【G盟阅读日记篇】orangetree,iceoolong（欢迎其他G友随时加入哦！）

orangetreeUID: 189984

no8-1-3
  Geologists have long known that the Earth’s mantle
   is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains
   unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregu-
   larly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-
(5) mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic
   rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result
   from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are
   composed of material fundamentally different from that
  of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geolo-
(10)gists contend, is the upper mantle.
   Some geologists, however, on the basis of obser-
   vations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the
   mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created
   by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements
(15)tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating
   upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle
   irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ path-
   ways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this
   debate can be resolved through further study, and that
   the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

17. Which of the following best expresses the main idea
   of the passage?
   (A) Current theories regarding the structure of
   the Earth’s mantle cannot account for new
   discoveries regarding the composition of
   mantle xenoliths.
  (B) There are conflicting hypotheses about the
   heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle because
   few mantle elements have been thoroughly
   studied.
  (C) Further research is needed to resolve the debate
       among geologists over the composition of the
       midocean ridge system.
  (D) There is clear-cut disagreement within the
   geological community over the structure
   of the Earth’s mantle.
  (E) There has recently been a strong and exciting
       challenge to geologists’ long-standing belief
       in the heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle.

18. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanic
   islands are formed from
  (A) the same material as mantle xenoliths
  (B) the same material as the midocean ridge system
  (C) volcanic rocks from the upper mantle
  (D) incompatible elements percolating up from the
       lower mantle
  (E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle

19. It can be inferred from the passage that the sup-
   porters of the “layered-mantle” theory believe which
   of the following?
      I. The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are
          composed of material derived from the
          lower part of the mantle.
II. The materials of which volcanic rocks on
  oceanic islands and midocean ridges are
  composed are typical of the layers from
  which they are thought to originate.
III. The differences in composition between
  volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the
  midocean ridges are a result of different
  concentrations of incompatible elements.
  (A) I only        (B) III only        (C) I and II only
  (D) II and III only        (E) I, II, and III

20. The authors suggest that their proposal for deter-
   mining the nature of the mantle’s heterogeneity
   might be considered by many to be
  (A) pedestrian        (B) controversial
  (C) unrealistic        (D) novel           (E) paradoxical

   Many literary detectives have pored over a great
   puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust: what
   happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve,
   an essay attacking the methods of the critic Saint
(5) Beuve, turn into the start of the novel Remembrance
   of Things Past? A recently published letter from Proust
   to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of
   the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essen-
   tially correct guess about the relationship of the essay
(10)to the novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to
   begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be
   a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the
   real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise
   to personal memories and fictional developments, and
(15)allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
   Draft passages in Proust’s 1909 notebooks indicate
   that the transition from essay to novel began in Contre
   Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples
   to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory
(20)exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying
   to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound
   and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve
   assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own
   and, finding subtle connections between them, began
(25)to amass the material for Remembrance. By August,
   Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his
   intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice
   Bardeche, in Marcel Proust, romancier, has shown the
   importance in the drafts of Remembrance of sponta-
(30)neous and apparently random associations of Proust’s
   subconscious. As incidents and reflections occurred to
   Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering
   and expanding his narrative. But he found it difficult
   to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness
(35)and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept
   presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from
   abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made
   it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. The
   beginning of control came when he saw how to connect
(40)the beginning and the end of his novel.
   Intrigued by Proust’s claim that he had “begun and
   finished” Remembrance at the same time, Henri Bonnet
   discovered that parts of Remembrance’s last book were
   actually started in 1909. Already in that year, Proust
(45)had drafted descriptions of his novel’s characters in
   their old age that would appear in the final book of
   Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against
   the ravages of time. The letter to Vallette, drafts of the
   essay and novel, and Bonnet’s researches establish in
(50)broad outline the process by which Proust generated his
   novel out of the ruins of his essay. But those of us who
   hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete
   edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would docu-
   ment the process in greater detail are disappointed. For
(55)until Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a
   viable structure for Remembrance, he told few correspon-
   dents that he was producing anything more ambitious
   than Contre Saint-Beuve.

21. The passage is primarily concerned with
  (A) the role of involuntary memory in Proust’s
   writing
  (B) evidence concerning the genesis of Proust’s
   novel Remembrance of Things Past
  (C) conflicting scholarly opinions about the value
       of studying the drafts of Remembrance of
   Things Past
  (D) Proust’s correspondence and what it reveals
   about Remembrance of Things Past
  (E) the influence of Saint-Beuve’s criticism on
   Proust’s novel Remembrance of Things Past

22. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the
   following are literary detectives who have tried, by
   means of either scholarship or criticism, to help
   solve the “great puzzle” mentioned in lines 1-2
   EXCEPT
  (A) Bardeche        (B) Bonnet        (C) Fallois
  (D) Kolb        (E) Vallette

23. According to the passage, in drafts of Contre Saint-
   Beuve Proust set out to show that Saint-Beuve made
   which of the following mistakes as a critic?
      I. Saint-Beuve made no effort to study the         devel-
          opment of a novel through its drafts and
          revisions.
II. Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in the
     creative process to a writer’s conscious
     intellect.
III. Saint-Beuve concentrated too much on
plots and not enough on imagery and other
elements of style.
  (A) II only          (B) III only          (C) I and II only
  (D) I and III only                (E) I, II, and III

24. Which of the following best states the author’s atti-
   tude toward the information that scholars have gath-
   ered about Proust’s writing in 1909?
  (A) The author is disappointed that no new docu-
       ments have come to light since Fallois’s specu-
       lations.
  (B) The author is didsatisfied because there are too
       many gaps and inconsistencies in the drafts.
  (C) The author is confident that Fallois’s 1954 guess
       has been proved largely correct, but regrets
       that still more detailed documentation
       concerning Proust’s transition from the essay to
       the novel has not emerged.
  (D) The author is satisfied that Fallois’s judgment
       was largely correct, but feels that Proust’s
       early work in designing and writing the
       novel was probably far more deliberate
       than Fallois’s description of the process would
       suggest.
  (E) The author is satisfied that the facts of Proust’s
       life in 1909 have been thoroughly established,
       but believes such documents as drafts and
       correspondence are only of limited value in
       a critical assessment of Proust’s writing.

