【G盟阅读日记篇】orangetree,iceoolong（欢迎其他G友随时加入哦！）

orangetreeUID: 189984

TO 逆风飞羊 :
我没有明白你问的意思。你选的是什么？？为什么选那个？你认为E不对吗？？不对在哪里？？

wsdegUID: 199069

NO.6-3-2
没错:lol
to orangetree :25 你说的没错啊:)

NO.6-3-4
错了18.20
18.错选了d,回来定位，L13
20.错选B:confused:

长文章新东方讲过，没做，上课去喽:o

逆风飞羊UID: 182440

Originally posted by orangetree at 2005-9-26 14:27
TO 逆风飞羊 :
我没有明白你问的意思。你选的是什么？？为什么选那个？你认为E不对吗？？不对在哪里？？

我是不太明白选E的道理是怎么分析出来的.就是不明白"全文开头in his 1976 study...而且后面紧接着也出现了historian 应该可以判断出这个historical吧。"这句话.:)

orangetreeUID: 189984

no7-1-4
        Currently, the paramount problem in the
field of biomaterials, the science of replacing
diseased tissue with human-made implants, is
control over the interface, or surface, between
(5) implanted biomaterials and living tissues. The
physical properties of most tissues can be
matched by careful selection of raw materials:
metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer
materials. Even the requirement that biomater-
(10) ials processed from these materials be nontoxic
to host tissue can be met by techniques derived
from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to
biomaterials or from short-term implants. But
achieving necessary matches in physical prop-
(15) erties across interfaces between living and non-
living matter requires knowledge of which
molecules control the bonding of cells to each
other—an area that we have not yet explored
thoroughly. Although recent research has
(20) allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial
interface by controlling either the chemical
reactions or the microstructure of the biomate-
rials, our fundamental understanding of how
implant devices adhere to tissues remains
woefully incomplete.

17. According to the passage, the major problem
   currently facing scientists in the field of bio-
   materials is
  (A) assessing and regulating the bonding
   between host tissue and implants
  (B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxic
   materials across the interface of tissue
   and implant
  (C) discovering new materials from which to
   construct implant devices
  (D) deciding in what situations implants are
   needed
  (E) determining the importance of short-term
   implants to long-term stability of tissue
   implant interfaces

18. The passage suggests which of the following
   about the recent research mentioned in lines
   19-25?
  (A) It has solved one set of problems but has
   created another.
  (B) It has concentrated on secondary concerns
   but has ignored primary concerns.
  (C) It has improved practical applications of
   biomaterial technology without providing a
   complete theoretical explanation of that
   improvement.
  (D) It has thoroughly investigated properties of
   biomaterials but has paid little attention
   to relevant characteristics of human tissue.
  (E) It has provided considerable information on
   short-term implant technology but little
   on long-term implant technology.

19. The author’s primary purpose is to
  (A) answer a theoretical question in the field of
   biomaterials
  (B) discuss the current state of technology in
   the field of biomaterials
  (C) resolve a research dispute in the field of
   biomaterials
  (D) predict an ethical crisis for biomaterials
   researchers
  (E) suggest some practical benefits of
   biomaterial implants

Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of
“sacred law.” Islamic law is a phenomenon so different
from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of
course, a considerable and inevitable number of coin-
cidences with one or the other of them as far as subject
matter and positive enactment are concerned—that
its study is indispensable in order to appreciate
adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
Even the two other representatives of sacred law that
are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish
law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly
different.
Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform
than Islamic law. Though historically there is a
discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign
state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the disper-
sion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the
spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old
Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of
the primary codifications of Jewish law in the
Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a
radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that pre-
ceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination,
from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was
far from uniform, comprising as it did the various
components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and
numerous legal elements taken over from the non-
Arab peoples of the conquered territories. All this was
unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious
scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being
almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others
originating novel institutions. This central duality of
legal subject matter and religious norm is additional
to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is
typical of sacred law.
In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law
differed from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law
was buttressed by the cohesion of the community,
reinforced by pressure from outside; its rules are the
direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending
toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and
Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the
dualism of religion and state, where the state was not,
in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the
political expression of the same religion. But the
conflict between state and religion took different
forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for
political power on the part of a tightly organized
ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its
political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was
never supported by an organized institution; conse-
quently, there never developed an overt trial of
strength. There merely existed discordance between
application of the sacred law and many of the
regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism
varied according to place and time.

