有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

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2015.4.11-13 summary!
since I got up late at Saturday, decadence totally lasting for 5 days.
I watched 2 movies, 1 variety show, several episodes of series, surfing the shopping APP
so much time just be wasted like that!!
the comprehension notes stopped
shame on me!!!

cpsencyclopediaUID: 3608312

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-4-13 18:46
大概就是在单词后面标数字，然后复习时筛选不同的数字

谢谢哦

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2015.4.14 summary!
since today, comprehension note changes into version with more details.
including the explanation of each question unless I am 100 percent confident and the word I don't know

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2015.4.14 comprehension note!

The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of-18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise.
One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.

17.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels
no obvious warn in passage
(B) discuss the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
the first paragraph talked about how C02 helps to maintain the surface temperature, otherwise, the earth would be covered by ice, this is the importance of C02
actually, the description of B isn't accurate, but it is better than any other  choices
(C) explain how a constant temperature is maintained on the Earth’s surface
narrow the scope, this is only the first part of the passage, the other three part talked about the temperature increase
(D) describe the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions contribute to the Earth’s weather
no various atmospheric and climatic conditions, only C02 and moisture
(E) demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in predicting long-range climatic change
narrow the scope, mathematical models only used to predict the condition of earth
18.        According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is
(A) concentrated in the infrared spectrum
infrared spectrum has been absorbed by C02, thus can't reach
(B) concentrated at visible wavelengths
relative sentence: Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through
(C) absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules
reaches earth, so isn't absorbed by C02
(D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor
similar to C
(E) reflected back to space by snow and ice
if reflected, it can't reach
19.        According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the following functions EXCEPT:
in the first paragraph
(A) absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths
CO2 allows visible wavelengths to pass through
(B) absorbing infrared radiation
(C) absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth
(D) helping to retain heat near the Earth’s surface
(E) helping to maintain a constant average temperature on the Earth’s surface

20.        Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences?
(A) Incredulous
wrong, no doubt, just stated evidence
(B) Completely detached
wrong, completely is excessive
(C) Interested but skeptical
wrong, no skeptical
(D) Angry yet resigned
wrong, no angry
(E) Objective yet concerned
first, the author just stated several statements but no opinion, so the attitude could be objective, objective here means the opposite of subjective.

21.        It can be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about
surface 15, increases by about 6 per km
15-6=9
(A) 15℃
(B) 9℃
(C) 2.5℃
(D) -12℃
(E) -18℃

22.        It can be inferred from the passage that the construction of the mathematical model mentioned in the passage involved the formulation of which of the following?
relative sentence: This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer.
so the assumption is not the amount of C02, or human activities, but a physical condition(moisture)
(A) An assumption that the amount of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere would in reality steadily increase
(B) An assumption that human activities are the only agencies by which carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere
(C) Assumptions about the social and political consequences of any curtailment of the use of fossil fuels
(D) Assumptions about the physical conditions that are likely to prevail during the period for which the model was made
(E) Assumptions about the differential behavior of carbon dioxide molecules at the various levels of temperature calculated in the model
23.        According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred years?
(A) Fossil fuels were burned for the first time.
not mentioned
(B) Greater amounts of land were cleared than at any time before.
no comparison with earlier time
(C) The average temperature at the Earth’s surface has become 2℃ cooler.
no quantitative statistics of temperature
(D) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.
relative sentence: The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years
(E) The amount of farmland worldwide has doubled.
not mentioned farmland worldwide

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2015.4.14 comprehension note!

All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose; she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting. But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values: we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discreetly refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.

Key: when dealing with the short passage, every sentence, every word should be comprehended at the first time, for it is entirely possible for ETS to question one of them. If not, when reading the passage, we will have no idea where did the passage mention this part, and have no clue to certain the right answer.