25. The author of the passage implies that which of the
   following would be the LEAST useful source of
   information about Proust’s transition from working
   on Contre Saint-Beuve to having a viable structure
   for Remembrance of Things Past?
  (A) Fallois’s comments in the 1954 edition of
   Contre Saint-Beuve
  (B) Proust’s 1909 notebooks, including the drafts of
       Remembrance of Things Past
  (C) Proust’s 1909 correspondence, excluding the
       letter to Vallette
  (D) Bardeche’s Marcel Proust, romancier
  (E) Bonnet’s researches concerning Proust’s drafts
       of the final book of Remembrance of Things
       Past

26. The passage offers information to answer which of
   the following questions?
  (A) Precisely when in 1909 did Proust decide to
   abandon Contre Saint-Beuve?
  (B) Precisely when in 1909 did Proust decide to
   connect the beginning and the end of
   Remembrance of Things Past?
  (C) What was the subject of the novel that Proust
       attempted in 1908?
  (D) What specific criticisms of Saint-Beuve appear,
       in fictional form, in Remembrance of Things
       Past?
  (E) What is a theme concerning art that appears in
       the final book of Remembrance of Things
Past?

27. Which of the following best describes the relation-
   ship between Contre Saint-Beuve and Remembrance
   of Things Past as it is explained in the passage?
  (A) Immediately after abandoning Contre Saint-
       Beuve, at Vallette’s suggestion, Proust started
       Remembrance as a fictional demonstration
       that Saint-Beuve was wrong about the
       imagination.
  (B) Immediately after abandoning Contre Saint-
   Beuve, at Vallette’s suggestion, Proust turned
   his attention to Remembrance, starting with
   incidents that had occurred to him while
   planning the essay.
  (C) Despondent that he could not find a coherent
       structure for Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay
       about the role of memory in fiction, Proust
       began instead to write Remembrance, a novel
       devoted to important early memories.
  (D) While developing his argument about the
   imagination in Contre Saint-Beuve, Proust
   described and began to link together
   personal memories that became a foundation
   for Remembrance.
  (E) While developing his argument about memory
       and imagination in Contre Saint-Beuve,
       Proust created fictional characters to embody
       the abstract themes in his essay.

orangetreeUID: 189984

no8-1-6
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican
and United States interpretations of Mexican-American
culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we
Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from
a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving
settlers to, finally, a conquered people—a charter mi-
nority on our own land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-
married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous
Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early
1800’s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican
life and government. In the 1820’s, United States citizens
migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of
acquiring land by subduing native populations began to
dominate. The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culmi-
nating in a military conflict that led to victory for the
United States. Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent
culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American
modes of thought and action in order to survive.

17. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is
   primarily to
  (A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United
States intervention in Texas
  (B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-
American society
  (C) provide a historical perspective for a new anal-
ysis of Mexican-American culture
  (D) appeal to both Mexican and United States
scholars to give greater consideration to
economic interpretations of history
  (E) bring to light previously overlooked research on
Mexican Americans

18. The author most probably uses the phrase
   “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the
   idea that Mexican Americans
  (A) are a native rather than an immigrant group
  in the United States
  (B) played an active political role when Texas first
became part of the United States
  (C) recognized very early in the nineteenth century
the need for official confirmation of their
rights of citizenship
  (D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying
  to interpret their culture
  (E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage
than with their Spanish heritage

19. According to the passage, a major difference betw-
een the colonization policy of the United States
and that of Mexico in Texas in the 1800’s was the
  (A) degree to which policies were based on tradition
  (B) form of economic interdependency between
  different cultural groups
  (C) number of people who came to settle new areas
  (D) treatment of the native inhabitants
  (E) relationship between the military and the settlers

20. Which of the following statements most clearly
contradicts the information in this passage?
  (A) In the early 1800’s, the Spanish committed more
resources to settling California than
to developing Texas.
  (B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the
population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the
fact that Mexico discouraged immigration
from the United States.
  (C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many
  Indians had already married people of
  Spanish heritage.
  (D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to
  Mexico after Texas was annexed by the
  United States.
  (E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish
acculturation and were either killed or
enslaved.

This passage was adapted from an article published in 1982.

Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide
hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides
the hypothalamus was astounding. Peptide hormones,
scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and
(5)the hypothalamus was thought to be the brains’ only
endocrine gland. What is more, because peptide hor-
mones cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, researchers
believed that they never got to any part of the brain
other than the hypothalamus, where they were simply
(10)produced and then released into the bloodstream.
But these beliefs about peptide hormones were ques-
tioned as laboratory after laboratory found that anti-
serums to peptide hormones, when injected into the
brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indi-
(15)cating that either the hormones or substances that cross-
react with the antiserums are present. The immunolog-
ical method of detecting peptide hormones by means
of antiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions
are possible and this method cannot determine whether
(20)the substances detected by the antiserums really are the
hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore, this
method cannot be used to determine the location in
the body where the detected substances are actually
produced.
(25)   New techniques of molecular biology, however, pro-
vide a way to answer these questions. It is possible to
make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that
can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger
RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the peptide hormones.If brain cells
(30)are making the hormones, the cells will contain these
mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble
the hormones but are not identical to them, then the
cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s, but should
not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the
(35)true hormones. The cells containing these mRNA’s can
then be isolated and their mRNA’s decoded to deter-
mine just what their protein products are and how
closely the products resemble the true peptide hor-
mones.
(40)   The molecular approach to detecting peptide hor-
mones using cDNA probes should also be much faster
than the immunological method because it can take
years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hor-
mones and then develop antiserums to them. Roberts,
(45)expressing the sentiment of many researchers, states:
“I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became
clear to me that the field of endocrinology needed
molecular biology input. The process of grinding
out protein purifications is just too slow.”
(50)   If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest,
peptide hormones really are made in the brain in areas
other than the hypothalamus, a theory must be devel-
oped that explains their function in the brain. Some
have suggested that the hormones are all growth regula-
(55)tors, but Rosen’s work on rat brains indicates that this
cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose
that they might be used for intercellular communication
in the brain.

21. Which of the following titles best summarizes the
passage?
  (A) Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding
Intercellular Communication in the Brain?
  (B) Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit
Its Techniques to Synthesize Peptide
Hormones?
  (C) The Advantages and Disadvantages of the
  Immunological Approach to Detecting
  Peptide Hormones
  (D) Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are
  Attempting to Solve Problems of Their
  Detection and to Understand Their Function
  (E) Peptide Hormones: The Role Played by
  Messenger RNA’s in Their Detection

22. The passage suggests that a substance detected in the
brain by use of antiserums to peptide hormones may
  (A) have been stored in the brain for a long period
of time
  (B) play no role in the functioning of the brain
  (C) have been produced in some part of the body
other than the brain
  (D) have escaped detection by molecular methods
  (E) play an important role in the functioning of the
hypothalamus

23. According to the passage, confirmation of the belief
that peptide hormones are made in the brain in
areas other than the hypothalamus would force
scientists to
  (A) reject the theory that peptide hormones are
  made by endocrine glands
  (B) revise their beliefs about the ability of anti-
serums to detect peptide hormones
  (C) invent techniques that would allow them to
  locate accurately brain cells that produce
  peptide hormones
  (D) search for techniques that would enable them to
distinguish peptide hormones from their
close relatives
  (E) develop a theory that explains the role played
by peptide hormones in the brain

24. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage
as a drawback of the immunological method of
detecting peptide hormones?
  (A) It cannot be used to detect the presence of
  growth regulators in the brain.
  (B) It cannot distinguish between the peptide
  hormones and substances that are very
  similar to them.
  (C) It uses antiserums that are unable to cross
  the blood-brain barrier.
  (D) It involves a purification process that requires
extensive training in endocrinology.
  (E) It involves injecting foreign substances directly
into the bloodstream.

25. The passage implies that, in doing research on rat
brains, Rosen discovered that
  (A) peptide hormones are used for intercellular
  communication
  (B) complementary DNA’s do not bind to cells
  producing peptide hormones
  (C) products closely resembling peptide hormones
are not identical to peptide hormones
  (D) some peptide hormones do not function as
  growth regulators
  (E) antiserums cross-react with substances that
  are not peptide hormones

26. Which of the following is a way in which the
   immunological method of detecting peptide
   hormones differs from the molecular method?
  (A) The immunological method uses substances
  that react with products of hormone-
  producing cells, whereas the molecular
method uses substances that react with a
specific component of the cells themselves.
  (B) The immunological method has produced
  results consistent with long-held beliefs
  about peptide hormones, whereas the
  molecular method has produced results
that upset these beliefs.
  (C) The immunological method requires a great
  deal of expertise, whereas the molecular
  method has been used successfully by
  nonspecialists.
  (D) The immunological method can only be used
to test for the presence of peptide hormones
within the hypothalamus, whereas the molec-
ular method can be used throughout the brain.
  (E) The immunological method uses probes
that can only bind with peptide hormones,
whereas the molecular method uses probes
that bind with peptide hormones and sub-
stances similar to them.

27. The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain
from developments in molecular biology is regarded
by Roberts with
  (A) incredulity
  (B) derision
  (C) indifference
  (D) pride
  (E) enthusiasm

orangetreeUID: 189984

题做完了，日记还差一点。先去游泳咯！！哈哈！舒服！晚上发剩下的3个！

sunflower123UID: 198033

我只做了no.8第一...
晚上回来call我，
别忘了填空

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.7-3-4
短：宇宙星系形成的问题。新老观点题。一个是new theory（新），一个是the most widely accepted theory（旧）。L6,differentially表事物之间比较？17，主题题
18题原文改写L6-7。
19，逻辑weak题，首句。取非,否定论据。这里有点问题，回头大家讨论一下！
20态度题 二段开头exciting正评价，concerned语气太弱，只能选B.

