SAI的复习日记（被GRE怒艹的日记）

saiorsakuraUID: 3553648

学习某GRE群里一猥琐至极的高富帅的经验，也开一复习日记贴，每天对做的一些难题进行透彻的分析与讨论。

8月29日，加油！

saiorsakuraUID: 3553648

Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people—a charter minority on our own land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton. As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States. Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive.

17.        The author’s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to
(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas  文章说了美国人是为了种棉花，但这不是作者写作目的
(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society文章只说到原墨西哥人被迫改变成墨-美混合文化，后面的事没说
(C) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican-American culture
(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history文章一开始就说了，过去都是美国和墨西哥的人在研究阐释我们的文化，现在要我们自己干，矛盾！
(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans完全不得噶。。。

定位于文章第一段，说过去都是只有美国人或墨西哥人对这种墨西哥-美国式文化的解释，现在需要我们自己来examine the culture了。所以和c相同，new->now, examine the culture->provide a historical perspective




18.        The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans
(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States
(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States
(C) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenship
(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture
(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage
词语目的题，对conquered people进行解释，一个在自己土地上的charter 少数民族。所以这里是要强调和美国人不同，不是迁移来的，而是本来就住在这片土地上的。

19.        According to the passage, a major difference between the colonization policy of the United States and that of Mexico in Texas in the 1800’s was the
(A) degree to which policies were based on tradition
(B) form of economic interdependency between different cultural groups
(C) number of people who came to settle new areas
(D) treatment of the native inhabitants
(E) relationship between the military and the settlers
第二段说了墨西哥人对印第安人是ntermarried with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians，也就是acculturation。而美国人是subduing native population。因此是对待原住民的政策不同。

20.        Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?
(A) In the early 1800’s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.关加利福尼亚吊事
(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.关键词是quadruple---成四倍数增长。。。人口增长和文章说的墨西哥对Tax的政策有毛屌关系？文章既没说Tax人口是涨还是跌，也没说墨西哥人没有阻止美国人来
(C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of Spanish heritage.很多人已经嫁给西班牙裔并不能说明后面Tex的政策就不是民族融合政策= =
(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.文章没说TEXAS被美国吞并后的事
(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.这个选项反驳了“This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. ”文中说的是西班牙实施了融合政策，而此选项则是民（和谐）族压（和谐）迫政（河蟹）策，是矛盾的
做题时脑抽了，没看到contradict= =。。。

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词语积累。。
compatriot——同胞
acculturation——文化传入，文化适应，文化融合
culminate——达到什么什么的顶点
passing from……to……to……to……。。。。。这句话第一次看居然没看出来=。=。。。

MIUselizaUID: 3631596

我来观摩了= =

saiorsakuraUID: 3553648

Although the development of new infrastructure (such public facilities as power plants, schools, and bridges) is usually determined by governmental planning, sometimes this development can be planned more flexibly and realistically by private investors who anticipate profit from the collection of user fees. Such profits can contribute to the financing of more infrastructure if demand proves great enough, whereas the reluctance of developers to invest in such projects can signal that additional infrastructure is not needed.（一眼看出中心句） During the economic boom of the 1980’s, for example,（用例子证明观点） the state of Virginia authorized private developers to build a $300 million toll road. These developers obtained the needed right-of-way from property owners, but by 1993 they still had not raised the necessary financing. （先写例子的具体过程）The unwillingness of investors to finance this project does not negate the viability of privately financed roads; rather, it illustrates a virtue of private financing. If a road appears unlikely to attract enough future traffic to pay for the road, then it should not be built.（然后是对这个事例的观点）


26.        According to the passage, which of the following is true of the toll road?
(A) After it was built, it attracted too little traffic to pay for its construction.（这是imply，并非文章里直接说的）
(B) It was partially financed by the state of Virginia.（未提及）
(C) Its development was authorized during an economic boom.（诚然）
(D) Its construction was controversial among local residents.（未提及）
(E) Its developers were discouraged by governmental restrictions on acquiring the necessary land.（未提及，文文章直说invester不愿意投钱了，没鸟政府的反应）
主义是找文章里提到过的事实而不是imply！！！

saiorsakuraUID: 3553648

Writing of the Iroquois nation, Smith has argued that through the chiefs’ council, tribal chiefs traditionally maintained complete control over the political affairs of both the Iroquois tribal league and the individual tribes belonging to the league, whereas the sole jurisdiction over religious affairs resided with the shamans. According to Smith, this division was maintained until the late nineteenth century, when the dissolution of the chiefs’ council and the consequent diminishment of the chiefs’ political power fostered their increasing involvement in religious affairs.
However, Smith fails to recognize that this division of power between the tribal chiefs and shamans was not actually rooted in Iroquois tradition; rather, it resulted from the Iroquois’ resettlement on reservations early in the nineteenth century. Prior to resettlement, the chiefs’ council controlled only the broad policy of the tribal league; individual tribes had institutions—most important, the longhouse—to govern their own affairs. In the longhouse, the tribe’s chief influenced both political and religious affairs.

