the changes in travel time caused by density fluctuations are slight.
    （B） To understand how ocean acoustic tomography works， it is necessary to know how sound travels in the ocean.
    （C） Ships are another possibility， but they would need to stop every 50 kilometers to lower measuring instruments.
    （D） These variations amount to only about 2 to 3 percent of the average speed of sound in water， which is about 1， 500 meters per second.
    （E） The device used in medical tomography emits a specially coded signal， easily distinguishable from background noise.
as the last sentence in the passage talk about ATX, the succeeding paragraph most likely continuely talks about ATX
C & D didn't talk about ATX, elimanite
A & E talk about medical TX, not ATX, elimanite

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2015.4.5 comprehension note!

One explanation for the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behavior—looking up, for example—is aimed at predators. If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant because they are at greater risk of being captured, then individuals on average would have to be more vigilant in smaller groups, because the animals on the periphery of a group form a greater proportion of the whole group as the size of the group diminishes.
　　However, a different explanation is necessary in cases where the vigilant behavior is not directed at predators. J. Krebs has discovered that great blue herons look up more often when in smaller flocks than when in larger ones, solely as a consequence of poor feeding conditions. Krebs hypothesizes that the herons in smaller flocks are watching for herons that they might follow to better feeding pools, which usually attract larger numbers of the birds.
　　17. It can be inferred from the passage that in species in which vigilant behavior is directed at predators, the tendency of the animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones would most likely be minimized if which of the following were true?
weaken question, so I got to find the choice that describe an opposing condition

　　(A) The vigilance of animals on the periphery of a group always exceeded that of animals located in its interior, even when predators were not in the area.
not weaken, actually not mentioned
　　(B) The risk of capture for individuals in a group was the same, whether they were located in the interior of the group or on its periphery.
relative sentence: If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant because they are at greater risk of being captured.
"risk is same",  contradict to "greater risk"
　　(C) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to be less capable of defending themselves from attack by predators than animals located in the interior of the group.
out of scope, on less capable of defending
　　(D) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to bear marks that were more distinctive to predators than animals located in the interior of the group.
no marks mentioned in the passage
　　(E) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to have shorter life spans than animals located in the interior of the group.
no life span

actually, I almost completely understand this passage and the implicit meaning in it.

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2015.4.5 comprehension note!

the most recondite and obscure passage I've ever read!
the first time that I experienced how difficult could a literary passage be!
MARKED! read again!

The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photography’s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.
　　Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves—anything but making works of art. In the nineteenth century, photography’s association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art; late in the twentieth century, an ambivalent relation exists because of the Modernist heritage in art. That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.
　　Photographers’ disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography’s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960’s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting—that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse—presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.
　　Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity—in short, an art.

after scrutiny of the passage, understanding the meaning of every sentence, I can easily capture the structure and the logic!
so comprehension is the key!! forever!

　　21. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
　　(A) defining the Modernist attitude toward art
only of trival part in the passage
　　(B) explaining how photography emerged as a fine art after the controversies of the nineteenth century
only mentioned in the first paragraph, the passage in whole stated why the comtemporary photographers stopped considering photography as an art
　　(C) explaining the attitudes of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical context
attitude is right, historical context refers to the imfusion of Modernist
　　(D) defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches
no approached toward art and no assessing
　　(E) identifying the ways that recent movements in painting and sculpture have influenced the techniques employed by serious photographers
no movement influenced techniques in passage
　　22. Which of the following adjectives best describes “the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism” as the author represents it in lines 25-27?
　　(A) Objective
　　(B) Mechanical
　　(C) Superficial
　　(D) Dramatic
　　(E) Paradoxical
C & D not relative
B not mentioned
E should be construed in this way: as the photographers stopped debating, the concept of Modernism should have some conflicts with traditional aim. As it was so successful, people thus stopped debating. So it should be paradoxical (conflict)

　　23. The author introduces Abstract Expressionist painters (lines 34) in order to
it is used to contrast, so B C E should eliminate
D: mixed, not contrast to Pop, but photographers
A is answer
　　(A) provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modern art
　　(B) call attention to artists whose works often bear a physical resemblance to the works of serious contemporary photographers
　　(C) set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist painters
　　(D) provide a contrast to Pop artists and others who created works that exemplify the Modernist heritage in art
　　(E) provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other contemporary visual forms, is not and should not pretend to be an art