长：现象解释型，一般文章结构清晰，易考organization题；注意文章分层，细节在本层逻辑层面找，若选项中出现其他层面的内容，一律错；态度一般为objective,除非有相应的adj.adv修饰。

第一段提出slavery先于在法律上确认而存在，O and MH 提出了一个解释（黑人地位降低），但作者认为这个解释不对，然后总论述了要解释清楚这个现象因该： reexamined the slavery the slavery and racial prejudice,和解释在north and south America对黑人slaves有不一样的待遇。
2段论述了H 不对的2原因。1,白种仆人地位地位上升的证据不足。2，otherwise, 认为在法律上的奴隶制度确立之前，对黑人不存在丝毫歧视。L28有But,强对比。
3段the different treatment of black slaves in North and South。North 和south都存在discrimination(歧视)，但 North 比south 对Black slaves更严厉，歧视更严重。里面提到F和T，rightly（＋）argued that the lack（缺陷）。L51出现but,强对比。态度变成混合评价。
最后给了一个更客观的解释: racial disvrimination加速了slavery的形成。
21 主旨题
I22对otherwise取非
23定位L27-30,强对比。f i"E U
24“ North America”定位在三段前2句。The source＝the cause。这题我没有找到文中的语言现象！即，没有预见它会出来考。25取非题,“ had the effect”指示考缺陷，根据Roman和spanish and portuguese定位L45
26态度题，混合评价（right but not whole）
27一定要用长选项速读法！！！（可是我都忘记啦！）谁会，来说说！我是彻底放弃！
词汇收集
Enthusiasm n.狂热, 热心, 积极性, 激发热情的事物
Supernova n.[天]超新星
Trigger vt.引发, 引起, 触发n.板机
Spiraladj.螺旋形的n.螺旋
vicinityn.邻近, 附近, 接近
ramification n.分枝, 分叉, 衍生物, 支流
mitigate v.减轻

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.8-1-3
短 地幔组成结构的问题。新老观点型。
首段老观点认为分层。L4，The best evidnce举火山形成的海岛为例。
二段However,新观点，不分层。表层的成分变化是液体渗入造成的。
最后，现在没有定论L18 unimaginatively（缺乏想象的？），有待进一步研究。
说文章和昨天的短文章出题风格出奇的一致啊，大家有兴趣回去看看，如：
17主题题，把握文章结构
18题考文章改写，the best 这句。
19老观点的现象和解释。
20作者态度题，定位末句 L18 的unimaginatively 就是pedestrian(平淡，单调，无创意)。
不知这是不是传说中的ETS出题风格，哈哈，在以后阅读中继续关注这样的出题思路。

长 问题解决型（易出细节和取非题。要读什么地方正确回答了开始提出的问题。找有效的解释！也就是TS。注意中意的方法好在哪，排除的方法缺点在哪（有个印象就行））。
首段提出一个puzzle，紧接就是文章focus，集中于L3-6，“How did...Remembrance of Things Past?”也就是transition from essay to novel，在二段首句重复了。对应关系：
essay －novel
CSB  －RTP
文中参考的三个材料：
1，        letter from Proust to the editor Vallette。
2，        Draft passages in Proust’s 1909 notebooks。
3，        Marcel Proust, romancier。
第一段后半部分、第二段和末段开头部分，分别讲了三个材料和研究对focus的研究，跟后面TS一一对应。
TS在末段后半部分L49-51，“The letter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnet’s researches establish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his essay.”开始讲的就是三个材料和研究的对focus的意义，即对为什么和怎样从essay转为novel的过程作出解释的意义。后面又附带了一个kolb的disappointed的材料，用But连接。
21、主题题型，文章主要关心什么，问的是focus，开头的问题里去找，L5 start---)genesis B的genesis和TS处的generate很好地对应。
22、把握文章列举的那几个材料和研究。相对于其他4个选项的literary detectives，E是和MP编辑，同时代人，不是现在的研究学者。原文的大字人名一定要给出标记，作者对其是什么态度，正?负?也要给出标记！谁和谁并列也可以表示出来，例如LM=SD，这样选择的时候可以作为相同的来排除。
23、考缺陷，原文L12-13行，blindness to ，注意这个blindness to经常是缺陷考点，原文种的缺陷必考！
24、态度题，态度标志词：首段L8-9的essentially correct以及从末段but后最后部分可以看出态度，态度标志词是disappointed。
25、态度考点，L52-54 disappointed
26、泛指划题型
27、定位在L10-15词汇收集
Heterogeneous adj.不同种类的
Spatial adj.空间的
Plume n.羽毛
Percolate n.滤过之液体, 滤液v.过滤
Xenolith n.[地]捕虏体,捕虏岩(指火成岩中与其无成因关系的包体)
Vagary n.奇特行为, 奇想, 反复无常的行为
pedestrian n.步行者adj.徒步的, 呆板的, 通俗的

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-30 at 20:24 ]

xiangding2000UID: 204715

晚上八点开始讨论

现在开始做题

A ZA A ZA FIGHTING！

sunflower123UID: 198033

第一次做，只对了四个.
不过看了你这个有些启发！
这篇长的太多人名了，画了一堆
22题仍未明白
24题受启发，可以这么解1909定位，看第一个出现的1909，line3,往下读，有essentially correct,所以排除a,b.看一下，c出现了1954....原文一对应....
估计这是邪门歪道。haha

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.8-1-6
短 墨西哥文化。首段的traditional和Now，知道讲了对一个问题的新视角。
二段的two clash，知道讲了两个东西的对比。
17.主题
18.从破折号前的conquered people。一个在我们自己的土地上被特许存在的少数民族。
19. “major difference”指示考强对比，定位到15-17行
20题干问的是和文中矛盾的选项！！看清哦！
词汇收集
Sovereign n.君主, 统治adj.至高无上的, 君主的, 独立自主的, 完全的
Compatriot n.同国人, 同胞
Indigenous adj.本土的
Ideology n.意识形态
Clash n.冲突, 撞击声, 抵触

