有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.4.20 comprehension note!

Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain’s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object’s features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
17.        The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
it's explaining how the brain processes images, not only receives
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
hypotheses is only minor part of the passage
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial recognition hypothesis
narrow scope
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
no recent experiment and narrow the scope
18.        According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
I.        A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
II.        An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
this one can be right and can be wrong, for there is no evidence of analyzing in the passage
plus, the word "any" is over absolutely
so this question should not be counted
III.        The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
(A) II only
(B) III only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
19.        It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is
(A) not a neural activity
(B) not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time
visual recognition including storing （view) and retrieving (matches), it can't happen if view for the very first time, because there will be no storage for retrieving
(C) not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in some way
(D) only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary whole
(E) now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel processes
20.        It terms of its tone and form, the passage can best be characterized as
(A) a biased exposition
(B) a speculative study
(C) a dispassionate presentation
(D) an indignant denial
(E) a dogmatic explanation
the author is disinterested in the passage, no favoring either side
so A, D wrong
plus, the author did not show any doubt about any statements, just stated the evidence, so speculative is wrong
finally, dogmatic is over passive, so C is right

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.4.15 comprehension note!
Before Laura Gilpin (1891-1979), few women in the history of photography had so devoted themselves to chronicling the landscape. Other women had photographed the land, but none can be regarded as a landscape photographer with a sustained body of work documenting the physical terrain. Anne Brigman often photographed woodlands and coastal areas, but they were generally settings for her artfully placed subjects. Dorothea Lange’s landscapes were always conceived of as counterparts to her portraits of rural women.
At the same time that Gilpin’s interest in landscape work distinguished her from most other women photographers, her approach to landscape photography set her apart from men photographers who, like Gilpin, documented the western United States. Western American landscape photography grew out of a male tradition, pioneered by photographers attached to government and commercial survey teams that went west in the 1860’s and 1870’s. These explorer-photographers documented the West that their employers wanted to see: an exotic and majestic land shaped by awesome natural forces, unpopulated and ready for American settlement. The next generation of male photographers, represented by Ansel Adams and Eliot Porter, often worked with conservationist groups rather than government agencies or commercial companies, but they nonetheless preserved the “heroic” style and maintained the role of respectful outsider peering in with reverence at a fragile natural world.
For Gilpin, by contrast, the landscape was neither an empty vista awaiting human settlement nor a jewel-like scene resisting human intrusion, but a peopled landscape with a rich history and tradition of its own, an environment that shaped and molded the lives of its inhabitants. Her photographs of the Rio Grande, for example, consistently depict the river in terms of its significance to human culture: as a source of irrigation water, a source of food for livestock, and a provider of town sites. Also instructive is Gilpin’s general avoidance of extreme close-ups of her natural subjects: for her, emblematic details could never suggest the intricacies of the interrelationship between people and nature that made the landscape a compelling subject. While it is dangerous to draw conclusions about a “feminine” way of seeing from the work of one woman, it can nonetheless be argued that Gilpin’s unique approach to landscape photography was analogous to the work of many women writers who, far more than their male counterparts, described the landscape in terms of its potential to sustain human life.
Gilpin never spoke of herself as a photographer with a feminine perspective: she eschewed any discussion of gender as it related to her work and maintained little interest in interpretations that relied on the concept of a “woman’s eye.” Thus it is ironic that her photographic evocation of a historical landscape should so clearly present a distinctively feminine approach to landscape photography.
21.        Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Gilpin’s landscape photographs more accurately documented the Southwest than did the photographs of explorers and conservationists.
(B) Gilpin’s style of landscape photography substantially influenced the heroic style practiced by her male counterparts.
(C) The labeling of Gilpin’s style of landscape photography as feminine ignores important ties between it and the heroic style.
(D) Gilpin’s work exemplifies an arguably feminine style of landscape photography that contrasts with the style used by her male predecessors.
(E) Gilpin’s style was strongly influenced by the work of women writers who described the landscape in terms of its relationship to people.
22.        It can be inferred from the passage that the teams mentioned in line 19 were most interested in which of the following aspects of the land in the western United States?
(A) Its fragility in the face of increased human intrusion
(B) Its role in shaping the lives of indigenous peoples
(C) Its potential for sustaining future settlements
(D) Its importance as an environment for rare plants and animals
(E) Its unusual vulnerability to extreme natural forces
23.        The author of the passage claims that which of the following is the primary reason why Gilpin generally avoided extreme close-ups of natural subjects?
(A) Gilpin believed that pictures of natural details could not depict the interrelationship between the land and humans.
(B) Gilpin considered close-up photography to be too closely associated with her predecessors.
(C) Gilpin believed that all of her photographs should include people in them.
(D) Gilpin associated close-up techniques with photography used for commercial purposes.
(E) Gilpin feared that pictures of small details would suggest an indifference to the fragility of the land as a whole.
24.        The passage suggests that a photographer who practiced the heroic style would be most likely to emphasize which of the following in a photographic series focusing on the Rio Grande?
(A) Indigenous people and their ancient customs relating to the river
(B) The exploits of navigators and explorers
(C) Unpopulated, pristine parts of the river and its surroundings
(D) Existing commercial ventures that relied heavily on the river
(E) The dams and other monumental engineering structures built on the river
25.        It can be inferred from the passage that the first two generations of landscape photographers in the western United States had which of the following in common?
(A) They photographed the land as an entity that had little interaction with human culture.
(B) They advanced the philosophy that photographers should resist alliances with political or commercial groups.
(C) They were convinced that the pristine condition of the land needed to be preserved by government action.
(D) They photographed the land as a place ready for increased settlement.
(E) They photographed only those locations where humans had settled.
26.        Based on the description of her works in the passage, which of the following would most likely be a subject for a photograph taken by Gilpin?
(A) A vista of a canyon still untouched by human culture
(B) A portrait of a visitor to the West against a desert backdrop
(C) A view of historic Native American dwellings carved into the side of a natural cliff
(D) A picture of artifacts from the West being transported to the eastern United States for retail sale
(E) An abstract pattern created by the shadows of clouds on the desert
27.        The author of the passage mentions women writers in line 50 most likely in order to
(A) counter a widely held criticism of her argument
(B) bolster her argument that Gilpin’s style can be characterized as a feminine style