　　24. According to the author, the nineteenth-century defenders of photography mentioned in the passage stressed that photography was
　　(A) a means of making people familiar with remote locales and unfamiliar things
　　(B) a technologically advanced activity
　　(C) a device for observing the world impartially
　　(D) an art comparable to painting
　　(E) an art that would eventually replace the traditional arts

to answer the questions, first I need to know who are the serious comtemporary photographers. In the beginning of 2nd paragraph, "now“ shows contemporary, thus "serious photographers" refer to the serious comtemporary photographers (25、26)

　　25. According to the passage, which of the following best explains the reaction of serious contemporary photographers to the question of whether photography is an art?
　　(A) The photographers’ belief that their reliance on an impersonal machine to produce their art requires the surrender of the authority of their personal vision
　　(B) The photographers’ fear that serious photography may not be accepted as an art by the contemporary art public
　　(C) The influence of Abstract Expressionist painting and Pop Art on the subject matter of the modern photograph
　　(D) The photographers’ belief that the best art is subversive of art as it has previously been defined
relative sentence: shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.
take for granted means they believe it as sth axiomatical
it has previously been defined means traditional aims
　　(E) The notorious difficulty of defining art in its relation to realistic representation
　　26. According to the passage, certain serious contemporary photographers expressly make which of the following claims about their photographs?
　　(A) Their photographs could be created by almost anyone who had a camera and the time to devote to the activity.
not mentioned could be created, but only mentioned could be admired by almost anyone
　　(B) Their photographs are not examples of art but are examples of the photographers’ impartial observation of the world.
did not contradict to passage
　　(C) Their photographs are important because of their subjects but not because of the responses they evoke in viewers.
no mention of subject
　　(D) Their photographs exhibit the same ageless principles of form and shading that have been used in painting.
no principles of phtographs have been used in painting
　　(E) Their photographs represent a conscious glorification of the mechanical aspects of twentieth-century life.
no mechanical aspects

　　27. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably considers serious contemporary photography to be a
　　(A) contemporary art that is struggling to be accepted as fine art

　　(B) craft requiring sensitivity but by no means an art

　　(C) mechanical copying of reality
　　(D) modern art that displays the Modernist tendency to try to subvert the prevailing aims of art

　　(E) modern art that displays the tendency of all Modernist art to become increasingly formal and abstract
contradict, no tendency to be abstract

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2015.4.6 comprehension note!

It is their sensitive response to human circumstance that accounts for the persistence of certain universal ideas. Rabbi Meir, a second-century scholar, admonished his disciples to look not at the pitcher but at its contents because, he stated, “Many a new pitcher has been found to be full of old wine.” This was his way of emphasizing the importance of the distinction between form and idea, and of stressing that the integrity of an idea is more important than the form of its expression.
Creative ideas not only produce their own instruments of survival as time and circumstances demand, but permit the substitution of new forms for old under the pressure of changed circumstances. For example democracy, as an idea, originated in ancient Greece and was carried from there to Western Europe and the Americas. But it did not retain the ancient Greek form: it passed through several reforming processes and exists today in many countries. Democratic governments differ in form because democracy is in principle dynamic and has therefore responded to local needs.
17.        The author is primarily concerned with
(A) illustrating the importance of a historical figure
no figure
(B) discussing an important characteristic of human ideas
closet to the right answer because others are obviously wrong
(C) describing the history of the growth of democracy
presented as an example
(D) contrasting ancient and modern views of the importance of creative ideas
no contrasting of importance of ideas, but democratic, mixted
(E) evaluating the contribution of ancient Greece to modern government
no evaluating and not the motif as well

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2015.4.6 comprehension note!

It is possible for students to obtain advanced degrees in English while knowing little or nothing about traditional scholarly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers. If the canon—the list of authors whose works are most widely taught—is ever to include more women, scholars must be well trained in historical scholarship and textual editing. Scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are bereft of crucial tools for revising the canon.
To address such concerns, an experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students’ consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work.
Griffith’s work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day; thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith’s play The Platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon.
The range of Griffith’s work meant that each student could become the world’s leading authority on a particular Griffith text. For example, a student studying Griffith’s Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed into A Wife in the Night in Watt’s Bibliotheca Britannica. Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid, serve to vaccinate the student—I hope for a lifetime—against credulous use of reference sources.

17. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
　　(A) revealing a commonly ignored deficiency
　　(B) proposing a return to traditional terminology
　　(C) describing an attempt to correct a shortcoming
　　(D) assessing the success of a new pedagogical approach
　　(E) predicting a change in a traditional teaching strategy
　　18. It can be inferred that the author of the passage expects that the experience of the student mentioned as having studied Wife in the Right would have which of the following effects?
　　(A) It would lead the student to disregard information found in the Bibliotheca Britannica.
　　(B) It would teach the student to question the accuracy of certain kinds of information sources when studying neglected authors.
relative sentence: vaccinate student against credulous use of reference sources
credulous -- accuracy
　　(C) It would teach the student to avoid the use of reference sources in studying neglected authors.
not avoid neglected authors, but avoid credulous use
　　(D) It would help the student to understand the importance of first editions in establishing the authorship of plays.
no importance of 1st editions
　　(E) It would enhance the student’s appreciation of the works of authors not included in the canon.
not this paragraph's main point
　　19. The author of the passage suggests that which of the following is a disadvantage of the strategy employed in the experimental scholarly methods course?
　　(A) Students were not given an opportunity to study women writers outside the canon.
contradict, the course focus on women writers
　　(B) Students’ original work would not be appreciated by recognized scholars.
not mentioned
　　(C) Little scholarly work has been done on the work of Elizabeth Griffith.
contradict, much work
　　(D) Most of the students in the course had had little opportunity to study eighteenth-century literature.
contradict, students studied a lot of 18th-century literature
　　(E) Students were not given an opportunity to encounter certain sources of information that could prove useful in their future studies.
only this one is better than others

21. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?
　　(A) It summarizes the benefits that students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
　　(B) It provides additional reasons why Griffith’s work raises issues having to do with the canon of authors.
　　(C) It provides an illustration of the immediate nature of the experiences students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
C is more specific than A, illustration is more suitable
　　(D) It contrasts the experience of a student in the experimental scholarly methods course with the experience of a student in the traditional course.
　(E) It provides information that emphasizes the suitability of Griffith’s work for inclusion in the canon of authors.

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2015.4.6 comprehension note!

This is not to deny that the Black gospel music of the early twentieth century differed in important ways from the slave spirituals. Whereas spirituals were created and disseminated in folk fashion, gospel music was composed, published, copyrighted, and sold by professionals. Nevertheless, improvisation remained central to gospel music. One has only to listen to the recorded repertoire of gospel songs to realize that Black gospel singers rarely sang a song precisely the same way twice and never according to its exact musical notation. They performed what jazz musicians call “head arrangements” proceeding from their own feelings and from the way “the spirit” moved them at the time. This improvisatory element was reflected in the manner in which gospel music was published. Black gospel composers scored the music intended for White singing groups fully, indicating the various vocal parts and the accompaniment, but the music produced for Black singers included only a vocal line and piano accompaniment.

The passage suggests which of the following about Black gospel music and slave spirituals?
(A) Both became widely known in the early twentieth century.
(B) Both had an important improvisatory element.
the logic in this passage is very artful.  The sentenced led by whereas suggests the differences. Then a shift showed up again -- "Nevertheless", so the contention after nevertheless would be the similarity between G and S music, which is improvisation

(C) Both were frequently performed by jazz musicians.
(D) Both were published with only a vocal line and piano accompaniment.
(E) Both were disseminated chiefly by Black singing groups.
20.        Of the following sentences, which is most likely to have immediately preceded the passage?
interpretation: which sentence is before the start of the passage
(A) Few composers of gospel music drew on traditions such as the spiritual in creating their songs.
(B) Spirituals and Black gospel music were derived from the same musical tradition.
(C) The creation and singing of spirituals, practiced by Black Americans before the Civil War, continued after the war.
(D) Spirituals and gospel music can be clearly distinguished from one another.
(E) Improvisation was one of the primary characteristics of the gospel music created by Black musicians.