长 问题解决型
开头说科学家们提出PH的研究。
二段But转折，immunological method。之后略读，L20之后有两个cannot缺陷,简单看一下。
三段开头出现了New 和however，引出新方法molecular biology！^q^往后很专业，DNA，RNA的，就全略读了，当然注意看了有无重要转折连词。
第四段第一句的much faster than，强对比，做了标记，对比两种方法啦，重点哦！L44出现人名和他说的话，给了新方法＋评价，关注！
H最后一段比较简单，if作出一个假设。并提出对这个可能的假设的两种解释。延伸性内容。
21.主题题
22. 问的是老方法的缺点，定位到L20之后的那两个缺陷。
23.考察延伸性内容（文章主要说定位PH的问题，而题干中问的是确定好了之后科学家还要干什么）定位到最后一段50-53行
24. drawback缺陷考点。定位L20以后。
25.人名定位rosen文章最后一段，cannot再取非。(本文三处cannot,都是考点啦，2个缺陷1个取非，是不是cannot以后都要给以足够重视呢？)26.对比题，这两种方法的差异个题比较难，其实是靠了一个强对比，就是关于immunologica methodl和molecular method的区别，因为在原文种这两个方法是完全不同的，所以其中一个的特性就不是另一个的特性，答案也比较隐蔽，在L31--35,if the products the brain cells  are not identical to them（hormones）是关键，就是对于molecular method来说它react with specific component of cells，这个specific component其实是brain cells的一个扩大化的改写，就是吧这个脑细胞扩大成了，也就是概括成了具体组成部分，当然immunologica methodl这个与之对立的方法就取非了！好难的题，呵呵，要对原文理解的非常透彻还能做对。如果考试的时候实在不行，就排除法吧。D,E种均有only，这个好像可以一上来就排除，给予一个基础，就是原文的最高级和唯一性都要做标记，做这个标记的作用就是用于排除或者选择有最高级唯一性的选项，C，原文没有比较过
27.态度题：问Roberts的态度，从第三段知道发旧方法的牢骚，当然是对新方法很热衷了。D

orangetreeUID: 189984

no8-2-1
   Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk
   melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-
   like structure, designed to be played—exactly as
   written—on the piano. A strong analogy exists between
(5) European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams,
   Edvard Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk
   tunes and their own original materials in larger composi-
   tions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United
   States. Composers like Scott Joplin and James Scott
(10)were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting
   dance and folk music in Black communities and
   consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies
   called piano rags.
   It has sometimes been charged that ragtime is
(15)mechanical. For instance, Wilfred Mellers comments,
   “rags were transferred to the pianola roll and, even if
   not played by a machine, should be played like a
   machine, with meticulous precision.” However, there is
   no reason to assume that ragtime is inherently mechan-
(20)ical simply because commercial manufacturers applied a
   mechanical recording method to ragtime, the only way
   to record pianos at that date. Ragtime’s is not a mechan-
   ical precision, and it is not precision limited to the style
   of performance. It arises from ragtime’s following a well-
(25)defined form and obeying simple rules within that form.
   The classic formula for the piano rag disposes three
   to five themes in sixteen-bar strains, often organized
   with repeats. The rag opens with a bright, memorable
   strain or theme, followed by a similar theme, leading to
(30)a trio of marked lyrical character, with the structure
   concluded by a lyrical strain that parallels the rhythmic
  developments of the earlier themes. The aim of the struc-
   ture is to rise from one theme to another in a stair-step
   manner, ending on a note of triumph or exhilaration.
(35)Typically, each strain is divided into two 8-bar segments
   that are essentially alike, so the rhythmic-melodic unit of
   ragtime is only eight bars of 2/4 measure. Therefore,
   themes must be brief with clear, sharp melodic figures.
   Not concerned with development of musical themes, the
(40)ragtime composer instead sets a theme down intact, in
   finished form, and links it to various related themes.
   Tension in ragtime compositions arises from a polarity
   between two basic ingredients: a continuous bass—
   called by jazz musicians a boom-chick bass—in the
(45)pianist’s left hand, and its melodic, syncopated counter-
   part in the right hand.
      Ragtime remains distinct from jazz both as an instru-
   mental style and as a genre. Ragtime style stresses a
   pattern of repeated rhythms, not the constant inventions
(50)and variations of jazz. As a genre, ragtime requires strict
   attention to structure, not inventiveness or virtuosity. It
   exists as a tradition, a set of conventions, a body of
   written scores, separate from the individual players asso-
   ciated with it. In this sense ragtime is more akin to folk
   music of the nineteenth century than to jazz.

