有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

logicallyUID: 3447866

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-5-4 14:04
谢谢关心，感觉油又加了一升~~
昨天模考阅读大概55%的正确率吧，和平时做老G题差不多
作文之前写过，这 ...

开始写了的话可以到作文版让王老师帮你改一改。

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

logically 发表于 2015-5-4 14:59
开始写了的话可以到作文版让王老师帮你改一改。

嗯嗯！！谢谢！！

wyd1582UID: 3567163

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-5-4 13:40
一战吗？加油呀！！考完来交流一下咩~~

哈哈好呀 佩服你的毅力呢

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

wyd1582 发表于 2015-5-4 16:18
哈哈好呀 佩服你的毅力呢

我是个很没毅力的人（可见本帖第一楼T_T）才用发帖这种方式鼓励自己坚持下去的

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.5 comprehension note!

first step: analyze the passage

As people age, their cells become less efficient and less able to replace damaged components. At the same time their tissues stiffen. For example, the lungs and the heart muscle expand less successfully, the blood vessels become increasingly rigid, and the ligaments and tendons tighten.

present a phenomenon that people's tissues stiffen when they grow old and attaches an example to this phenomenon.

Few investigators would attribute such diverse effects to a single cause. Nevertheless, researchers have discovered that a process long known to discolor and toughen foods may also contribute to age-related impairment of both cells and tissues. That process is nonenzymatic glycosylation, whereby glucose becomes attached to proteins without the aid of enzymes. When enzymes attach glucose to proteins (enzymatic glycosylation), they do so at a specific site on a specific protein molecule for a specific purpose. In contrast, the nonenzymatic process adds glucose haphazardly to any of several sites along any available peptide chain within a protein molecule.

put up with a new direction of researching in this area by suggesting that few people do so. Then explain what is the process (nonenzymatic glycosylation). Next, contrast the process with its opposite one that is enzamatic glycosylation.
when a contrast appears, pay attention to the differences!

This nonenzymatic glycosylation of certain proteins has been understood by food chemists for decades, although few biologists recognized until recently that the same steps could take place in the body. Nonenzymatic glycosylation begins when an aldehyde group (CHO) of glucose and an amino group (NH2) of a protein are attracted to each other. The molecules combine, forming what is called a Schiff base within the protein. This combination is unstable and quickly rearranges itself into a stabler, but still reversible, substance known as an Amadori product.

This paragraph further explains the details of nonenzymatic glycosylation: begins when CHO and NH2 are combined. then the combination forms Schiff which is unstable and quickly rearranges itself into a stabler but still reversible substance -- Amadori.
the "still" decorates word reversible is important. Though it has changed to a stabler one, but still implicit that the substance may continuously change which just the topic of the next paragraph

If a given protein persists in the body for months or years, some of its Amadori products slowly dehydrate and rearrange themselves yet again, into new glucose-derived structures. These can combine with various kinds of molecules to form irreversible structures named advanced glycosylation end products (AGE’s). Most AGE’s are yellowish brown and fluorescent and have specific spectrographic properties. More important for the body, many are also able to cross-link adjacent proteins, particularly ones that give structure to tissues and organs. Although no one has yet satisfactorily described the origin of all such bridges between proteins, many investigators agree that extensive cross-linking of proteins probably contributes to the stiffening and loss of elasticity characteristic of aging tissues.

It first states the condition under which Amadori could transform into a irreversible structure that is after a period of time until Amdori has slowly dehydrate into new glucos-derived structures. Then the products can transform into AGE's. A little characteristics about AGE's. Point out the most significant one for the body. Finally state a conclusion which has not been substantiated yet.
This paragraph puts up one reason of the stiffening and loss of elasticity characteristic of aging tissues.

In an attempt to link this process with the development of cataracts (the browning and clouding of the lens of the eye as people age), researchers studied the effect of glucose on solutions of purified crystallin, the major protein in the lens of the eye. Glucose-free solutions remained clear, but solutions with glucose caused the proteins to form clusters, suggesting that the molecules had become cross-linked. The clusters diffracted light, making the solution opaque. The researchers also discovered that the pigmented cross-links in human cataracts have the brownish color and fluorescence characteristic of AGE’s. These data suggest that nonenzymatic glycosylation of lens crystallins may contribute to cataract formation.