The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) question the published conclusions of a scholar concerning the history of the Iroquois nation
(B) establish the relationship between an earlier scholar’s work and new anthropological research
(C) summarize scholarly controversy concerning an incident from Iroquois history
(D) trace two generations of scholarly opinion concerning Iroquois social institutions
(E) differentiate between Iroquois political practices and Iroquois religious practices
定位在第二段首句，作者亮出了自己的观点。。。因此这种类型的文章可以总结为，第一段写被批的人的观点是什么什么什么，并附上其证据。然后第二段则是作者自己的观点是什么什么，并亮出其证据。。。

25.        It can be inferred that the author of the passage regards Smith’s argument as
(A) provocative and potentially useful, but flawed by poor organization（煽动性并且有潜在的用处，但是疏于薄弱的组织。如果作者对Smith的批评点是他没有逻辑，但同时又说Smith的书的确写得好，那则是A选项，然而并不是）
(B) eloquently presented, but needlessly inflammatory(写得很有口才，然而缺乏煽动性。这个和A接近，只是在煽动性上有区别。比如一个落魄诗人的自述？？？)
(C) accurate in some of its particulars, but inaccurate with regard to an important point（就是我在最后所写得）
(D) historically sound, but overly detailed and redundant（忠于历史，但是过于追究细节和文章冗长。。。并没什么鸟关系）
(E) persuasive in its time, but now largely outdated（在作者当年是诚然不错，但是现在已过时。。。并没什么鸟关系）
这题就靠对文章的全篇理解了，诚然Smith手指政教融合的证据是对的，但是他没考虑在19世纪之前易洛魁首领对individual 部落的政治和宗教的影响，因此Smith的观点属于因为论据不完善所造成的观点有所偏失。

26.        The author of the passage implies that which of the following occurred after the Iroquois were resettled on reservations early in the nineteenth century?
(A) Chiefs became more involved in their tribes’ religious affairs.
(B) The authority of the chiefs’ council over the affairs of individual tribes increased.
(C) The political influence of the Iroquois shamans was diminished.
(D) Individual tribes coalesced into the Iroquois tribal league.
(E) The longhouse because a political rather than a religious institution.
这道题做错了，第一次读文章并不能很细节地把文章记住，导致选错。应该先定位early in the nineteeneth century.在文章里的early in 19th后面，紧接着的就是在resettlement之前，chief只对league有政治控制，而对individual tribal并没有。虽然后面说那个individual tribal的longhouse，chief对其的宗教和政治是有影响的，但并没说有控制。而在第一段中，Smith说chief对league和individual都有控制了，所以就能infer在19世纪早起对individual tribes的控制增长！！！，。。。啊啊啊啊啊啊

27.        Which of the following best expresses an opinion presented by the author of the passage?
(A) Smith has overstated the importance of the political role played by Iroquois tribal chiefs in the nineteenth century.
(B) Smith has overlooked the fact that the Iroquois rarely allowed their shamans to exercise political authority.
(C) Smith has failed to explain why the chiefs’ council was dissolved late in the nineteenth century.
(D) Smith has failed to acknowledge the role prior to the nineteenth century of the Iroquois tribal chiefs in religious affairs.
(E) Smith has failed to recognize that the very structure of Iroquois social institutions reflects religious beliefs.
 这题和第一题差不多。。。。不说了

saiorsakuraUID: 3553648

The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean. Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Ann’s pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.

saiorsakuraUID: 3553648

When the same parameters and quantitative theory are used to analyze both termite colonies and troops of rhesus macaques, we will have a unified science of sociobiology. Can this ever really happen? As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them. Consider for a moment termites and macaques. Both form cooperative groups that occupy territories. In both kinds of society there is a well-marked division of labor. Members of both groups communicate to each other hunger, alarm, hostility, caste status or rank, and reproductive status. From the specialist’s point of view, this comparison may at first seem facile—or worse. But it is out of such deliberate oversimplification that the beginnings of a general theory are made.

27.        In discussing insect and vertebrate societies, the author suggests which of the following?
(A) A distinguishing characteristic of most insect and vertebrate societies is a well-marked division of labor.（文章说insect和vertebrate社会都有工作分工，因此工作分工不是两者的特征区别）
(B) The caste structure of insect societies is similar to that of vertebrate societies.（文章说structure不相同）
(C) Most insect and vertebrate societies form cooperative groups in order to occupy territory.（以偏概全，occupy territory只是一方面，并不是组建cooperative groups的目的）
(D) The means of communication among members of insect societies is similar to that among members of vertebrate societies.（只是说两者都会communicate，但没说两者的communication的方法相同，常识也知道不相同）
(E) There are significant structural differences between insect and vertebrate societies.（定位到文章第二句，作者说他更多地关注functional similarities，而不是structural differences，也即是意味着作者承认两者的structural differences有很大的不同）

logicallyUID: 3447866

某GRE群里一猥琐至极的高富帅

是谁？？

Crazy_fightUID: 3582728

加油楼主！！！

rly9717UID: 3212639

已经开始做阅读了