17. Which of the following best describes the main
   purpose of the passage?
  (A) To contrast ragtime music and jazz
  (B) To acknowledge and counter significant adverse
       criticisms of ragtime music
  (C) To define ragtime music as an art form and
   describe its structural characteristics
  (D) To review the history of ragtime music and
   analyze ragtime’s effect on listeners
  (E) To explore the similarities between ragtime
   music and certain European musical
   compositions

18. According to the passage, each of the following is a
   characteristic of ragtime compositions that follow
   the classic ragtime formula EXCEPT
  (A) syncopation
  (B) well-defined melodic figures
  (C) rising rhythmic-melodic intensity
  (D) full development of musical themes
  (E) a bass line distinct from the melodic line

19. According to the passage, Ralph Vaughan Williams,
   Anton Dvorak, and Scott Joplin are similar in that
   they all
  (A) conducted research into musicological history
  (B) wrote original compositions based on folk tunes
  (C) collected and recorded abbreviated piano suites
  (D) created intricate sonata-like musical structures
  (E) explored the relations between Black music and
     continental folk music

20. The author rejects the argument that ragtime is a
   mechanical music because that argument
  (A) overlooks the precision required of the ragtime
       player
  (B) does not accurately describe the sound of
   ragtime pianola music
  (C) confuses the means of recording and the essen-
       tial character of the music
  (D) exaggerates the influence of the performance
       style of professional ragtime players on the
       reputation of the genre
  (E) improperly identifies commercial ragtime music
       with the subtler classic ragtime style

21. It can be inferred that the author of the passage
   believes that the most important feature of ragtime
   music is its
  (A) commercial success
  (B) formal structure
  (C) emotional range
  (D) improvisational opportunities
  (E) role as a forerunner of jazz

22. It can be inferred from the passage that the essential
   nature of ragtime has been obscured by commen-
   taries based on
  (A) the way ragtime music was first recorded
  (B) interpretations of ragtime by jazz musicians
  (C) the dance fashions that were contemporary with
       ragtime
  (D) early reviewers’ accounts of characteristic
       structure
  (E) the musical sources used by Scott Joplin and
       James Scott

23. Which of the following is most nearly analogous in
   source and artistic character to a ragtime composi-
   tion as described in the passage?
  (A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz
       motifs
  (B) An experimental novel based on well-known
       cartoon characters
  (C) A dramatic production in which actors invent
       scenes and improvise lines
  (D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography is
   based on folk-dance steps
  (E) A painting whose abstract shapes evoke
   familiar objects in a natural landscape

   Echolocating bats emit sounds in patterns—
   characteristic of each species—that contain both
   frequency-modulated (FM) and constant-frequency (CF)
   signals. The broadband FM signals and the narrowband
(5) CF signals travel out to a target, reflect from it, and
   return to the hunting bat. In this process of transmission
   and reflection, the sounds are changed, and the changes
   in the echoes enable the bat to perceive features of the
   target.
(10)   The FM signals report information about target char-
   acteristics that modify the timing and the fine frequency
   structure, or spectrum, of echoes—for example, the
   target’s size, shape, texture, surface structure, and direc-
   tion in space. Because of their narrow bandwidth, CF
(15)signals portray only the target’s presence and, in the case
   of some bat species, its motion relative to the bat’s.
   Responding to changes in the CF echo’s frequency, bats
   of some species correct in flight for the direction and
   velocity of their moving prey.

24. According to the passage, the information provided
   to the bat by CF echoes differs from that provided
   by FM echoes in which of the following ways?
  (A) Only CF echoes alert the bat to moving targets.
  (B) Only CF echoes identify the range of widely
       spaced targets.
  (C) Only CF echoes report the target’s presence to
       the bat.
  (D) In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to
       judge whether it is closing in on its target.
  (E) In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to
       discriminate the size of its target and the
   direction in which the target is moving.

25. According to the passage, the configuration of the
   target is reported to the eholocating bat by changes
   in the
  (A) echo spectrum of CF signals
  (B) echo spectrum of FM signals
  (C) direction and velocity of the FM echoes
  (D) delay between transmission and reflection of the
       CF signals
  (E) relative frequencies of the FM and the CF
   echoes

26. The author presents the information concerning bat
   sonar in a manner that could be best described as
  (A) argumentative        (B) commendatory
  (C) critical                (D) disbelieving       
  (E) objective

27. Which of the following best describes the organiza-
   tion of the passage?
  (A) A fact is stated, a process is outlined, and
   specific details of the process are described.
  (B) A fact is stated, and examples suggesting that
       a distinction needs correction are considered.
  (C) A fact is stated, a theory is presented to explain
       that fact, and additional facts are introduced
       to validate the theory.
  (D) A fact is stated, and two theories are compared
       in light of their explanations of this fact.
  (E) A fact is stated, a process is described, and
   examples of still another process are
   illustrated in detail.

orangetreeUID: 189984

no8-2-6   
The social sciences are less likely than other intellec-
   tual enterprises to get credit for their accomplishments.
   Arguably, this is so because the theories and conceptual
   constructs of the social sciences are especially acces-
(5) sible: human intelligence apprehends truths about
   human affairs with particular facility. And the discov-
  eries of the social sciences, once isolated and labeled, are
   quickly absorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon
   they lose their distinctiveness as scientific advances.
(10)   This underappreciation of the social sciences con-
   trasts oddly with what many see as their overutilization.
   Game theory is pressed into service in studies of shifting
   international alliances. Evaluation research is called
   upon to demonstrate successes or failures of social
(15)programs. Models from economics and demography
   become the definitive tools for examining the financial
   base of social security. Yet this rush into practical appli-
   cations is itself quite understandable: public policy
   must continually be made, and policymakers rightly feel
(20)that even tentative findings and untested theories are
   better guides to decision-making than no findings and
   no theories at all.