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2015.4.7 comprehension note!

About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However, recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can “tunnel” through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed
not developed
(B) initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the development of life
initiating debate is not the main aim
(C) explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns
the finally aim of those reactions was finding how organism developed
(D) reconciling opposing theories about chemical reactions
no reconciling, but probing a fine explanation
(E) clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry
no inherent ambiguities, but reforming the explanation

2.The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-history of life can best be described as
(A) neutral
(B) skeptical
(C) mildly positive
the last sentence: although strongly disputed, show the controversy of the author's approval
(D) very supportive
(E) pointedly critical

3.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?
(A) The author cites a basic principle of classical chemistry and then describes the research from which that principle was developed.
not developing, but contradict
(B) The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical chemistry and then explains the process of a chemical reaction to show there is in fact no contradiction.
not no contradiction
(C) The author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed explanation of its function.
not the role of heat but tunneling
(D) The author presents a law of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essential difference between the two.

(E) The author presents the fundamental rules of classical chemistry in order to introduce an explanation of a specific chemical reaction.
rules are not accurate, law may be better

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2015.4.7 comprehension note!

Experiments show that insects can function as pollinators of cycads, rare, palmlike tropical plants. Furthermore, cycads removed from their native habitats—and therefore from insects native to those habitats—are usually infertile. Nevertheless, anecdotal reports of wind pollination in cycads cannot be ignored. The structure of cycads male cones is quite consistent with the wind dispersal of pollen, clouds of which are released from some of the larger cones. The male cone of Cycas circinalis, for example, sheds almost 100 cubic centimeters of pollen, most of which is probably dispersed by wind. Still, many male cycad cones are comparatively small and thus produce far less pollen. Furthermore, the structure of most female cycad cones seems inconsistent with direct pollination by wind. Only in the Cycas genus are the females’ ovules accessible to airborne pollen, since only in this genus are the ovules surrounded by a loose aggregation of megasporophylls rather than by a tight cone.

The passage suggests that which of the following is true of the structure of cycad cones?
(A) The structure of cycad cones provides conclusive evidence in favor of one particular explanation of cycad pollination.
(B) The structure of cycad cones provides evidence concerning what triggers the first step in the pollination process.
(C) An irresolvable discrepancy exists between what the structure of most male cycad cones suggests about cycad pollination and what the structure of most female cones suggests about that process.
(D) The structure of male cycad cones rules out a possible mechanism for cycad pollination that is suggested by the structure of most female cycad cones.
(E) The structure of male cycad cones is consistent with a certain means of cycad pollination, but that means is inconsistent with the structure of most female cycad cones.
E is just the same as the information stated in passage, no need to examine the other choices

The evidence in favor of insect pollination of cycads presented in lines 2-4 would be more convincing if which of the following were also true?
(A) Only a small variety of cycad species can be successfully transplanted.
(B) Cycads can sometimes be pollinated by means other than wind or insects.
(C) Insects indigenous to regions to which cycads are transplanted sometimes feed on cycads.
(D) Winds in the areas to which cycads are usually transplanted are similar to winds in cycads’ native habitats.
(E) The transplantation of cycads from one region to another usually involves the accidental removal and introduction of insects as well.

this question is a logic question.
the passage stated that as cycads became infertile out of their native habitat, there must be something wrong with the process of pollinators.
D says that the wind is remain same, so the reason must be the element that has changed which is insects stated in the first sentence

E is contradict, if insect moved too, than the key point to pollination would not be insects
A is not relevant
B & C  weaken

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2015.4.7 comprehension note!

Writing of the Iroquois nation, Smith has argued that through the chiefs’ council, tribal chiefs traditionally maintained complete control over the political affairs of both the Iroquois tribal league and the individual tribes belonging to the league, whereas the sole jurisdiction over religious affairs resided with the shamans. According to Smith, this division was maintained until the late nineteenth century, when the dissolution of the chiefs’ council and the consequent diminishment of the chiefs’ political power fostered their increasing involvement in religious affairs.
However, Smith fails to recognize that this division of power between the tribal chiefs and shamans was not actually rooted in Iroquois tradition; rather, it resulted from the Iroquois’ resettlement on reservations early in the nineteenth century. Prior to resettlement, the chiefs’ council controlled only the broad policy of the tribal league; individual tribes had institutions—most important, the longhouse—to govern their own affairs. In the longhouse, the tribe’s chief influenced both political and religious affairs.