24.        According to the passage, modern viewers are not likely to value which of the following qualities in a painting?
(A) The technical elements of the painting
not mentioned anything with technique
(B) The spontaneity of the painting
not relative to modern viewers' fondness
(C) The moral lesson imparted by the painting
relative sentence:  we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification
we refers to modern viewers, no longer require moral edification = moral lesson
(D) The degree to which the painting realistically depicts its subject
not mentioned realistic depiction
(E) The degree to which the artist’s personality is revealed in the painting
not mentioned personality at all
25.        If the history of Duparc’s artistic reputation were to follow that of the Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, present-day assessments of her work would be likely to contain which of the following?
relative sentence: the present high standing
means present-day assessments of L N brothers and G is high.
since D portrayed the same themes with L N and G, so follow the attitude towards them, the assessments of D will be high as well. A talks about this.
(A) An evaluation that accords high status to her work
(B) Acknowledgement of her technical expertise but dismissal of her subject matter as trivial
not mentioned, PS, the passage only talked about the subject but no technique.
(C) Agreement with assessments made in her own time but acknowledgements of the exceptional quality of a few of her paintings
contradict, in her own time, the reputation is low
(D) Placement of her among the foremost artists of her century
not mentioned foremost, out of scope
(E) A reclassification of her work as portraiture rather than genre painting
contradict, no reclassification, they are genre painting
26.        It can be inferred from the passage that the term “genre painting” would most likely apply to which of the following?
(A) A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battle
not mundane
(B) A painting illustrating a narrative from the Bible
not mundane
(C) A portrayal of a mythological Greek goddess
not mundane
(D) A portrayal of a servant engaged in his work
relative sentence: she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting
so the scene of work could count
(E) A formal portrait of an eighteenth-century king
"portraiture and genre" infers that they are two kinds of painting

27.        The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgments of artistic work?
(A) Aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgment.
relative sentence: Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values
different political climates can make the assessment of a painter completely different
(B) Judgments of the value of an artist’s work made by his or her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgment can be made.
not mentioned discounting of the contemporaries' judgments
(C) Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting.
contradict, and not the motif
(D) In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting.
not mentioned
(E) Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have.
not mentioned, out of scope

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1.For all his ____________, Honore de Balzac betrayed a remarkable ____________ to the plight of 19th century women, populating his novels with characters sympathetic to women’s rights.
For all means shift!

in one's good grace: be treated well by one


an iota of: a very small amount of

2015.6.17 TC note!

1.Critics who charged that the technology start-up had blatantly appropriated the laptop design of the leading manufacturer failed to take into account a recent report citing that the start-up had been anything but ______________, as not only was it the first to market, but pictures of its original design had initially surfaced publicly.

fail to implies the logic, that the thing after "fail to" would be positive
so anything but should connect with a negative word, then the phrase together forms a positive meaning

hesitant
dominant
innovative
unscrupulous
posthumous

anything but A, 就不是A

2.To most, the word ‘architecture’ connotes a grandeur typically associated with the Old World--flying buttresses, Doric columns, baroque flourishes, byzantine arabesques--and thus many of the more ___________ structures, especially those not obviously inspired by neoclassicalism, are often thought to be cobbled together haphazardly instead of following some prescribed architectural idiom.

modest
secular
unassuming
dilapidated
ramshackle
sedate

the sentence can simplify to: To most, the word ‘architecture’ connotes a grandeur and thus many of the more ___________ structures are often thought to be cobbled together haphazardly instead of following some prescribed architectural idiom.

Thing A is adj.A
thus, thing B that is not adj.A, should be adj.B(the blank


3.Though the accounting firm was exonerated of any corporate malfeasance, the perception that it is not completely ____________ has persisted.

unscrupulous
aboveboard
competent
tarnished
unforthcoming

exonerated of malfeasance = honest, ungilted


4.With university lecture halls rivaling small-concert venues in terms of the number of those in attendance, it ______________ incoming freshmen--most long coddled in an intimate learning environment--to become adept at navigating the treacherous waters of anonymity.

to solve this problem, I just need to focus on the second part of the sentence
coddled is opposite to treacherous
considering adept, so blank should be a word related to make or cause

implicates
is incumbent upon
behooves
removes the onus for
is unfair for
benefits


5.The recent discovery of the existence of a far greater number of planets than had previously been thought only  ______________ undergirds the argument for intelligent lifeforms; such an argument depends on more than a mere tally of planets, for only those planets that can form a viable atmosphere can host the conditions necessary for life.