This paragraph talks about one application of the founding below which is about cataracts. Under glucose-free, solution is clear. On the contrary, it can cause clusters of proteins which makes the solution opaque. The conclusion is the last sentence.


17.        With which of the following statements concerning the stiffening of aging tissues would the author most likely agree?
(A) It is caused to a large degree by an increased rate of cell multiplication.
contradict, lost the ability of cell multiplication is the reason of the stiffening of aging tissues
(B) It paradoxically both helps and hinders the longevity of proteins in the human body.
no help
(C) It can be counteracted in part by increased ingestion of glucose-free foods.
not mentioned
(D) It is exacerbated by increased enzymatic glycosylation.
contradict, it is nonenzymatic glycosylation
(E) It probably involves the nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins.
right, relative sentence: researchers have discovered that a process long known to discolor and toughen foods may also contribute to age-related impairment of both cells and tissues. That process is nonenzymatic glycosylation,

18.        According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of the process that discolors and toughens foods?
(A) It takes place more slowly than glycosylation in the human body.
mix
(B) It requires a higher ratio of glucose to protein than glycosylation requires in the human body.
no comparison
(C) It does not require the aid of enzymes to attach glucose to protein.
right, relative sentence: That process is nonenzymatic glycosylation, whereby glucose becomes attached to proteins without the aid of enzymes.
(D) It proceeds more quickly when the food proteins have a molecular structure similar to that of crystallin proteins.
not relative
(E) Its effectiveness depends heavily on the amount of environmental moisture.
not mentioned moisture

19.        According to the passage, which of the following is characteristic of enzymatic glycosylation of proteins?
(A) AGE’s are formed after a period of months or years.
(B) Proteins affected by the process are made unstable.
(C) Glucose attachment impairs and stiffens tissues.
(D) Glucose is attached to proteins for specific purposes.
relative sentence: When enzymes attach glucose to proteins (enzymatic glycosylation), they do so at a specific site on a specific protein molecule for a specific purpose
(E) Amino groups combine with aldehyde groups to form Schiff bases.
other choices are all about nonenzymatic glycosylation

20.        According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of Amadori products in proteins?
(A) They are more plentiful in a dehydrated environment.
Amadori will dehydrate into new structures
(B) They are created through enzymatic glycosylation.
no
(C) They are composed entirely of glucose molecules.
not mentioned
(D) They are derived from Schiff bases.
right, relative sentence: then the combination forms Schiff which is unstable and quickly rearranges itself into a stabler but still reversible substance -- Amadori
(E) They are derived from AGE’s.
contradict, AGE's derived from the combination of AMADORI and molecules

21.        Which of the following best describes the function of the third paragraph of the passage (lines 19-29)?
(A) It offers evidence that contradicts the findings described in the first two paragraphs.
no contradicts
(B) It presents a specific example of the process discussed in the first two paragraphs.
not example, but details
(C) It explains a problem that the researchers mentioned in the second paragraph have yet to solve.
not problem
(D) It evaluates the research discoveries described in the previous paragraph.
no evaluating
(E) It begins a detailed description of the process introduced in the previous two paragraphs.
like I said in the analysis of the third paragraphy

22.        The passage suggests that which of the following would be LEAST important in determining whether nonenzymatic glycosylation is likely to have taken place in the proteins of a particular tissue?
(A) The likelihood that the tissue has been exposed to free glucose
the process needs glucos attached to proteins, so if there is no glucose, there may be no combanition
(B) The color and spectrographic properties of structures within the tissue
Most AGE's are colorful and spectrographic. and the brownish color of AGE may contribute to cataract (last sentence).
(C) The amount of time that the proteins in the tissue have persisted in the body
decides the combination
(D) The number of amino groups within the proteins in the tissue
only NH2 is not enough, because it requires the combination of NH2 and CHO
(E) The degree of elasticity that the tissue exhibits
the more aging (which is stiffening), the process may very rare


23.        If the hypothesis stated in lines 56-58 is true, it can be inferred that the crystallin proteins in the lenses of people with cataracts
(A) have increased elasticity
(B) do not respond to enzymatic glycosylation
(C) are more susceptible to stiffening than are other proteins
(D) are at least several months old
AGE's contribute to cataract, so Amadori must have persisted in body for months.
(E) respond more acutely than other proteins to changes in moisture levels

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.5 comprehension note!

Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
The term “geohydrology” is sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for “hydrogeology.” Geohydrology is concerned with underground water. There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes that have isolated them underground. These systems are properly termed geohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
17.        The author’s primary purpose is most probably to
(A) present a hypothesis
no hypothesis
(B) refute an argument
refute displays a wrong attitude
(C) correct a misconception
exactly right
(D) predict an occurrence
no prediction
(E) describe an enigma
no enigma

18.        It can be inferred that which of the following is most likely to be the subject of study by a geohydrologist?
(A) Soft, porous rock being worn away by a waterfall
hydrogeology
(B) Water depositing minerals on the banks of a gorge through which the water runs
hydrogeology
(C) The trapping of water in a sealed underground rock cavern through the action of an earthquake
completely underwater, sealed is the key word
(D) Water becoming unfit to drink through the release of pollutants into it from a manufacturing plant
on the ground
(E) The changing course of a river channel as the action of the water wears away the rocks past which the river flows
on the ground

19.        The author refers to “many formations” (line 16) primarily in order to
(A) clarify a distinction
this is not to ask the meaning but the intention of using these phrases, so choose the answer that is close to the main idea
(B) introduce a subject
(C) draw an analogy
(D) emphasize a similarity
(E) resolve a conflict

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.5 comprehension note!

Eight percent of the Earth’s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them. The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides. Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum. Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum. Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process. The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them.
17.        The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?
(A) An aggregate
(B) Bauxite
(C) Alumina
relative sentence: that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.
only this form of aluminum is capable of making aluminum.
(D) Corundum
(E) An aluminum silicate
18.        The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals EXCEPT:
(A) What percentage of the aluminum in the Earth’s crust is in the form of bauxite?
only answered the percentage of aluminum, no  specific statistisc about bauxite
(B) Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?
(C) Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?
(D) Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?
(E) Do large quantities of bauxite exist?

I did 17 & 18 wrong, because I thought they are very easy and didn't read the choice and the passage related to these parts carefully.

19.        The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if
(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates
(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum
(C) many large deposits of very high quality corundum were to be discovered
relative sentence: Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity
取非题，anti the original condition in passage.
(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate
(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world’s supply of bauxite is not unlimited

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.5 comprehension note!

Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive. If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense-data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision. The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly. There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us; this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense-data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. Since these quanta are believed to be indivisible packages of energy and so cannot be further refined, we reach a point beyond which further resolution of the world is not possible. It is like a drawing a child might make by sticking indivisible discs of color onto a canvas.
We might think that we could avoid this limitation by using quanta with extremely long wavelengths; such quanta would be sufficiently sensitive to convey extremely delicate sense-data. And these quanta would be useful, as long as we only wanted to measure energy, but a completely accurate perception of the world will depend also on the exact measurement of the lengths and positions of what we wish to perceive. For this, quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless. To measure a length accurately to within a millionth of an inch, we must have a measure graduated in millionths of an inch; a yardstick graduated in inches in useless. Quanta with a wavelength of one inch would be, in a sense, measures that are graduated in inches. Quanta of extremely long wavelength are useless in measuring anything except extremely large dimensions.

Despite these difficulties, quanta have important theoretical implications for physics. It used to be supposed that, in the observation of nature, the universe could be divided into two distinct parts, a perceiving subject and a perceived object. In physics, subject and object were supposed to be entirely distinct, so that a description of any part of the universe would be independent of the observer. The quantum theory, however, suggests otherwise, for every observation involves the passage of a complete quantum from the object to the subject, and it now appears that this passage constitutes an important coupling between observer and observed. We can no longer make a sharp division between the two in an effort to observe nature objectively. Such an attempt at objectivity would distort the crucial interrelatioship of observer and observed as parts of a single whole. But, even for scientists, it is only in the world of atoms that this new development makes any appreciable difference in the explanation of observations.