        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) question the published conclusions of a scholar concerning the history of the Iroquois nation
the second paragraph "failed to" conveys the disputation from the author
(B) establish the relationship between an earlier scholar’s work and new anthropological research
(C) summarize scholarly controversy concerning an incident from Iroquois history
there is only one scholar mentioned in the passage, so no controversy.
(D) trace two generations of scholarly opinion concerning Iroquois social institutions
(E) differentiate between Iroquois political practices and Iroquois religious practices


Which of the following best expresses an opinion presented by the author of the passage?
(A) Smith has overstated the importance of the political role played by Iroquois tribal chiefs in the nineteenth century.
no mention of overstating manifestly
(B) Smith has overlooked the fact that the Iroquois rarely allowed their shamans to exercise political authority.
(C) Smith has failed to explain why the chiefs’ council was dissolved late in the nineteenth century.
(D) Smith has failed to acknowledge the role prior to the nineteenth century of the Iroquois tribal chiefs in religious affairs.
failed to acknowledge is similar to fail to recognize
(E) Smith has failed to recognize that the very structure of Iroquois social institutions reflects religious beliefs.

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2015.4.8 comprehension note!

For many years, Benjamin Quarles’ seminal account of the participation of African Americans in the American Revolution has remained the standard work in the field. According to Quarles, the outcome of this conflict was mixed for African American slaves who enlisted in Britain’s fight against its rebellious American colonies in return for the promise of freedom: the British treacherously resold many into slavery in the West Indies, while others obtained freedom in Canada and Africa. Building on Quarles’ analysis of the latter group, Sylvia Frey studied the former slaves who emigrated to British colonies in Canada. According to Frey, these refugees—the most successful of the African American Revolutionary War participants—viewed themselves as the ideological heirs of the American Revolution. Frey sees this inheritances reflected in their demands for the same rights that the American revolutionaries had demanded from the British: land ownership, limits to arbitrary authority and burdensome taxes, and freedom of religion.
17.        According to the passage, which of the following is true about the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution?
(A) Although they were politically unaligned with either side, they identified more with British ideology than with American ideology.
(B) While they were not immediately betrayed by the British, they ultimately suffered the same fate as did African American Revolutionary War participants who were resold into slavery in the West Indies.
(C) They settled in Canada rather than in Africa because of the greater religious freedom available in Canada.
(D) They were more politically active than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Africa.
(E) They were more successful than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled Africa.
relative sentence: According to Frey, these refugees—the most successful of the African American Revolutionary War participants
so they are better than others - -!

18.        Which of the following is most analogous to the relationship between the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution and the American revolutionaries, as that relationship is described in the passage?
(A) A brilliant pupil of a great musician rebels against the teacher, but adopts the teacher’s musical style after the teacher’s unexpected death.
(B) Two warring rulers finally make peace after a lifetime of strife when they realize that they have been duped by a common enemy.
(C) A child who has sided with a domineering parent against a defiant sibling later makes demands of the parent similar to those once made by the sibling.
the black first help British to suppress American when Americans want freedom from British
finally, the black wants freedom too, just like Americans
(D) A writer spends much of her life popularizing the work of her mentor, only to discover late in life that much of the older writer’s work is plagiarized from the writings of a foreign contemporary.
(E) Two research scientists spend much of their careers working together toward a common goal, but later quarrel over which of them should receive credit for the training of a promising student.

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2015.4.11 summary!

That lassitude and decadence continues 3 days since Thursday.
I only finished 10 passages, no more text completion, no more words
what happened to me??
I know this is wrong and this can not last any longer!!
fight for my dream, fight for my own, fight for changing

cpsencyclopediaUID: 3608312

这个帖子都是牛人啊 尤其是楼主

对了怎么用excel背单词啊？介绍一下呗？

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cpsencyclopedia 发表于 2015-4-11 21:40
这个帖子都是牛人啊 尤其是楼主

对了怎么用excel背单词啊？介绍一下呗？

大概就是在单词后面标数字，然后复习时筛选不同的数字