subtly
minimally
obliquely
retroactively
discursively
indirectly

the blank is an adv. used to describe undergird
the structure of the sentence: The recent discovery of the existence only  ______________ undergirds the argument for intelligent lifeforms

the logic is such an argument depends on more than a mere tally of planet, so the number can merely undergirds ...
merely = obliquely or indirectly(they are synonyms)
subtly and minimally don't have synonyms in the choice so they are eliminated


6.The travel writer must invite ______________ ; few, if any travelogues, have ever been inspired by a languorous afternoon poolside.

travail
tribulations
excitement
scandal
tranquility
serenity

the few results in a shift
so the blank should be opposite to languorous, which helps to eliminate E F, D is not relative
and A B are synonyms, but C

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2015.4.15
8:00 got up and wasted time till 10:30
10:30-12:00 comprehension

14:40-17:10 reciting words （always takes me much longer than I presumed)

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2015.4.15  comprehension note!

The social sciences are less likely than other intellectual enterprises to get credit for their accomplishments. Arguably, this is so because the theories and conceptual constructs of the social sciences are especially accessible: human intelligence apprehends truths about human affairs with particular facility. And the discoveries of the social sciences, once isolated and labeled, are quickly absorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon they lose their distinctiveness as scientific advances.
This underappreciation of the social sciences contrasts oddly with what many see as their overutilization. Game theory is pressed into service in studies of shifting international alliances. Evaluation research is called upon to demonstrate successes or failures of social programs. Models from economics and demography become the definitive tools for examining the financial base of social security. Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quite understandable: public policy must continually be made, and policymakers rightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are better guides to decision-making than no findings and no theories at all.
17.        The author is primarily concerned with
(A) advocating a more modest view, and less widespread utilization, of the social sciences
no modest view
(B) analyzing the mechanisms for translating discoveries into applications in the social sciences
no mechanism, just stated the evidence
(C) dissolving the air of paradox inherent in human beings studying themselves
nothing to do with studying human beings
(D) explaining a peculiar dilemma that the social sciences are in
true: underestimate and overutilizate
(E) maintaining a strict separation between pure and applied social science
no separation, not mentioned pure social science at all
18.        Which of the following is a social science discipline that the author mentions as being possibly overutilized?
(A) Conventional theories of social change
(B) Game theory
(C) Decision-making theory
(D) Economic theories of international alliances
(E) Systems analysis
A C E not mentioned in the passage
D is one thing that uses social science discipline, not the discipline itself
19.        It can be inferred from the passage that, when speaking of the “overutilization” (line 11) of the social sciences, the author is referring to the
(A) premature practical application of social science advances
relative sentence: Yet this rush into practical applications
rush into = premature
(B) habitual reliance on the social sciences even where common sense would serve equally well
not mentioned common sense, out of scope
(C) practice of bringing a greater variety of social science disciplines to bear on a problem than the nature of the problem warrants
not mentioned greater variety of social science. the "overutilization" means some part that does not necessarily require a discipline of social science actually uses it.
(D) use of social science constructs by people who do not fully understand them
contradict, relative sentence: itself quite understandable
(E) tendency on the part of social scientists to recast everyday truths in social science jargon

20.        The author confronts the claim that the social sciences are being overutilized with
(A) proof that overextensions of social science results are self-correcting
no overextensions mentioned in the passage
(B) evidence that some public policy is made without any recourse to social science findings or theories
contradict, the public policy made based on social science
(C) a long list of social science applications that are perfectly appropriate and extremely fruitful
the point has nothing to do with appropriate or fruitful
(D) the argument that overutilization is by and large the exception rather than the rule
not an exception
(E) the observation that this practice represents the lesser of two evils under existing circumstances
this question is particularly important! It intends to compare overutilization with the first shortcoming of social science that is not considered as science.
Obvious, being overutilizing is better than being underestimate

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2015.4.16 comprehension note!