20. The author’s purpose in comparing Islamic
   law to Jewish law and canon law is most probably to
  (A) contend that traditional legal subject matter
   does not play a large role in Islamic law
  (B) support his argument that Islamic law is a
   unique kind of legal phenomenon
  (C) emphasize the variety of forms that can all
   be considered sacred law
  (D) provide an example of how he believes
   comparative institutional study should be
   undertaken
  (E) argue that geographical and historical
           proximity does not necessarily lead to
       parallel institutional development

21. The passage provides information to answer
   which of the following questions?
  (A) Does Islamic law depend on sources other
   than Arab legal principles?
  (B) What secular practices of Islamic states
   conflicted with Islamic law?
  (C) Are Jewish law and canon law the most
   typical examples of sacred law?
  (D) Is Jewish law more uniform than canon
   law?
  (E) What characterized Arab law of the pre-
   Islamic era?

22. According to the passage, which of the
   following statements about sacred law is
   correct?
  (A) The various systems of sacred law
   originated in a limited geographical area.
  (B) The various systems of sacred law have had
   marked influence on one another.
  (C) Systems of sacred law usually rely on a
   wide variety of precedents.
  (D) Systems of sacred law generally contain
   prescriptions governing diverse aspects of
   human activity.
  (E) Systems of sacred law function most
   effectively in communities with relatively
   small populations.

23. It can be inferred from the passage that the
   application of Islamic law in Islamic states has
  (A) systematically been opposed by groups who
   believe it is contrary to their interests
  (B) suffered irreparably from the lack of firm
   institutional backing
  (C) frequently been at odds with the legal
   activity of government institutions
  (D) remained unaffected by the political forces
   operating alongside it
  (E) benefited from the fact that it never
   experienced a direct confrontation with
   the state

24. Which of the following most accurately describes
   the organization of the passage?
  (A) A universal principle is advanced and then
   discussed in relation to a particular
   historical phenomenon.
  (B) A methodological innovation is suggested
   and then examples of its efficacy are
   provided.
  (C) A traditional interpretation is questioned
   and then modified to include new data.
  (D) A general opinion is expressed and then
   supportive illustrations are advanced.
  (E) A controversial viewpoint is presented and
   then both supportive evidence and
   contradictory evidence are cited.

25. The passage implies that the relationship of
   Islamic, Jewish, and canon law is correctly
   described by which of the following statements?
  I. Because each constitutes an example of
sacred law, they necessarily share some
features.
II. They each developed in reaction to the
interference of secular political
institutions.
III. The differences among them result partly
from their differing emphasis on purely
ethical rules.
  (A) I only          (B) III only          (C) I and II only
  (D) II and III only        (E) I, II, and III

26. The passage suggests that canon law differs
   from Islamic law in that only canon law
  (A) contains prescriptions that nonsacred legal
   systems might regard as properly legal
  (B) concerns itself with the duties of a person in
   regard to the community as a whole
  (C) was affected by the tension of the conflict
   between religion and state
  (D) developed in a political environment that
   did not challenge its fundamental existence
  (E) played a role in the direct confrontation
   between institutions vying for power

27. All of the following statements about the
   development of Islamic law are implied in the
   passage EXCEPT:
  (A) Pre-Islamic legal principles were
incorporated into Islamic law with widely
differing degrees of change.
  (B) Diverse legal elements were joined together
through the application of a purely religious
criterion.
  (C) Although some of the sources of Islamic
law were pagan, its integrity as a sacred law
was not compromised by their
incorporation.
  (D) There was a fundamental shared
   characteristic in all pre-Islamic legal matter
   taken over by Islamic law.
  (E) Although Islam emerged among the Arabs,
   Islamic law was influenced by ethnically
   diverse elements.

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.7-1-4
短文6分钟，新旧观点型。错18。
18。我错选了B，看原文知道是解决了一个问题但根本的问题没有解决，然后觉得secondary 是fundamental的取非。现在看来B是不对的，因为后面用ignore。文中没有忽视，只是暂时没解决。而C就对了，用complete改写原文的fundamental。
长文章又是XDF讲烂的。过。。。。。

词汇收集：
woefully adv.悲伤地, 不幸地,使人痛苦的,可悲的

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-27 at 14:40 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

鉴于最近的文章做过的实在太多，我自己不按计划往前做，步调会和大家不一致。我打算用国内题补上没做的分量。

通过这段时间的学习，方法基本已经掌握，正确率也还可以，就是时间还用的过长。
SO,下一步的首要任务是加快速度！！！UP,UP,UP,UP!

国内题部分就不另开新帖啦，毛毛他们在下面这个链接已经开始做了，氛围很热烈，感兴趣的同学们也一块过来看看吧！

maomao阅读队成立啦！欢迎加入！
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D2

xiangding2000UID: 204715

A ZA A ZA FIGHTING!     顶起来先!

sunflower123UID: 198033

我正是对这种略读一直不解，我们老翟说中间段，一般是第三段，倒数第2段的样子，文章后半段可略读.......一直不知怎么把握

mapingUID: 204985

这两天学校实习，不去不行，整天做焊锡，郁闷！回家就困！
呵呵，今天抽中午时间和同学把头发烫了，哈哈，有点荒唐！
一起加油，先找国内题版去了

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.7-2-2
短文5分钟，错17。
17题，：“作者暗示一种矿石被归类为铝矿必须提供或已经提供下面选项中的那种？”而B已经明摆着说明就是铝矿了。所以不选。

长文思路有点乱。
翻译：传统上，史学研究有其固定的侧重点——时代、国家、富于戏剧色彩的事件、以及杰出的领袖人物。有关学术研究的程序，它也不乏某些明确而又牢固的观念：史学家应如何探究某一历史问题，应如何呈示和佐证其研究发现，什么样的材料方能构成值得采纳的和充分的证据。
　　任何一个密切关注近期史学文献的人均能证明，在史学研究中正发生着一场革命。目前甚为时髦的研究主题直接来自社会学目录册：童年、工作、以及闲暇。全新的研究主题被辅诸以全新的研究方法。在史学研究主要曾是叙术述性的地方，现在全然成为分析性的。象“发生了什么？”以及“以何方式发生的？”这类古老的问题已让位于这样一个问题“它为什么会发生？”。在用以回答“为什么”这一问题的种种方法中，甚为突出的一个就是心理分析法（psychoanalysis），而它的应用则导致了心理史学（psychohistory）的诞生。
　　将心理解释应用于史学研究的领域，这并不仅局限于心理史学。当它们是恰当的时候，并有充分的证据为其提供依据时，史学家们一贯在利用这样的解释。但是，这种对心理学实用主义的运用并非是心理史学所意欲采纳的。他们所投身于其中的，并不仅仅是一般意义上的心理学，而是弗洛易德心理分析学说（Freudian psychoanalysis）。对弗洛易德学说的投入，排除了史学家对他们所一贯理解的那种传统史学的投入。心理史学的“事实”并非导源于历史本身，即对历史事件及其后果的详尽记载，而是导源于对那些创造了历史的个人进行的心理分析；其理论不是从他们生平中这个或那个实例中演绎推论而来，而是来自某个超越历史的关于人类本性的观点。它否认历史证据的基本标准，即证据应公开地为所有的史学家所获取，从而能为所有的史学家所评估。此外，它还违背史学方法的基本准则，即史学家应敏感关注那些有可能驳倒其论点的反面事例。心理史学家，由于坚信其自身理论的绝然正确性，故而亦坚信他们的解释是对任何历史事件所能作出的“最深刻的”解释，而其它的解释均与真理相去甚远。
　　心理史学并不满足于对历史学这一学科（意指那种对昔日那段历史恰如其分的研究和著述方式）予以背叛，而且连昔日的那段历史本身也横加背叛。它否认昔日的那段历史具有一种完整性和其自身的意志，而在过去，人们的行动则是出于种种不尽相同的动机，历史事件也拥有许许多多的原因和后果。它将同样的一种决定论（determinism）强加于过去，亦强加于现在，从而将历史中的人和事件的独特性和复杂性剥夺殆尽。它绝不尊重昔日历史的特殊性，而是将所有的历史事件，无论是过去的还是现在的，均囊括到一个唯独仅有的决定论模式（deterministic schema）中，而这一决定论模式则被假定为在所有的时候以及在所有的情形中均正确无误。

分析一下：本文是一篇新老对比型
首段说Traditionally, the study of history。后面一定有新观点，看2段出现new,recent,后面细看新观点：作者用fashionable, entirely analytic,等adj,adv说明作者对新观点的态度是混合的。重点（Prominent）要讲的是 psychohistory。
3段：心理解释应用于史学研究的领域。后面从正反两向阐述（。。。but…）。L30-36出现2个not…..but….心理学家参考的历史事实（强对比，一定有题）。段末是个稍微隐晦点的缺陷句absolute ”deepest”(缺陷一定考)。
4段：心理解释应用于历史本身。L55, instead of...特别关注，通常考点.

20，主旨题。答案特征：psychohistory，混合评价。
21，强对比互取非题distinguished from,说明考强对比。核心词“traditional history”说明定位在4段，问的是对历史本身的看法。对应L55, instead of...
22，“prevent”说明考缺陷，对应L41-45处的缺陷
23，题干无特征的细节题，先看选项核心词，排除一部分，其余的再回文定位。
A, examples,文中无举例。
B，first established，文中没有
C，回文定位L23-24，意思说反了。
D，best没有
E，the basic criterion定位L35-36,正确。
24，“characteristic”指示，考强对比。“practice”＝at all times and in all circumstances.定位篇末。
25,“primarily”指示考强对比，“view history”定位4段。末句改写。
26，态度题
27，写作手法题（变相态度题）可是还是不知道怎么选！！一个个看的吗？怎么做到的？
最后再强调一次，缺陷，事物之间的关系，作者态度是三个必然考点！
NO.7-2-4
短文错18，单词不认识。知道是列举，可是怎么对应不到呢？
subject matter＝？
word choice＝vocabulary
rhythm＝rhythms
structure＝forms
tone＝？
哪个和evangelical fervor对应？？长文分析：
首段2个独立的因素激励固氮研究。1，氮肥涨价。2，基因工程技术发展快。后面具体说这两个因素是怎样影响的。首段末句Hence, the intensified research on legumes.说明是现象解释型：分层，细节题在本层中找；态度一般为objctive;oranization题。
2段讲固氮过程。L29 great ironies…..limits是缺陷。L31小列举。L35特殊名词Rhizobium（很容易找，不必太关注）
3段说不足的。unfortunately，缺陷，这个词几乎每出必考。有小列举。On the contrary 和Green Revolution 对比。L51 unless也是个几乎每出比考的词，一般为改进型取非题。末句表态度，虽难但必须研究。（原文末句经常成为考点，尤其是当它让步，转折的时候。）
20主旨
21第一处小列举
22 核心词Rhizobium，定位surplus ammonia说明细菌本身自己也用。
23首段两个因素中的一个，spurring-->bringing个文字对应好好体会一下
24类比题，找特征，多但都利用不上。
25 末段unless考点
26态度题（原文末句）
27说的是 genetic的工程。D和E不知道选哪个！

wsdegUID: 199069

好久没见楼主来了:)
我最近不想再往下作阅读了，因为题目太少了，要留着点啊，no题跟着orangetree快赶上了，就打算放放了

NO.7-2-4
短文错18，单词不认识。知道是列举，可是怎么对应不到呢？
subject matter＝？
我觉得是but before Wagner 取非;)

27说的是 genetic的工程。D和E不知道选哪个！
这道题我也错了，但是后来再看，发现定位很明显，就是L16:fundamantal breakthrough，  novel alternatives

D.change对应了novel alternatives
但是E只有genetic engineering诱惑我们，没有本质对应

sunflower123UID: 198033

明天开始跟着你no.8

orangetreeUID: 189984

no.7-3-1
Of Homer’s two epic poems, the Odyssey has always
been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps because it
includes more features of mythology that are accessible
to readers. Its subject (to use Maynard Mack’s cate-
gories) is “life-as-spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its
various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily
from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-
experience”: readers are asked to identify with the mind
of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particu-
larly likable hero. In addition, the Iliad, more than the
Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods’ involve-
ment in human actions, and to the extent that modern
readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler ‘scheme of divine justice. Finally, since the Iliad presents
a historically verifiable action, Troy’s siege, the poem
raises historical questions that are absent from the
Odyssey’s blithely imaginative world.

17. The author uses Mack’s “categories” (lines 4-5)
   most probably in order to
(A)        argue that the Iliad should replace the Odyssey
     as the more popular poem
(B)        indicate Mack’s importance as a commentator
     on the Iliad and the Odyssey
  (C) suggest one way in which the Iliad and the
   Odyssey can be distinguished
  (D) point out some of the difficulties faced by
   readers of the Iliad and the Odyssey
  (E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odyssey
   can best be distinguished by comparing their
   respective heroes

18. The author suggests that the variety of incidents in
   the Odyssey is likely to deter the reader from.
  (A) concentrating on the poem’s mythological
   features
  (B) concentrating on the psychological states of
   the poem’s central character
  (C) accepting the explanation that have been
   offered for the poem’s popularity
  (D) accepting the poem’s scheme of divine justice
  (E) accepting Maynard Mack’s theory that the
   poem’s subject is “life-as-spectacle”

19. The passage is primarily concerned with
  (A) distinguishing arguments
  (B) applying classifications
  (C) initiating a debate
  (D) resolving a dispute
  (E) developing a contrast

20. It can be inferred from the passage that a reader of
   the Iliad is likely to have trouble identifying with the
    poem’s hero for which of the following reasons?
  (A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.
  (B) The hero can be observed by the reader
   only from without.
  (C) The hero’s psychology is not historically
   verifiable.
  (D) The hero’s emotions often do not seem
   appealing to the reader.
  (E) The hero’s emotions are not sufficiently
   various to engage the reader’s attention.

      Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few
   vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry
   (symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the
   body’s midline are mirror images). Most striking among
(5) the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye
   placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in
   an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the
   head. While in most species with asymmetries virtually
all adults share the same asymmetry, members of the
(10)starry flounder species can be either left-eyed (both eyes
   on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the waters
   between the United States and Japan, the starry flounder
   populations very from about 50 percent left-eyed off the
   United States West Coast, through about 70 percent left-
(15)eyed halfway between the United States and Japan, to
   nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast.
   Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a
   certain geographic rang a “cline” and interpret clines as
   strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a
(20)response to environmental differences. For the starry
   flounder this interpretation implies that a geometric
   difference (between fish that are mirror images of one
   another) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanese
   starry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a
(25)perplexing questions: what is the selective advantage in
   having both eyes on one side rather than on the other?
     The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of
   the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning
   around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy,
(30)especially the optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish
   the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve is
   joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa. This
   crossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nerve
   must cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker
(35)reasoned that if, for example, a flatfish’s left eye
   migrated when the right optic nerve was on top, there
   would be a twisting of nerves, which might be mechani-
   cally disadvantageous. For starry flounders, then, the
   left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a
(40)starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.
     The problem with the above explanation is that the
   Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively
   left-eyed, an natural selection never promotes a purely
   less advantageous variation. As other explanations
(45)proved equally untenable, biologists concluded that
   there is no important adaptive difference between left-
   eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two character-
   istics are genetically associated with some other adap-
   tively significant characteristic. This situation is one
(50)commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who
   must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or
   selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed
   flatfish, their difference, however striking, appears to be
   an evolutionary red herring.

21. According to the passage, starry flounder differ
   from most other species of flatfish in that starry
   flounder
  (A) are not basically bilaterally symmetric
  (B) do not become asymmetric until adulthood
  (C) do not all share the same asymmetry
  (D) have both eyes on the same side of the head
  (E) tend to cluster in only certain geographic
  regions

22. The author would be most likely to agree
   with which of the following statements
   about left-eyedness and right-eyedness in
   the starry flounder?
I.        They are adaptive variations by the starry
   flounder to environmental differences.
     II They do not seem to give obvious selective
   advantages to the starry flounder.
    III They occur in different proportions in different
   locations.
  (A) I only        (B) II only        (C) I and III only
  (D) II and III only        (E) I, II, and III

23. According to the passage, a possible disadvantage
   associated with eye migration in flatfish is that the
   optic nerves can
  (A) adhere to one another
  (B) detach from the eyes
  (C) cross          (D) stretch           (E) twist

24. Which of the following best describes the
   organization of the passage as a whole?
  (A) A phenomenon is described and an
   interpretation presented and rejected.
  (B) A generalization is made and supporting
   evidence is supplied and weighed.
  (C) A contradiction is noted and a resolution is
   suggested and then modified.
  (D) A series of observations is presented
   and explained in terms of the dominant theory.
  (E) A hypothesis is introduced and corroborated
   in the light of new evidence.

25. The passage supplies information for answering
   which of the following questions?
  (A) Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly
   left-eyed?
  (B) Why should the eye-sidedness in starry
   flounder be considered selectively neutral?
  (C) Why have biologists recently become
   interested in whether a characteristic is
   adaptive or selectively neutral?
  (D) How do the eyes in flatfish migrate?
  (E) How did Parker make his discoveries about
   the anatomy of optic nerves in flatfish?

26. Which of the following is most clearly similar to a
   cline as it is described in the second paragraph of
   the passage?
  (A) A vegetable market in which the various
   items are grouped according to place of origin
  (B) A wheat field in which different varieties of
   wheat are planted to yield a crop that will
   bring the maximum profit
  (C) A flower stall in which the various species
   of flowers are arranged according to their price
  (D) A housing development in which the length
   of the front struts supporting the porch of each
   house increases as houses are built up the hill
  (E) A national park in which the ranger stations
   are placed so as to be inconspicuous, and yet as
   easily accessible as possible

27. Which of the following phrases from the passage
   best expresses the author’s conclusion about the
   meaning of the difference between left-eyed and
   right-eyed flatfish?
  (A) “Most striking” (line 4)
  (B) “variation is adaptive” (line 19)
  (C) “mechanically disadvantageous” (lines 37- 38)
  (D) “adaptively significant” (lines 48-49)
  (E) “evolutionary red herring” (line 54)

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.7-3-1
短 通篇在说荷马两部史诗的比较，内容比较容易
17题，in order to题型L4-10
18题，事物之间的关系的考点，原文L4-10. however后面的identify with the mind of Achilles=psychological states of the poem’s central character
19主旨题，developing a contrast

长 不对称的比目鱼
首段说现象，（现象解释型，一般文章结构清晰，易考organization题；注意文章分层，细节在本层逻辑层面找，若选项中出现其他层面的内容，一律错；态度一般为objective,除非有相应的adj.adv修饰。）L8 while转折，关注！强对比！
    第二段开始给了个解释，adaptive,a response to environmental difference，他们对进化论，趋同进化，环境影响生物进化，环境适应性，自然选择永远是反对的。不出所料，L24说它provoke a perplexing question，负态度！留学
    第三段继续给出一个解释。G. H. Parker用了举例。
    第四段开头提出这个解释above explanation的问题，L44又给了other explanation， untenable负态度。末句很有趣，however之后说appears to be an 进化的红色的鲱鱼，好像回避了问题，最终也并没有给出有效的解释。
一篇最终没能解释清楚的现象解释型文章，很典型，看解释最重要的是看什么，这是从这篇文章中最大的启迪，就是看态度，看作者是否赞同这个解释，如果作者对它持有负态度，则是个无效的解释，不用关注了。
    21，考强对比L8-9
    22,非常好的题阿I，当然是作者反对的了，II,同I都是进化论范畴的，III,现象，现象解释型文章的现象和解释都考到了！
    23, 题干核心词the optic nerves，disadvantage表示是缺陷。原文改写，L35-38
24，文章结构！好题！看见phenomenon还犹豫什么呢？！
25，A是文章要解释的现象嘛，作者到最后也没说个所以然出来，怎么可能会选它呢！
B解释一的内容，就是它啦！
后面不看啦！
26，类比题，找特点：虽地理位置变化而变化。
    27作者最终没有给出解释，唯有末句有个似是而非的解释，前面的解释都被否定了嘛，所以当然选E
长文章很好，很典型，可以作为现象解释型的例文来看！
Siege n.v.包围, 围城, 长期努力, 不断袭击, 围攻
Blithely adv.愉快地, 快乐地
Deter v.阻止
struts n.高视阔步, 支柱, 压杆

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.7-3-4
if a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) trig-
gered star formation from dense clouds of gas and dust,
and if the most massive star to be formed from the cloud
evolved into a supernova and triggered a new round of
star formation, and so on, then a chain of star-forming
regions would result. If many such chains were created
in a differentially rotating galaxy, the distribution of
stars would resemble the observed distribute in a
spiral galaxy.
This line of reasoning underlies an exciting new
theory of spiral-galaxy structure. A computer simulation
based on this theory has reproduced the appearance of
many spiral galaxies without assuming an underlying
density wave, the hallmark of the most widely accepted
theory of the large-scale structure of spiral galaxies.
That theory maintains that a density wave of spiral
form sweeps through the central plane of a galaxy,
compressing clouds of gas and dust, which collapse
into stars that form a spiral pattern.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to
  (A) describe what results when a supernova triggers
       the creation of chains of star-forming regions
  (B) propose a modification in the most widely
   accepted theory of spiral-galaxy structure
  (C) compare and contrast the roles of clouds of gas
       and dust in two theories of spiral-galaxy
       structure
  (D) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure
       and contrast it with the most widely accepted
       theory
  (E) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure
       and discuss a reason why it is inferior to the
       most widely accepted theory

18. The passage implies that, according to the new
   theory of spiral-galaxy structure, a spiral galaxy can
   be created by supernovas when the supernovas are
  (A) producing an underlying density wave
  (B) affected by a density wave of spiral form
  (C) distributed in a spiral pattern
  (D) located in the central plane of a galaxy
  (E) located in a differentially rotating galaxy

19. Which of the following, if true, would most
   discredit the new theory as described in the passage?
(A)The exact mechanism by which a star becomes
     a supernova is not yet completely known
   and may even differ for different stars.
  (B) Chains of star-forming regions like those
   postulated in the new theory have been
   observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of
   gas and dust.
  (C) The most massive stars formed from supernova
       explosions are unlikely to evolve into super-
       novas.
  (D) Computer simulations of supernovas provide a
       poor picture of what occurs just before a
       supernova explosion.
  (E) A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas
       and dust to a density high enough to create a
       star.

20. The author’s attitude toward the new theory of
   spiral-galaxy structure can best be described as
  (A) euphoric                (B) enthusiastic       
  (C) concerned                (D) critical
  (E) disputatious

The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the
English colonies of North America does not occur until
after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the
first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in
(5) fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure
us that the status of Black people down to the 1660’s
was that of servants. A critique of the Handlins’ inter-
pretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the
1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation
(10) between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexam-
ined, and that explanations for the different treatment of
Black slaves in North and South America should be
expanded.
The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery
(15) by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of
    White servants was improving relative to that of Black
servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White
servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a
different status. There are, however, important objec-
(20) tions to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot
adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position
was improving during and after the 1660’s; several acts
of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate other-
wise. Another flaw in the Handlins’s interpretation is
(25) their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal
slavery there was no discrimination against Black
people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people
were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow
evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrim-
(30) ination without using the term slavery. Such discrimina-
tion sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or
inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet
in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument
excludes the real possibility that Black people in the
(35) English colonies were never treated as the equals of
White people.
This possibility has important ramifications. If from
the outset Black people were discriminated against, then
legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an
(40) extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many histo-
rians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of
prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination
before the advent of legal slavery offers a further expla-
nation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in
North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum
have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in
(45) North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery
and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality—explains
why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there
(50) than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South
America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since
it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something.
A more compelling explanation is that the early and
sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English
(55) colonies helped determine the particular nature of the
slavery that followed.

21. Which of the following statements best describes the
   organization of lines 1-8 of the passage?
(A) A historical trend is sketched and an exception
      to that trend is cited.
(B) Evidence for a historical irregularity is
  mentioned and a generalization from that
  evidence is advanced.
  (C) A paradox about the origins of an institution is
       pointed out and the author’s explanation of
       the paradox is expounded.
  (D) A statement about a historical phenomenon
   is offered and a possible misinterpretation
   of that statement is addressed.
  (E) An interpretation of the rise of an institution
   is stated and evidence for that interpretation
   is provided.

22. Which of the following is the most logical inference
   to be drawn from the passage about the effects of
   “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legisla-
   tures” (lines 22-23) passed during and after the
   1660’s?
  (A) The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s
   position of Black as well as of White servants.
  (B) The acts had the effect of impairing rather than
       improving the position of White servants
       relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.
  (C) The acts had a different effect o n the position
       of White servants than did many of the acts
       passed during this time by the legislatures of
       other colonies.
  (D) The acts, at the very least, caused the position
       of White servants to remain no better than it
       had been before the 1660’s.
  (E) The acts, at the very least, tended to reflect
   the attitudes toward Black servants that
   already existed before the 1660’s.

23. With which of the following statements regarding
   the status of Black people in the English colonies of
   North America before the 1660’s would the author
   be LEAST likely to agree?
  (A) Although Black people were not legally
   considered to be slaves, they were often
   called slaves.
  (B) Although subject to some discrimination,
   Black people had a higher legal status than
   they did after the 1660’s.
  (C) Although sometimes subject to lifetime
   servitude, Black people were not legally
   considered to be slaves.
  (D) Although often not treated the same as
   White people, Black people, like many
   White people, possessed the legal status of servants.
  (E) Although apparently subject to more discrimi-
     nation after 1630 than before 1630, Black
     people from 1620 to the 1660’s were legally
     considered to be servants.

24. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued
   which of the following about the relationship
   between racial prejudice and the institution of legal
   slavery in the English colonies of North America?
  (A) Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery
       arose simultaneously.
  (B) Racial prejudice most often took the form of
       the imposition of inherited status, one of the
       attributes of slavery.
  (C) The source of racial prejudice was the
   institution of slavery.
  (D) Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic
       church, racial prejudice sometimes did not
       result in slavery.
  (E) Although existing in a lesser form before the
       1660’s, racial prejudice increased sharply after
       slavery was legalized.

25. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman
   conception of slavery in Spanish and Portuguese
   colonies had the effect of
  (A) extending rather than causing racial
   prejudice in these colonies
  (B) hastening the legalization of slavery in
   these colonies
  (C) mitigating some of the conditions of slavery
   for Black people in these colonies
  (D) delaying the introduction of slavery into the
   English colonies
  (E) bringing about an improvement in the
   treatment of Black slaves in the English
   colonies

26. The author considers the explanation put forward
   by Freyre and Tannenbaum for the treatment
   accorded Black slaves in the English colonies of
   North America to be
  (A) ambitious but misguided
  (B) valid but limited
  (C) popular but suspect
  (D) anachronistic and controversial
  (E) premature and illogical

27. With which of the following statements regarding
   the reason for the introduction of legal slavery in the
   English colonies of North America would the author
   be most likely to agree?
  (A) The introduction is partly to be explained
   by reference to the origins of slavery, before
   the 1660’s, in the Spanish and Portuguese
       colonies.
  (B) The introduction is to be explained by  
   reference to a growing consensus beginning
   in the 1630’s about what were the attributes
   of true slavery.
  (C) The introduction is more likely to be
   explained by reference to a decline than to
   an improvement in the position of White
   servants in the colonies during and after the
   1660’s.
  (D) The introduction is more likely to be
   explained by reference to the position of
   Black servants in the colonies in the 1630’s
   than by reference to their position in the
   1640’s and 1650’s.
  (E) The introduction is more likely to be
   explained by reference to the history of
   Black people in the colonies before 1660
   than by reference to the improving position
   of White servants during and after the
   1660’s.