While it is dangerous to draw conclusions about a “feminine” way of seeing from the work of one woman, it can nonetheless be argued that Gilpin’s unique approach to landscape photography was analogous to the work of many women writers
while is concession, but the word "nonetheless" indicates that the main point of the sentence starting after nonetheless. Thus, G can still be characterized as a feminine style

Note: to read the whole sentence before I confirm the function of the sentence
(C) suggest that Gilpin took some of her ideas for photographs from landscape descriptions by women writers
(D) clarify the interrelationship between human culture and the land that Gilpin was attempting to capture
(E) offer an analogy between photographic close-ups and literary descriptions of small details

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.4.21 comprehension note!

A mysterious phenomenon is the ability of over-water migrants to travel on course. Birds, bees, and other species can keep track of time without any sensory cues from the outside world, and such “biological clocks” clearly contribute to their “compass sense.” For example, they can use the position of the Sun or stars, along with the time of day, to find north. But compass sense alone cannot explain how birds navigate the ocean: after a flock traveling east is blown far south by a storm, it will assume the proper northeasterly course to compensate. Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of the animals a fantastic map sense. Researchers now know that some species have a magnetic sense, which might allow migrants to determine their geographic location by detecting variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.
17.        The main idea of the passage is that
(A) migration over land requires a simpler explanation than migration over water does
(B) the means by which animals migrate over water are complex and only partly understood
(C) the ability of migrant animals to keep track of time is related to their magnetic sense
(D) knowledge of geographic location is essential to migrants with little or no compass sense
(E) explanations of how animals migrate tend to replace, rather than build on, one another
18.        It can be inferred from the passage that if the flock of birds described in lines 8-12 were navigating by compass sense alone, they would, after the storm, fly
(A) east
(B) north
(C) northwest
(D) south
(E) southeast
19.        In maintaining that migrating animals would need “a fantastic map sense” (line 17) to determine their geographic position by celestial navigation, the author intends to express
(A) admiration for the ability of the migrants
(B) skepticism about celestial navigation as an explanation
(C) certainly that the phenomenon of migration will remain mysterious
(D) interest in a new method of accounting for over-water migration
(E) surprise that animals apparently navigate in much the same way that human beings do
20.        Of the following descriptions of migrating animals, which most strongly suggests that the animals are depending on magnetic cues to orient themselves?
(A) Pigeons can properly readjust their course even when flying long distances through exceedingly dense fogs.
readjust is the key point
(B) Bison are able to reach their destination by passing through a landscape that has been partially altered by a recent fire.
the stars did not change, so it cannot be used as evidence on magnetic cues
(C) Elephants are able to find grounds that some members of the herd have never seen before.
(D) Swallows are able to return to a given spot at the same time every year.
(E) Monarch butterflies coming from different parts of North America are able to arrive at the same location each winter.
I did this wrong because I didn't read the passage very carefully, and choose the answer based on memory

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.4.21 comprehension note!

Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and are necessary for many plants to thrive, but they have escaped widespread investigation until recently for two reasons. First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important new work that suggests that this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal benefits are not limited to improved phosphate uptake in host plants. In legumes, mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels achieved by adding phosphate fertilizer alone. Certain symbiotic associations also increase the host plant’s resistance to harmful root fungi. Whether this resistance results from exclusion of harmful fungi through competition for sites, from metabolic change involving antibiotic production, or from increased vigor is undetermined.
17.        Which of the following most accurately describes the passage?
(A) A description of a replicable experiment
experiment is only small part of the passage
(B) A summary report of new findings
(C) A recommendation for abandoning a difficult area of research
contradict, not abandoning, but interesting
(D) A refutation of an earlier hypothesis
(E) A confirmation of earlier research
no earlier things mentioned, D & E wrong
18.        The level of information in the passage above is suited to the needs of all of the following people EXCEPT:
(A) a researcher whose job is to identify potentially profitable areas for research and product development
relative sentence:can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper,
(B) a state official whose position requires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming
relative sentence: mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels achieved by adding phosphate fertilizer alone.
(C) an official of a research foundation who identifies research projects for potential funding
cause this research can produce profit, so it can attract funding which is potential funding
(D) a biologist attempting to keep up with scientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area of specialization
relative sentence: widespread investigation until recently, and it has many profitable uses and still unresolved utterly
thus this is the new trend of science
(E) a botanist conducting experiments to determine the relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake of phosphate
this is not answered in the passage, so it is not suited
19.        It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
this question is testing about the two reasons retarding this research
(A) Lack of funding for such research
no mention
(B) Lack of immediate application of such research
not the two reason, besides, it has many applications
(C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi
relative sentence: First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage
It is hard to recognize the plants, no mentioned about identifying fungi
(D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study
relative sentence:the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root.
better than other choices
(E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
no mention
20.        The passage suggests which of the following about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit?
(A) There are at least three hypotheses that might account for the increase.
so right that I can't believe ETS can be warm-hearted like this
(B) An explanation lies in the fact that mycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do.
(C) The plants that show increased resistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation.
(D) Such increases may be independent of mycorrhizal infection.
(E) It is unlikely that a satisfactory explanation can be found to account for the increase.

婷婷1989UID: 3579643

我计划 6.28，你呢

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

婷婷1989 发表于 2015-4-22 16:34
我计划 6.28，你呢

差不多，我希望6月能和G分手！！
你第一次考吗？

婷婷1989UID: 3579643

小的时候没有背单词，考过一次老g= =

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

婷婷1989 发表于 2015-4-23 19:37
小的时候没有背单词，考过一次老g= =

小的时候(⊙﹏⊙)b
咱们考试日期差不多，进度接近，可以一起复习讨论，隔空督促一下~
我肯定会一直在这个帖子，你有兴趣的话可以来贴子里找我~

Serenity_RyanUID: 3498150

楼主加油，前人已飞

婷婷1989UID: 3579643

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-4-24 11:10
小的时候(⊙﹏⊙)b
咱们考试日期差不多，进度接近，可以一起复习讨论，隔空督促一下~
我肯定会一直在这 ...

好的，我现在就是背单词，也没有看别的，比较懒散。。。

gytgyt35UID: 3591804

婷婷1989 发表于 2015-4-24 20:13
好的，我现在就是背单词，也没有看别的，比较懒散。。。

我也在背单词。。。。
哈。太痛苦了。。。。

wfxmfwjwUID: 3582171

之前一直断断续续的背了一些单词，差些坚持不下去了。
强制性开始做阅读。同希望6月底7月初考g，希望和楼主一起努力，
我是第一次考，离大部队还有很多距离，大家共同努力共同进步，加油。

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

wfxmfwjw 发表于 2015-4-25 08:12
之前一直断断续续的背了一些单词，差些坚持不下去了。
强制性开始做阅读。同希望6月底7月初考g，希望和楼主 ...

嗯嗯！！咱们考试日期差不多，进度接近，可以一起复习讨论，隔空督促一下~
我肯定会一直在这个帖子，你有兴趣的话可以来贴子里找我~

wfxmfwjwUID: 3582171

楼主也是北京考试吗？
fighting，相互监督，共同进步······

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

wfxmfwjw 发表于 2015-4-26 10:16
楼主也是北京考试吗？
fighting，相互监督，共同进步······

恩对呀！我的计划在第一页，你的计划呢？