17.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss a problem that hinders precise perception of the world
relative sentence; here is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us
so this is the problem of precise perception

(B) point out the inadequacies of accepted units of measurement
(C) criticize attempts to distinguish between perceiving subjects and perceived objects
(D) compare and contrast rival scientific hypotheses about how the world should be measured and observed
(E) suggest the limited function of sensory observation
not mentioned about observation

18.        According to the passage, quanta with an extremely long wavelength cannot be used to give complete information about the physical world because they
(A) exist independently of sense-data
(B) are graduated only in inches
(C) have an insignificant amount of energy
(D) cannot, with present-day instruments, be isolated from quanta of shorter wavelength
(E) provide an insufficiently precise means of measuring length and position
right, relative sentence: Quanta of extremely long wavelength are useless in measuring anything except extremely large dimensions.

19.        Which of the following describes a situation most analogous to the situation discussed in lines 9-13?
(A) A mathematician can only solve problems the solution of which can be deduced from known axiom.
(B) An animal can respond to no command that is more complicated syntactically than any it has previously received.
(C) A viewer who has not learned, at least intuitively, the conventions of painting, cannot understand perspective in a drawing.
(D) A sensitized film will record no detail on a scale that is smaller than the grain of the film.
the situation in the passage suggests that eyes can't receive the energy that is smaller than a standard.
(E) A shadow cast on a screen by an opaque object will have sharp edge only if the light source is small or very distant.

20.        The author uses the analogy of the child’s drawing (lines 17-19) primarily in order to
(A) illustrate the ultimate limitation in the precision of sense-data conveyed by quanta
to choose answer based on the writing intention
(B) show the sense of helplessness scientists feel in the face of significant observational problems
(C) anticipate the objections of the those scientists who believe that no instrumental aid to observation is entirely reliable
(D) exemplify the similarities between packages of energy and varieties of color
(E) disparage those scientists who believe that measurement by means of quanta offers an accurate picture of the world

21.        The author implies that making a sharp division between subject and object in physics is
(A) possible in a measurement o object’s length and position, but not in a measurement of its energy
(B) still theoretically possible in the small-scale world of atoms and electrons
(C) possible in the case of observations involving the passage of a complete quantum
(D) no longer an entirely accurate way to describe observation of the universe
relative sentence: We can no longer make a sharp division between the two in an effort to observe nature objectively.
sharp division = accurate way
(E) a goal at which scientists still aim

22.        The author’s use of the phrase “in a sense” (line 34) implies which of the following?
relative sentence: a yardstick graduated in inches in useless. Quanta with a wavelength of one inch would be, in a sense, measures that are graduated in inches
in a sense means a wavelength of one inch is useless in measuring like to measure a millionth of an inch with measures that are graduated in inches.
(A) Quanta of extremely long wavelength are essentially graduated in inches.
not the truth, only an analogies.
(B) quanta of one-inch wavelength are not precisely analogous to yardsticks graduated in inches.
exactly right
(C) Quanta of extremely long wavelength, in at least on e respect, resemble quanta of shorter wavelength.
not resemble, contradict
(D) quanta of on-inch wavelength and quanta of extremely long wavelength do not differ only in their wavelengths.
not related to in a sense
(E) quanta of one-inch wavelength must be measured by different standards than quanta of extremely long wavelength.
not related to in a sense

23.        According to the passage, the quantum theory can be distinguished from previous theories of physics by its
(A) insistence on scrupulously precise mathematical formulations
not mentioned mathematical formulation
(B) understanding of the inherent interrelationship of perceiver and perceived
relative sentence: Such an attempt at objectivity would distort the crucial interrelatioship of observer and observed as parts of a single whole
取非, this theory helped to understand the interrelationship of observer and observerd
(C) recognition of the need for sophisticated instruments of measurement
quantum theory didn't mention sophisticated instruments of measurement
(D) emphasis on small-scale rather than on large-scale phenomena
not mentioned this emphasis
(E) regard for philosophical issues as well as for strictly scientific ones
not mentioned philosophical issues

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.6 comprehension note!

Diamonds, an occasional component of rare igneous rocks called lamproites and kimberlites, have never been dated satisfactorily. However, some diamonds contain minute inclusions of silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene, and garnet. These minerals can be dated by radioactive decay techniques because of the very small quantities of radioactive trace elements they, in turn, contain. Usually, it is possible to conclude that the inclusions are older than their diamond hosts, but with little indication of the time interval involved. Sometimes, however, the crystal form of the silicate inclusions is observed to resemble more closely the internal structure of diamond than that of other silicate minerals. It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

17.        The author implies that silicate inclusions were most often formed
(A) with small diamonds inside of them
contradict, silicate is inside of diamonds.
(B) with trace elements derived from their host minerals
contradict, trace elements is within silicate minerals, relatvie sentence: silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene, and garnet. These minerals can be dated by radioactive decay techniques because of the very small quantities of radioactive trace elements
(C) by the radioactive decay of rare igneous rocks
mix, radioactive decay refers to the technique
(D) at an earlier period than were their host minerals
relative sentence: it is possible to conclude that the inclusions are older than their diamond hosts,
(E) from the crystallization of rare igneous material
mix, crystallization is about the structure.
18.        According to the passage, the age of silicate minerals included in diamonds can be determined due to a feature of the
(A) trace elements in the diamond hosts
(B) trace elements in the rock surrounding the diamonds
(C) trace elements in the silicate minerals
relative sentence: silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene, and garnet. These minerals can be dated by radioactive decay techniques because of the very small quantities of radioactive trace elements
(D) silicate minerals’ crystal structure
(E) host diamonds’ crystal structure
19.        The author states that which of the following generally has a crystal structure similar to that of diamond?
(A) Lamproite
(B) Kimberlite
(C) Olivine
(D) Pyroxene
(E) Garnet
relative sentence: inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond

20.        The main purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain why it has not been possible to determine the age of diamonds
contradict, it may be possible now
(B) explain how it might be possible to date some diamonds
relative sentence: However, some diamonds contain minute inclusions of silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene, and garnet. These minerals can be dated
(C) compare two alternative approaches to determining the age of diamonds
no compare
(D) compare a method of dating diamonds with a method used to date certain silicate minerals
only method of dating silicate materials
(E) compare the age of diamonds with that of certain silicate minerals contained within them
narrow the scope, just mentioned in one sentence

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.6 comprehension note!

Since 1953, many experimental attempts to synthesize the chemical constituents of life under “primitive Earth conditions” have been performed, but none of these experiments has produced anything approaching the complexity of the simplest organism. They have demonstrated, however, that a variety of the complex molecules currently making up living organisms could have been present in the early ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the atmosphere. Therefore some scientists postulate that the Earth’s earliest atmosphere, unlike that of today, was dominated by hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.
From these studies, scientists have concluded that the surface of the primitive Earth was covered with oceans containing the molecules fundamental to life. Although, at present, scientists cannot explain how these relatively small molecules combined to produce larger, more complex molecules, some scientists have precipitously ventured hypotheses that attempt to explain the development, from lager molecules, of the earliest self-duplicating organisms.

24.        According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the process by which the chemical constituents of life were synthesized under primitive Earth conditions?
(A) The synthesis is unlikely to occur under current atmospheric conditions.
right, relative sentence: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the atmosphere.
(B) The synthesis is common in modern laboratories.
only began since 1953 and still fail to reach a more complex stage.
(C) The synthesis occurs more readily in the atmosphere than in the ocean.
contradict, relative sentence: scientists have concluded that the surface of the primitive Earth was covered with oceans containing the molecules fundamental to life
(D) The synthesis easily produces the most complex organic molecules.
contradict, simplest, relative sentence: but none of these experiments has produced anything approaching the complexity of the simplest organism
(E) The synthesis is accelerated by the presence of oxygen-containing compounds.
contradict, impede, relative sentence: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the atmosphere.

25.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) point out that theories about how life developed on Earth have changed little since 1953
not the main point
(B) warn of increasing levels of hydrogen, methane, and ammonia in the Earth’s atmosphere
no warning
(C) describe the development since 1953 of some scientists’ understanding of how life began on Earth
right!
(D) demonstrate that the synthesis of life in the laboratory is too difficult for modern technology
not the main point
(E) describe how primitive atmospheric conditions produced the complex molecules of living organisms
still confused about this process

26.        It can be inferred from the passage that “some scientists” assume which of the following concerning “larger, more complex molecules” (line 20)?
(A) The earliest atmosphere was formed primarily of these molecules.
wrong, it was the ocean, relative sentence: scientists have concluded that the surface of the primitive Earth was covered with oceans containing the molecules fundamental to life.
(B) Chemical processes involving these molecules proceeded much more slowly under primitive Earth conditions.
not mentioned about the speed, fast or slow
(C) The presence of these molecules would necessarily precede the existence of simple organisms.
right: scientists have concluded that the surface of the primitive Earth was covered with oceans containing the molecules fundamental to life.
(D) Experimental techniques will never be sufficiently sophisticated to produce in the laboratory simple organisms from these chemical constituents.
wrong, never is over absolutely.
(E) Explanations could easily be developed to explain how simple molecules combined to form these more complex ones.
still confused

27.        The author’s reaction to the attempts that have been made to explain the development of the first self-duplication organisms can best be described as one of
(A) enthusiasm
(B) expectation
(C) dismay
(D) skepticism
(E) antipathy

relative sentence: some scientists have precipitously ventured hypotheses that attempt to explain the development, from lager molecules, of the earliest self-duplicating organisms.
key word is precipitously
so the attitude must be negative, eliminate A B E
dismay is over
skepticism is better

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.6 comprehension note!

Quantum mechanics is a highly successful theory: it supplies methods for accurately calculating the results of diverse experiments, especially with minute particles. The predictions of quantum mechanics, however, give only the probability of an event, not a deterministic statement of whether or not the event will occur. Because of this probabilism, Einstein remained strongly dissatisfied with the theory throughout his life, though he did not maintain that quantum mechanics is wrong. Rather, he held that it is incomplete: in quantum mechanics the motion of a particle must be described in terms of probabilities, he argued, only because some parameters that determine the motion have not been specified. If these hypothetical “hidden parameters” were known, a fully deterministic trajectory could be defined. Significantly, this hidden-parameter quantum theory leads to experimental predictions different from those of traditional quantum mechanics. Einstein’s ideas have been tested by experiments performed since his death, and as most of these experiments support traditional quantum mechanics, Einstein’s approach is almost certainly erroneous.

24.        The author regards the idea that traditional quantum mechanics is incomplete with
(A) approval
(B) surprise
(C) indifference
(D) apprehension
(E) skepticism
relative sentence: Quantum mechanics is a highly successful theory; Einstein’s approach is almost certainly erroneous.
so the author's attitude towards Einstein's new approach is negative.

surprise is not an academic attitude, while apprehension means worry which is over, so E is right.

25.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s conclusion that Einstein’s approach is “erroneous” (line 22) might have to be modified because
this is anti question 取非. In the passage, it says: and as most of these experiments support traditional quantum mechanics, Einstein’s approach is almost certainly erroneous.
so if the conclusion that Einstein is wrong, then there must be some errs in the first part of the sentence below.

(A) it is theoretically possible to generate plausible theories with hidden parameters within them
not mentioned
(B) some experimental tests of Einstein’s theory do not disconfirm the hidden-parameter theory of quantum mechanics
do not disconfirm = hidden-parameter may be possible, which support Einstein
(C) it is possible for a theory to have hidden parameters and yet be probabilistic
not mentioned
(D) traditional quantum mechanics has not yet been used to analyze all of the phenomena to which it could be applied
not mentioned "all of the phenomena", not a best choice in this condition, B is more suitable
(E) there are too many possible hidden parameters to develop meaningful tests of hidden-parameter theories
not mentioned, same as D

26.        According to the passage, Einstein posed objections to the
(A) existence of hidden parameters in quantum theory
contradict, Einstein supported this one
(B) probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics
relative sentence: Because of this probabilism, Einstein remained strongly dissatisfied with the theory
(C) idea that quantum mechanics is incomplete
contradict, Einstein supported this one
(D) results of experiments testing quantum theory
not mentioned
(E) importance accorded quantum mechanics in physics
not mentioned, while it is importance to other physicists.

27.        The passage suggests that which of the following would have resulted if the experiments mentioned in lines 18-20 had not supported the predictions of traditional quantum mechanics?
the logic is: the results support the traditional quantum mechanics, so Einstein's new approach is erroneous.
So if the results not support ..., then Einstein would be not erroneous.
thus Einstein's new view may be right: If these hypothetical “hidden parameters” were known, a fully deterministic trajectory could be defined

(A) Einstein, had he been alive, would have revised his approach to quantum mechanics.
not mentioned whether Einstein would revise it
(B) Hidden-parameter theories would have been considered inaccurate descriptions of real-world phenomena.
inverse
(C) A deterministic description of the motion of a particle might still be considered possible.
right!
(D) Quantum mechanics would have ceased to attract the attention of physicists.
not mentioned
(E) Einstein, had he been alive, would have abandoned attempts to specify the hidden parameters that describe motion.
contradict, it is not erroneous, so Einstein definitely wouldn't abandon it.

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.6 comprehension note!

It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought. However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way’s corona (outer edge), where much of the galaxy’s mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona’s mass. Thus, most of the Milky Way’s outlying matter must be dark.
Why? Three facts are salient. First, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, into which most of the stars of the Milky Way’s corona are probably bound, consist mainly of old stars. Second, old stars are not highly luminous. Third, no one has detected in the corona the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy. At present, therefore, the best explanation—though still quite tentative—for the darkness of the corona is that the corona is composed mainly of old, burned-out stars.
17.        The passage as a whole is primarily concerned with
(A) analyzing a current debate
no debation
(B) criticizing a well-established theory
no well-established
(C) showing how new facts support a previously dismissed hypothesis
no new facts, only new established statement
(D) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it
conclusion is in the first sentence
(E) contrasting two types of phenomena and showing how they are related
no contrasting

18.        According to the passage, a bright part of a galaxy typically includes
(A) dwarf galaxies and clusters of stars
the dark one
(B) a balanced mixture of old and new stars
not mentioned the mixture
(C) a large portion of the galaxy’s mass
the dark one
(D) part of the corona of the galaxy
it is dark
(E) gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide
relative sentence: the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy

19.        It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with what they now think, until fairly recently astronomers believed that the Milky Way
(A) was much darker
no dark
(B) was much smaller
relative sentence: is far more extended and of much greater mass
(C) was moving much more slowly
no speed
(D) had a much larger corona
nothing about corona
(E) had much less gaseous matter
not confirmed

20.        The passage presents which of the following as incontrovertible?
I.        The low luminosity of old stars
old stars are not highly luminous.
II.        The absence of clouds of gaseous matter from the corona of the Milky Way
III.        The predominance of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies in the corona of the Milky Way
II、III are both from the third fact. the word tentative can be comprehended that it describes the gaseous matter as well
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.6 comprehension note!

Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer’s skill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical terms—as body mass moving through space under the influence of well-known forces and obeying physical laws—neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement. For example, no matter how much a dancer wishes to leap off the floor and then start turning, the law of conservation of angular momentum absolutely prevents such a movement.
Some movements involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions of the body as a whole, in which rotations can be ignored, can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions. However, rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body’s mass is distributed, the axes of rotation involved in different types of movement, and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.
17.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) initiate a debate over two approaches to analyzing a field of study
no debate
(B) describe how one field of knowledge can be applied to another field
physics to dance
(C) point out the contradictions between two distinct theories
no contradiction between two theories
(D) define and elaborate on an accepted scientific principle
principle is not the main idea
(E) discuss the application of a new theory within a new setting
no new theory

18.        The author mentions all of the following as contributing to an understanding of the physics of dance EXCEPT:
(A) the law of conservation of angular momentum
the law of conservation of angular momentum absolutely prevents such a movement.
(B) analyses of the way in which the body’s mass is distributed
rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body’s mass is distributed,
(C) equations of linear motion in three dimensions
can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions.
(D) analyses of the sources that produce rotational motions
the axes of rotation involved in different types of movement, and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.
(E) the technical terms for movements such as leaps and turns


19.        The author implies that dancers can become more skilled by doing which of the following?
(A) Ignoring rotational movements
(B) Understanding the forces that permit various movements
Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer’s skill.
(C) Solving simple linear equations
(D) Learning the technical terms utilized by choreographers
(E) Circumventing the law of conservation of angular momentum

20.        Analysis of which of the following would require the kind of complex approach described in lines 14-19?
rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body’s mass is distributed
so the choice must be related t rotation
(A) A long leap across space
leap is not rotation
(B) A short jump upward with a return to the same place
jump is not
(C) A sustained and controlled turn in place
(D) Short, rapid steps forward and then backward without turning
without turning, contradict
(E) Quick sidesteps in a diagonal line
sidesteps is not

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.6 comprehension note!

The Earth’s magnetic field is generated as the molten iron of the Earth’s outer core revolves around its solid inner core. When surges in the molten iron occur, magnetic tempests are created. At the Earth’s surface, these tempests can be detected by changes in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. For reasons not fully understood, the field itself reverses periodically every million years or so. During the past million years, for instance, the magnetic north pole has migrated between the Antarctic and the Arctic.
Clearly, geophysicists who seek to explain and forecast changes in the field must understand what happens in the outer core. Unlike meteorologists, however, they cannot rely on observations made in their own lifetimes. Whereas atmospheric storms arise in a matter of hours and last for days, magnetic tempests develop over decades and persist for centuries. Fortunately scientists have been recording changes in the Earth’s magnetic field for more than 300 years.

24.        In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) analyzing a complicated scientific phenomenon and its impact on the Earth’s surface features
no impact on surface features
(B) describing a natural phenomenon and the challenges its study presents to researchers
right, challenges are stated in the second paragraph
(C) discussing a scientific field of research and the gaps in researchers’ methodological approaches to it
no gaps in approaches
(D) comparing two distinct fields of physical science and the different research methods employed in each
not the main part, meteorological thing is just an instance used to state another point
(E) proposing an explanation for a geophysical phenomenon and an experiment that could help confirm that explanation
no explanation has founded yet

25.        The passage suggests which of the following about surges in the Earth’s outer core?
(A) They occur cyclically every few decades.
not decades
(B) They can be predicted by changes in the Earth’s inner core.
by magnetic tempests actually
(C) They are detected through indirect means.
right. we detect surges by detecting magnetic tempests
(D) They are linked to disturbances in the Earth’s atmosphere.
no disturbances in atmosphere
(E) They last for periods of about 1 million years.
changes every million years

26.        It can be inferred from the passage that geophysicists seeking to explain magnetic tempests ought to conduct research on the Earth’s outer core because the Earth’s outer core
(A) is more fully understood than the Earth’s magnetic field
not fully understand
(B) is more easily observed than the Earth’s magnetic field
not mentioned about easier to observe
(C) has been the subject of extensive scientific observation for 300 years
not the main reason
(D) is involved in generating the Earth’s magnetic field
right
(E) reflects changes in the inner core caused by magnetic tempests
contradict, magnetic tempests is the results not the reason

27.        In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) stating a limitation that helps determine a research methodology
right
(B) making a comparative analysis of two different research methodologies
comparison is not the point. Emphasizing the limitation is the point
(C) assessing the amount of empirical data in the field of physical science
no assessing
(D) suggesting an optimistic way of viewing a widely feared phenomenon
not mentioned about fear
(E) describing a fundamental issue and discussing its future impact on society
no future impact

sunshineatnoonUID: 3584816

请问你的作文是怎么准备呢？我也是6月份考试，作文还没有开始准备