In a recent study, David Cressy examines two central questions concerning English immigration to New England in the 1630’s: what kinds of people immigrated and why? Using contemporary literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families. Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who left for New England in the 1630’s from most of the approximately 377,000 English people who had immigrating to America by 1700.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect. When he moves beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious explanations were less frequently offered and he concludes that most people immigrated because they were recruited by promises of material improvement.
24.        In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) summarizing the findings of an investigation
the first sentence: a recent study
(B) analyzing a method of argument
not mentioned argument
(C) evaluating a point of view
no evaluating
(D) hypothesizing about a set of circumstances
no hypothesizing
(E) establishing categories
no categories
25.        According to the passage, Cressy would agree with which of the following statements about the organizers among the English immigrants to New England in the 1630’s?
I.        Most of them were clergy.
not mentioned about most
II.        Some of them offered a religious explanation for their immigration.
III.        They did not offer any reasons for their immigration until some time after they had immigrated.
any is over absolute
IV.        They were more likely than the average immigrant to be motivated by material considerations.
no comparison with other immigrants

the relative sentence: advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect
such explanations refer to religious explanation
so this sentence means they actually motivated by economics reason (material improvement). They only claimed the reason to be religious in retrospect.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, III, and IV only
(E) II, III, and IV only
26.        According to the passage, Cressy has made which of the following claims about what motivated English immigrants to go to New England in the 1630’s?
(A) They were motivated by religious considerations alone.
(B) They were motivated by economic considerations alone.
(C) They were motivated by religious and economic considerations equally.
(D) They were motivated more often by economic than by religious considerations.
the last sentence
(E) They were motivated more often by religious than by economic considerations.

27.        The passage suggests that the majority of those English people who had immigrated to America by the late seventeenth century were
I did this question wrong because I didn't read the question carefully. It asked about late 17th century! Then the answer should be the choice that doesn't include the people mentioned here "Cressy finds that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families." and "1630’s, most notably the organizers and clergy"
(A) clergy
(B) young children
(C) organized in families
(D) skilled in crafts
(E) illiterate

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2015.4.17 comprehension note!

National character is not formally considered by social scientists in discussing economic and social development today. They believe that people differ and that these differences should be taken into account somehow, but they have as yet discovered no way to include such variables in their formal models of economic and social development. The difficulty lies in the nature of the data that supposedly define different national characters. Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation-state composed of many disparate groups. The situation is further complicated by the nature of judgments about character, since such judgments are overly dependent on impressions and since, furthermore, impressions are usually stated in qualitative terms, it is impossible to make a reliable comparison between the national characters of two countries.
17.        The author’s main point in the passage is that national character
(A) is too elusive to merit attention by anthropologists and other social scientists
anthropologists is only related to describe the cultural norms thing, not natural character
(B) is of greater interest to social scientists today than it has been in the past
no comparison
(C) is still too difficult to describe with the precision required by many social scientists
(D) has become increasingly irrelevant because of the complexity of modern life
not irrelevant, but important: should be taken into account
(E) can be described more accurately by anthropologists than by other social scientists
anthropologists can't either
18.        Given the information in the passage, which of the following is NOT true of modern nation-states?
(A) They are complex.
(B) They are heterogeneous.
(C) They are of interest to social scientists.
(D) They lack cultural norms.
relative sentence: firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms
so there are cultural norms
(E) They differ from one another in terms of national character.
define different nation characters, right
I did this wrong because I didn't see the choices carefully, it is heterogeneous, not homogeneous, so B is true, don't choose

19.        It can be inferred from the passage that the social scientists mentioned in lines 1-7 would agree with which of the following statements?
I.        It is extremely difficult to create models that account for both economic and social development.
not mentioned in the passage
II.        Models of economic and social development would be improved by the inclusion of adequate descriptions of national character.
should be taken into account, so it would be improved, right
III.        It is important to supplement formal models of economic and social development with qualitative impressions of national character.
it is impressions that are usually stated in qualitative which hinders making a reliable comparison between two nation, so contradict
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and III only
(E) II and III only

20.        Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A problem is presented and reasons for its existence are supplied.
problem is right, have discovered no way is a problem, excessive complexity and impressions are the reasons for the difficulty
(B) A controversial view is presented and evidence for its validity is supplied.
no controversy
(C) A hypothesis is presented and possible means of verifying it are suggested.
no hypothesis
(D) A recent development is described and then analyzed.
no recent development
(E) A dispute is summarized and one side defended.
no dispute

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2015.4.18 comprehension note!

Comparing designs in music with visual designs raises interesting questions. We are familiar with the easy transfers of terms denoting qualities from one field to another. The basic problem can be put this way: can music sound the way a design looks? The elements of music are not the same as those of painting. They may be analogous, but to be analogous is not to be identical. Is it possible, then, for the same broad characteristics to emerge from different perceptual conditions?
Two facts about the relation between broad characteristics of a work and their perceptual conditions must be kept distinct. First, the global characteristics of a visual or auditory complex are determined by the discernible parts and their relationships. Thus, any notable change in the parts or their relationships produces a change in some of the global characteristics. Second, a change in the parts or their relationships may leave other global characteristics unchanged.
24.        In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with establishing the fact that
(A) comparisons are not equations
comparison has a uncommon meaning: a likening; illustration by similitude
relative sentence: analogous (comparison) is not to be identical (equations)
(B) auditory phenomena are not visual phenomena
not mentioned
(C) frequently used comparisons are usually inaccurate
not mentioned frequently thing
(D) careless perceptions result from careless thought
no such causality
(E) questions concerning perception are psychological
no psychological thing
25.        In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) distinguishing mutually exclusive categories
no categories
(B) clarifying an apparent contradiction
no contradiction
(C) supporting new ideas
no new
(D) analyzing a problem
relative sentence: the basic problem can be...
(E) comparing opinions
no comparing
26.        The second paragraph is primarily concerned with establishing the idea that
(A) different global characteristics of a work result from the same discernible parts
this is the question in para 1, para 2 only stated the principle which should be held while answering this question but did not answer it.
(B) the parts of a work of art influence the total perception of the work
relative sentence: the global characteristics ... are determined by the discernible parts... Thus, any change in the parts produces a change in global characteristics
So the parts of a work influence the total perception( global characteristics)
(C) visual and auditory characteristics can be combined
not mentioned
(D) changes in the parts of a work remain isolated from the work as a whole
only of the second fact
(E) the visual complexes in a work of art influence the work’s auditory complexes
contradict, visual or auditory are determined by sth, not one influence the other
I did this question wrong because I forgot that ETS often uses synonyms in the choices
27.        Which of the following statements is most likely be a continuation of the passage?
(A) The search for broad similarities thus begins by understanding and distinguishing these two facts.
para 1: ask a question
para 2: stated a principle must be held in discussing the former question, that is two facts must kept distinct
so then, the author probably restated this important principle, that answering the question ( the search for broad similarities) should distinct these two facts (begins by understanding and distinguishing these two facts)
(B) The search for musical-visual analogies thus depends on the complexity of the works being compared
no "depends on complexity" in the passage, so it can't suddenly start talking about this topic
(C) The search for music and art of the highest quality thus depends on very different assumptions.
no search for highest quality
(D) Thus music and painting exist in mutually exclusive worlds.
can't draw this conclusion, logic leap
(E) Thus music and painting are too complicated to be evaluated in terms of analogies.
not a relative conclusion

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2015.4.19  comprehension note!