17. The author is primarily concerned with
  (A) advocating a more modest view, and less wide-
       spread utilization, of the social sciences
  (B) analyzing the mechanisms for translating
   discoveries into applications in the social
   sciences
  (C) dissolving the air of paradox inherent in human
       beings studying themselves
  (D) explaining a peculiar dilemma that the social
       sciences are in
  (E) maintaining a strict separation between pure
   and applied social science

18. Which of the following is a social science discipline
   that the author mentions as being possibly overuti-
   lized?
  (A) Conventional theories of social change
  (B) Game theory
  (C) Decision-making theory
  (D) Economic theories of international alliances
  (E) Systems analysis

19. It can be inferred from the passage that, when
   speaking of the “overutilization” (line 11) of the
   social sciences, the author is referring to the
  (A) premature practical application of social science
       advances
  (B) habitual reliance on the social sciences even
   where common sense would serve equally
   well
  (C) practice of bringing a greater variety of social
       science disciplines to bear on a problem than
       the nature of the problem warrants
  (D) use of social science constructs by people who
       do not fully understand them
  (E) tendency on the part of social scientists to
   recast everyday truths in social science jargon

20. The author confronts the claim that the social
   sciences are being overutilized with
  (A) proof that overextensions of social science
   results are self-correcting
  (B) evidence that some public policy is made
   without any recourse to social science find-
   ings or theories
  (C) a long list of social science applications that are
       perfectly appropriate and extremely fruitful
  (D) the argument that overutilization is by and
   large the exception rather than the rule
  (E) the observation that this practice represents the
       lesser of two evils under existing circum-
       stances

   The term “Ice Age” may give a wrong impression.
   The epoch that geologists know as the Pleistocene and
   that spanned the 1.5 to2.0 million years prior to the
   current geologic epoch was not one long continuous
(5) glaciation, but a period of oscillating climate with ice
   advances punctuated by times of interglacial climate not
   very different from the climate experienced now. Ice
   sheets that derived from an ice cap centered on northern
   Scandinavia reached southward to Central Europe. And
(10)Beyond the margins of the ice sheets, climatic oscillations
   affected most of the rest of the world; for example, in
   the deserts, periods of wetter conditions (pluvials)
   contrasted with drier, interpluvial periods. Although the
   time involved is so short, about 0.04 percent of the total
(15)age of the Earth, the amount of attention devoted to the
   Pleistocene has been incredibly large, probably because
   of its immediacy, and because the epoch largely coin-
   cides with the appearance on Earth of humans and their
   immediate ancestors.
(20)   There is no reliable way of dating much of the Ice
   Age. Geological dates are usually obtained by using the
   rates of decay of various radioactive elements found in
   minerals. Some of these rates are suitable for very old
(25)rocks but involve increasing errors when used for young
   rocks; others are suitable for very young rocks and
   errors increase rapidly in older rocks. Most of the Ice
   Age spans a period of time for which no element has an
   appropriate decay rate.
   Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch
(30)have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model
   schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age
   had they been in charge of events. For example, an early
  classification of Alpine glaciation suggested the existence
   there of four glaciations, named the Gunz, Mindel, Riss,
(35)and Wurm. This succession was based primarily on a
   series of deposits and events not directly related to
   glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more
   usual modern method of studying biological remains
   found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified
(40)within glacial deposits. Yet this succession was forced
   willy-nilly onto the glaciated parts of Northern Europe,
   where there are partial successions of true glacial ground
   moraines and interglacial deposits, with hopes of ulti-
   mately piecing them together to provide a complete
(45)Pleistocene succession. Eradication of the Alpine nomen-
   clature is still proving a Herculean task.
   There is no conclusive evidence about the relative
   length, complexity, and temperatures of the various
   glacial and interglacial periods. We do not know
(50)whether we live in a postglacial period or an interglacial
   period. The chill truth seems to be that we are already
   past the optimum climate of postglacial time. Studies of
   certain fossil distributions and of the pollen of certain
   temperate plants suggest decreases of a degree or two in
(55)both summer and winter temperatures and, therefore,
   that we may be in the declining climatic phase leading to
   glaciation and extinction.

21. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned
   with
  (A) searching for an accurate method of dating the
       Pleistocene epoch
  (B) discussing problems involved in providing an
       accurate picture of the Pleistocene epoch
  (C) declaring opposition to the use of the term “Ice
       Age” for the Pleistocene epoch
  (D) criticizing fanciful schemes about what
   happened in the Pleistocene epoch
  (E) refuting the idea that there is no way to tell if
       we are now living in an Ice Age

22. The “wrong impression” (line 1) to which the author
   refers is the idea that the
  (A) climate of the Pleistocene epoch was not very
       different from the climate we are now experi-
       encing
  (B) climate of the Pleistocene epoch was composed
       of periods of violent storms
  (C) Pleistocene epoch consisted of very wet, cold
       periods mixed with very day, hot periods
  (D) Pleistocene epoch comprised one period of
   continuous glaciation during which Northern
   Europe was covered with ice sheets
  (E) Pleistocene epoch had no long periods during
       which much of the Earth was covered by ice

23. According to the passage, one of the reasons for
   the deficiencies of the “early classification of Alpine
   glaciation” (lines 32-33) is that it was
  (A) derived from evidence that was only tangen-
       tially related to times of actual glaciation
  (B) based primarily on fossil remains rather than on
       actual living organisms
  (C) an abstract, imaginative scheme of how the
   period might have been structured
  (D) based on unmethodical examinations of
   randomly chosen glacial biological remains
  (E) derived from evidence that had been haphaz-
       ardly gathered from glacial deposits and inac-
       curately evaluated

24. Which of the following does the passage imply
   about the “early classification of Alpine glaciation”
   (lines 32-33)?
  (A) It should not have been applied as widely as
   it was.
  (B) It represents the best possible scientific practice,
       given the tools available at the time.
  (C) It was a valuable tool, in its time, for measuring
       the length of the four periods of glaciation.
  (D) It could be useful, but only as a general guide
       to the events of the Pleistocene epoch.
  (E) It does not shed any light on the methods used
       at the time for investigating periods of glacia-
       tion.