From the 1900’s through the 1950’s waitresses in the United States developed a form of unionism based on the unions’ defining the skills that their occupation included and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. This “occupational unionism” differed substantially from the “worksite unionism” prevalent among factory workers. Rather than unionizing the workforces of particular employers, waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city. Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided free placement services to employers who agreed to hire their personnel only through the union. Hiring halls offered union waitresses collective employment security, not individual job security—a basic protection offered by worksite unions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene with her employer but placed her elsewhere; and when jobs were scarce, the work hours available were distributed fairly among all members rather than being assigned according to seniority.
17.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) analyze a current trend in relation to the past
(B) discuss a particular solution to a longstanding problem
(C) analyze changes in the way that certain standards have been enforced
(D) apply a generalization to an unusual situation
(E) describe an approach by contrasting it with another approach
18.        Which of the following statements best summarizes a distinction mentioned in the passage between waitress unions and factory workers’ unions?
(A) Waitress unions were more successful than factory workers’ unions in that they were able to unionize whole cities.
no comparison: more successful
(B) Waitress unions had an impact on only certain local areas, whereas the impact of factory workers’ unions was national.
contradict, waitress: whole city, factory: worksite
(C) Waitress union members held primarily part-time positions, whereas factory workers’ unions placed their members in full-time jobs.
not mentioned part-time, full-time
(D) Waitress unions emphasized the occupation of workers, whereas factory workers’ unions emphasized the worksite at which workers were employed.
relative sentence: This “occupational unionism” differed substantially from the “worksite unionism” prevalent among factory workers.
(E) Waitress unions defined the skills of their trade, whereas the skills of factory trades were determined by employers’ groups.
not mentioned skills of factory, only waitress
19.        According to the passage, which of the following was characteristic of the form of union that United States waitresses developed in the first half of the twentieth century?
(A) The union represented a wide variety of restaurant and hotel service occupations.
not mentioned restaurant or hotel
(B) The union defined the skills required of waitresses and disciplined its members to meet certain standards.
(C) The union billed employers for its members’ work and distributed the earnings among all members.
no distribution mentioned
(D) The union negotiated the enforcement of occupational standards with each employer whose workforce joined the union.
no negotiation mentioned
(E) The union ensured that a worker could not be laid off arbitrarily by an employer.
20.        The author of the passage mentions “particular employers” (line 8) primarily in order to
(A) suggest that occupational unions found some employers difficult to satisfy
(B) indicate that the occupational unions served some employers but not others
(C) emphasize the unique focus of occupational unionism
(D) accentuate the hostility of some employers toward occupational unionism
(E) point out a weakness of worksite unionism

婷婷1989UID: 3579643

加油！一起准备gre！

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婷婷1989 发表于 2015-4-19 18:58
加油！一起准备gre！

嗯嗯！你计划哪天考呀？

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2015.4.20 comprehension note!

Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms. Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic behavior.
17.        All of the following could be considered examples of exogenous influences on an organism EXCEPT the influence of the
(A) level of a hormone on a field mouse’s readiness for mating
mating has nothing to do with outside environment
(B) temperature of a region on a bear’s hibernation
(C) salt level of a river on a fish’s migration
(D) humidity of an area on a cat’s shedding of its fur
(E) proximity of an owl on a lizard’s searching for food

18.        Which of the following statements best describes the conclusion drawn by Brown (lines 14-17)
(A) A change in tide schedule is the primary influence on an oyster’s rhythms.
just mentioned one of several, no primary
(B) A change in tide schedule may be an important exogenous influence on an oyster’s rhythms.
(C) Exogenous influences, such as a change in tide schedule, seldom affect an oyster’s rhythms.
contradict
(D) Endogenous influences have no effect on an oyster’s rhythms.
Brown examined nothing about endogenous influences
(E) Endogenous influences are the only influences on an oyster’s rhythms.
19.        The passage suggests that Brown’s study was similar to Hamner’s in which of the following ways?
I.        Both experimenters discovered that a new environment had a significant effect on an organism’s behavior rhythms.
Hamner's concluded endogenous influences
II.        Both experimenters observed an organism’s behavioral rhythms after the organism had been transported to a new environment.
III.        Both experimenters knew an organism’s rhythmic patterns in its original environment.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
20.        Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Brown’s conclusion?
(A) The oyster gradually closed their shells after high tide in Illinois had passed.
related to passage, kind of strengthen
(B) The oysters’ behavioral rhythms maintained their adaptation to the tide schedule in Illinois throughout thirty days of observation.
strengthen
(C) Sixteen days after they were moved to Illinois, the oysters opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut.
(D) A scientist who brought Maryland oysters to Maine found that the oysters opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Maine.
strengthen
(E) In an experiment similar to Brown’s, a scientist was able to establish a clear causal relationship between environmental change and behavioral rhythms.
not relative