25. It can be inferred from the passage that an impor-
   tant result of producing an accurate chronology of
   events of the Pleistocene epoch would be a
  (A) clearer idea of the origin of the Earth
  (B) clearer picture of the Earth during the time that
       humans developed
  (C) clearer understanding of the reasons for the
   existence of deserts
  (D) more detailed understanding of how radio-
       active dating of minerals works
  (E) firmer understanding of how the northern polar
       ice cap developed

26. The author refers to deserts primarily in order to
  (A) illustrate the idea that an interglacial climate is
       marked by oscillations of wet and dry periods
  (B) illustrate the idea that what happened in the
   deserts during the Ice Age had far-reaching
   effects even on the ice sheets of Central and
   Northern Europe
  (C) illustrate the idea that the effects of the Ice
   Age’s climatic variations extended beyond the
   areas of ice
  (D) support the view that during the Ice Age sheets
       of ice covered some of the deserts of the
       world
  (E) support the view that we are probably living in
       a postglacial period

27. The author would regard the idea that we are living
   in an interglacial period as
  (A) unimportant
  (B) unscientific
  (C) self-evident
  (D) plausible
  (E) absurd

orangetreeUID: 189984

最近个人情绪问题，有点懈怠，谅解谅解！今天开始一切都会好起来的，最后20天，死也要考完再死呀！呵呵，开玩笑的！大家加油啊！千万别放弃！全速前进！！！！FIGHTING!

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.8-2-1
长 结论解释型
读首句，判断句大体知道文章主要是谈Ragtime（TS）。一般来说，没有出现转折和大的否定的话，开始时提出的观点就是TS了，在GRE中，首段首句常常就是这样的句子了.各段首句，发现Ragtime重复多次。
首段一大堆人名，先标记。
第二段首句说ragtime被误解为 is mechanical。（后面一定有正确地观点！）后面例子略读，看到However,眼睛一亮，给正确态度啦，重点读，还有only，画了两个圈。
第三段Ragtime与Classic formula 的区别，快读，看到Typically,认真读了下，在说Ragtime特点，是节奏明快一类的吧。only 和therefore做了标记。
第四段说Ragtime和jazz的区别，有对比。
17 主题题
18 except的细节题,“classic ragtime formula” 定位三段, L39 取非.找到“Not concerned with development of musical themes, the ragtime composer instead sets a theme down intact”
19 定位第一段
20 “mechanical”,定位二段L18However之后的ony。
21很细节的地方。对最高级和唯一性的标记只有L21，肯定不是。L51发现As a genre，指明是其特点。
22.细节，看到obscured，被否定，先大致想一下什么地方有反对，缺陷，这样的态度呢？定位二段L23only.
23 类比题,关键词 folk.

做标记的确不能解决全部问题，我不是说考点可以分为三类的么？必然考点，通常考点，和随机考点，前两项是有规律可循，我们可以预测的，但是最后那个随机考点，就是要视文章而定，通常出现在细节题，泛指划题里面，是拉开档次的题，其实随机考点也有隐含的规律，比如与focus相关联的事物、专业名词，或者文章反复出现的某个事物等等，通常到它第一次出现的地方定位，这个以后再总结，好像属于比较高级的技巧

关于这篇长文章的略读和段落定位
比如，二段首句话，一个很明显的观点句，马上来一个for instance，略！
段落定位的概念就是，一些细节题，从题干的核心词或者选项入手，根据他们所在段落的位置，来定位或者排除，当然这需要一个基础，就是你了解每段的大意，而这个大意的了解，主要是读每段首句的时候逐一思考一下，这段是在讲什么，比如18题，但你看到题干里面的classic ragtime，可以立即定位到第三段，然后再找，范围就小多了。例如20题，看到mechanical这个词，立刻定位到第二段，22题，看到obscured，被否定，先大致想一下什么地方有反对，缺陷，这样的态度呢？定位二段
段落定位并不能直接让你解答出题目，但是却可以帮助你快速的找到答案。
短 现象解释，主要讲FM,CF对于蝙蝠定位的作用
第一段：概括讲蝙蝠利用FM和CF定位。
第二段：具体讲FM和CF对于定位的不同作用
24题是原文一个改写，定位L１７.Only 在文中出现一定要关注，在选项中出现慎选，一般都不能选。
25题，用替换词来定位，题干的the configuration of  the target找回到原文是target characteristics，其实改写有时候改写到选项里，有时候改写到题干里，当你看到了改写到题干里的词的时候，就可以断定，就定位在这里！
26.作者态度题,全文没有出现明显的表示赞同或者反对的词(注意记录表明作者态度的词)
27.文章结构题

orangetreeUID: 189984

今天做阅读的感觉终于回来啦，呵呵！早上这个就错一个！而些是一路“读思想”过来的。继续。。。。。

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Originally posted by orangetree at 2005-10-3 02:44


葡萄葡萄别哭嘛！！

最近几天的日记和以前有点变化，你注意了么？现在我用很简单的话先说文章结构层次，做标记的地方。。。，这就是我在读思想的过程。在开始时看出文章的套路，就知道接下去看全文时要注意 ...

多谢orangetree姐姐（or mm?）
我要从新看方法了，要做思想上的深刻检讨了:mad: