【G盟阅读日记篇】orangetree,iceoolong（欢迎其他G友随时加入哦！）

orangetreeUID: 189984

做完了NO.4，大家都来做个阶段性总结，好不好？？我先贴花儿姐她们原来做的那些出来大家参考一下吧！时不时的也得跳出来学习一下，是不是！呵呵！！

加油哦！A ZA A ZA FIGHTING YOOH!

orangetreeUID: 189984

花儿姐的关于快速阅读：
关于文章的快速阅读
1， 可以不读的成分
大串的例子；详细的解释；大段的顺接
但文中每段的开头和结尾必看。
2， 根据连词判断下面的内容
如果都是顺接连词，作者从头到尾都是讲一个事，且文中态度一致
3， 难句的处理方法
先找出句中的SVO/SVP，再将修饰成分加入
4， 文章的快速定位
读文章时，每读完一段就要在脑中回想其主要内容。把文章以段落为单位单独处理，就可知
道定位时的大体范围。
GRE文章的一些其他特点
重女轻男；喜新厌旧；对少数民族友好
做GRE文章时一定要作到心中无我，只有文章；一定不能受自己主观意愿的影响，和做一些
不必要的推理！

orangetreeUID: 189984

阅读日记一期总结六之原文改写
关于正确答案与原文之间的精确改写，其实有很多可以总结出来的规律，但是时间紧张我没来得及一一分类和归纳，先把这些点罗列出来，大家最好仔细找找对应，体会一下正确答案为什么是正确的，很有意思的，呵呵

原文改写题
No.4-1-2短P5 美国人对待奴隶的内在矛盾，观点全文一致型。
Ø Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struck by the inconsistency of their stand during the War of Independence, and they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves. 对应19题
18．The passage contains information that would support which of the following statements about the colonies before the War of Independence?
(A) They contained organized antislavery societies.
(B) They allowed individuals to own slaves.
(C) They prohibited religious groups from political action.
(D) They were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
(E) They encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence.

★★No.4-1-2 长P6 性别比例稳定的原因（节外生枝）
Ø And in my view correct 文字对应24题
24．It can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory on greater detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that the genetic theory is more?
(A) complicated (B) accurate (C) popular (D) comprehensive (E) accessible

No.4-1-5 长P16 哈代文风的不和谐（全文前后一致）
Ø Prominently exhibits two 文字对应24题
24．The author implies which of the following about Under the Greenwood Thee in relation to Hardy’s other novels?
(A) It is Hardy’s most thorough investigation of the psychology of love.
(B) Although it is his most controlled novel, it does not exhibit any harsh or risky impulses.
(C) It, more than his other novels, reveals Hardy as a realist interested in the history of ordinary human beings.
(D) In it Hardy’s novelistic impulses are managed somewhat better than in his other novels.
(E) It’s plot like the plots of all of Hardy’s other novels, splits into two distinct parts.

★No.4-1-5 P17 现象解释型1段过程2段特性
Ø Unfortunately in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity 文字对应27题
27．Which of the following sentences would most probably follow the last sentence of the passage?
(A) Thus, a physicist interested in studying phenomena near singularities would necessarily hope to find a singularity with a measurable gravitational field.
(B) Accordingly, physicists to date have been unable to observe directly any singularity
(C) It is specifically this startling phenomenon that has allowed us to codify the scant information currently available about singularities.
(D) Moreover, the existence of this extraordinary phenomenon is implied in the extensive reports of several physicists.
(E) Although unanticipated, phenomena such as these are consistent with the strueture of a singularity.

No.4-2-1 长P24 捕食者与被捕食者的智力进化
Ø Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibillties in cold trails and distant sounds 对应20题
20．The sensitivity described in lines 56-61 is most clearly an example of
(A) “free-floating awareness”(lines 16-17)
(B) “flooding of impulses in the brain stem”(lines 29-30)
(C) “the holding of consistent images”(lines31-32)
(D) “integration of details with perceived ends and purposes”(lines37-38)
(E) “silk-thin veils of tranquility”(line64)

★★No.4-2-1 短 P25 Pessen 关于财富巨头理论的不正确性（前后态度不一致节外生枝）
Ø the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes 对应25题
25．According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy EXCEPT:
(A) They formed a distince upper class.
(B) Many of them were able to increase their holdings.
(C) Some of then worked as professionals or in business.
(D) Most of them accumulated their own fortunes.
(E) Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.

★No.4-2-4 长 P33 woolf 的文学风格（略读的范例）
Ø Rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art.
对应21题
21．Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative” as it is used in lines 43-44 of the passage?
(A) Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores
(B) Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment
(C) Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the reader’s judgment
(D) Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated individual consciousness
(E) Appreciating the world as the artist sees it rather than judging it in moral terms

Ø Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.
22. The author implies that a major element of the satirist’s art is the satirist’s
(A) consistent adherence to a position of lofty disdain when viewing the foibles of humanity
(B) insistence on the helplessness of individuals against the social forces that seek to determine an individual’s fate
(C) cynical disbelief that visionaries can either enlighten or improve their societies
(D) fundamental assumption that some in order for it to reflect society and social mores accurately
(E) refusal to indulge in polemic when presenting social mores to readers for their scrutiny

Ø Crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic 对应19题
★19．It can be inferred from the passage that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary model because she believed that?
(A) Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters
(B) Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D.H.Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society
(C) Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question
(D) Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attirudes of his readers
(E) Her own novels would be more widely read if, like Chaucer, she did not overtly and vehemently criticize contemporary society

No.4-2-4 短P34 人们对核反应堆的两个误解
Ø Nuclear scientists are currently exploring with such zeal produces 对应27题
27．Which of the following statements concerning nuclear scientists is most directly suggested in the passage?
(A) Nuclear scientists are not themselves aware of all of the facts surrounding the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction.
(B) Nuclear scientists exploring the deuteriumtritium reaction have overlooked key facts in their eagerness to prove nuclear fusion practical.
(C) Nuclear scientists may have overestimated the amount of lithium actually available in the Earth’s crust.
(D) Nuclear scientists have not been entirely dispassionate in their investigation of the deuterium-tritium reaction.
(E) Nuclear scientists have insufficiently investigated the lithium-to-tritium reaction in nuclear fusion.

NO.4-3-2 P47黑暗星云的成因
Ø 17. According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?
(A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.
(B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.
(C) The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed
(D) The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.
(E) The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.

原文
Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it.

Ø 18.It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is
(A) higher where distances between the stars are shorter
(B) equal to that of interstellar dust
(C) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun
(D) independent of the incidence of gaseous components
(E) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space

原文
The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

★★No.5-1-1 短 P64 种族偏见源于资本主义
Ø 20．According to the passage, the Marxist sociologist's chain of reasoning required him to assert that prejudice toward Oriental people in California was
(A) directed primarily against the Chinese
(B) similar in origin to prejudice against the Jews
(C) understood by Oriental people as ethnic competition
(D) provoked by workers
(E) nonracial in character
原文
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based on race.

★No.5-1-2 长 P67 艺术创新与科学创新
Ø 23. The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are
(A) unjustifiably ignored by musicologists （大写名词）
(B) not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value even though they are important in the history of music
(C) among those works in which popular historical themes were portrayed in a
musical production
(D) often inappropriately cited as examples of musical works in which a new principle
of organization was introduced
(E) minor exceptions to the well-established generalization that the aesthetic worth of a composition determines its importance in the history of music
原文
Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music.

Ø 26. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that
(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists
(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community
(C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data
(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact
(E) introduces a new valid generalization
原文
Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.

Ø 27. Which of the following statements would most logically concluded the last paragraph
of the passage?
(A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.
(B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.
(C) Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents
exhibited by Monteverdi.
(D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.
(E) Actually, Beethoven's most original works were largely unappreciated at the time that they were first performed.
原文
Rather, he was an income-parable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

★★No.5-2-2 短 P83 视觉辨认一次完成/有先后顺序
Ø 19. It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is
(A) not a neural activity
(B) not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time
(C) not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in some way
(D) only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary whole
(E) now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel processes
原文
When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.

No.5-2-2 长 P86 院子，核，量三个等级
Ø According to the passage, which of the following can be found in the atomic realm?
(A) More than one level of energy exchange
(B) Exactly one elementary particle
(C) Exactly three kinds of atomic structures
(D) Three levels on the quantum ladder
(E) No particles smaller than atoms
原文
The energy exchanges taking place in this realm are of a relatively low oder.

No.5-3-1 短 P102 艺术-直觉与理性
17．The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?
(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists' outlooks.
(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.
(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.
(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.
(E)The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.
原文
stained glass windows of Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists' outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.
★GRE No.6-1-1 长　P120　对《黑人小说》的评价
Ø 21. The author of the passage objects　to criticism of Black fiction like that　by Addison Gayle because it　
(A) mphasizes purely literary aspects　of such fiction
(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction
(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction
(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction
原文
Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.


★No.6-2-1 短P141 N语言
Ø 18.According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Hahuatl by
(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances
(B) removing a word from its associations with other words
(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning
(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word
(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor
原文
By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

★★No.6-2-1 长 P141 现象式结论
Ø 20.The author most likely mentions Hardy's principle of animal exclusion in order to
(A) give an example of one theory about the interaction of grazers and phytoplankton
(B) defend the first theory of algal defenses against grazing
(C) support the contention that phytoplankton numbers are controlled primarily by environmental factors
(D) demonstrate the superiority of laboratory studies of zooplankton feeding rates to other kinds of studies of such rates
(E) refute researchers who believed that low numbers of phytoplankton indicated the grazing effect of low numbers of zooplankton
原文
This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.

23. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?
　I. Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.
　II. Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient- poor lakes than in bog lakes.
　III.Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
原文
Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

★No.6-2-4 长 P152 美国土地政策
Ø 22. The author implies that the change in the state of the American farmer's morale during the latter part of the nineteenth century was traceable to the American farmer's increasing perception that the
(A) costs of cultivating the land were prohibitive within the United States
(B) development of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States occurred at the expense of the American farmer
(C) American farming system was about to run out of the new farmland that was required for its expansion.
(D) prices of American agricultural products were deteriorating especially rapidly on domestic markets
(E) proceeds from the sales of American agricultural products on foreign markets were unsatisfactory
原文
the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets.

Ø 23. According to the passage, which of the following occurred prior to 1890?
(A) Frederick J. Turner's thesis regarding the American frontier became influential.
(B) The Homestead Act led to an increase in the amount of newly farmed land in the United States.
(C) The manufacturers of technologically advanced agricultural machinery rapidly increased their marketing efforts.
(D) Direct lines of communication were constructed between the United States and South America.
(E) Technological advances made it fruitful to farm extensively on a mechanized basis.
原文
South America in 1874. By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis.

★★No.6-3-2 短 P166 关于D风俗的评价
Ø 26. It can be inferred from the passage that the term "genre painting" would most likely apply to which of the following?
(A) A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battle
(B) A painting illustrating a narrative from the Bible
(C) A portrayal of a mythological Greek goddess
(D) A portrayal of a servant engaged in his work
(E) A formal portrait of an eighteenth-century king
原文
both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities

Ø 27. The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgements of artistic work?
(A) Aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgement.
(B) Judgments of the value of an artist's work made by his or her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgment can be made.
(C) Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting.
(D) In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting.
(E) Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have.
原文
The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values:

Ø 21.The author suggests that, before the early 1950's, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following?
(A) Failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
(B) Used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.
(C) Inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
(D) Confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.
(E) Tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage, and death records.
原文
for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial Europeam population

Ø 22.According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have
(A) scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite
(B) indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice
(C) focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feelings of different social groups toward crime and the law
(D) been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts
(E) been based for the most part on the trial testimony of police and other legal authorities]
原文
Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined revealed how the authorities administered justice.

orangetreeUID: 189984

阅读日记一期总结二（原文的读法之怎样读第一段
怎样读第一段
首段是全文最重要的一段，因为它不仅很大程度决定了文章的结构类型，而且还常常是TS所在段落，是作者阐述观点的段落，以前有观点说，首段全部要认真读，我觉得这是比较笼统的说法，有相当一部分文章首段很精炼，除了观点之外没有多余的话，这样的短小首段的确应该字字句句都斟酌，但是的确有很多文章首段有大段的话，都读了有点浪费时间，最好有所取舍，我大致对no.4-6比较典型的这些首段分了一下类，罗列如下，大家仔细题会一下，也许对于提高阅读速度，抓住文章重点有所帮助。

另外，第五点没有合适的文章，我暂且取了国内题的一段做为例子，大家不妨一看。

我提个建议，有时间的可以按照一试，我想对于文章脉络的把握和作者起始的思路的理解会有所帮助吧。就是对照我的这个总结，吧no.4-6的阅读文章的首段都抽出来分析一下，看看是属于短小精悍需要字斟句酌呢？还是可以套用在下面的读法里面的首段，我只是抛砖引玉，肯定总结的还有偏差，大家可以跟贴补充，或者有什么新的发现和心得，大家一起分享，共同提高

:)
一．观点已然论述清晰，支持它所引用的细节内容可以略读
例1． P5 短第一段
By the time the American colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order to secure their independence, the institution of Black slavery was deeply entrenched. But the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a source of constant embarrassment. "It always appeared a most iniquitous scheme to me," Abigail Adams wrote her husband in 1774, "to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have."

例2． P236短第一段(国内)
Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer's skill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical terms-as body mass moving through space under the influence of well-known forces and obeying physical laws-neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement. For example, no matter how much a dancer wishes to leap off the floor and then start turning, the law of conservation of angular momentum absolutely prevents such a movement.

二．一定要关注however，but，那才是作者真正想要说的
例2．P24长第一段
The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.

例3．P33长第一段
"I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense." Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics' cavalier dismissal of Woolf's social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

三．旧观点的例子，论证略读
例4：P44长第一段
It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.

四．已知作者观点以后，剩下的内容当第二段来读
例5：P67长第一段
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits in misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.

五.首句给出了观点句,二句的让步不用特别关注,也一定是对首句的进一步阐述
例6: P236短L1-6(国内)
Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer's skill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical terms-as body mass moving through space under the influence of well-known forces and obeying physical laws-neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement.

orangetreeUID: 189984

阅读日记一期总结三（原文的读法之什么内容可以略读）
略读内容集合

略读，并不是说不读，而是快速的读，读不懂得不用逗留，更不用反复琢磨猜测不认识的单词，但是一定要注意的就是，值得做标记的一定要给出标记，以方便定位！
1． 作者摒弃的观点的论据和论证，这样的观点一般都是为后面作者支持的观点做铺垫，有个现象，作者一上来就给出正确解释多没意思哦，要一波三折，起起伏伏这样才有趣嘛，所以很多时候，ETS通常先给出一个或者若干个最后要被摒弃的解释，还用一堆话来论证，这部分因为不是文章的重点，所以通常也不是考点，故完全可以略读。
例：P6长L4——L11
Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex.This is essentially a "group selection" argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930.

P64长L27——32
According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve sations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.

P83短L14——完
Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

2． 反之亦然的观点，这类观点其实是对上文累赘的重复，因为完全可以用vice versa来替代，所以完全可以不读，只要稍用大脑就可以知道它在讲什么。
例：P6长L17——L21
Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females: then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters.

3． 已知大意的详细叙述可以略读

反复读一下首句和各段首句，看看自己能不能明白作者要写的内容，文章大意，各段大意呢？如果能的话，各段的具体内容，可以略读，但是一些必要做出标记的的还是要给标记。
例：P33长全文
"I want to criticize the social system, and to
show it at work, at its most intense." Virginia
Woolf's provocative statement about her inten-
tions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly
(5) been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an
aspect of her literary interests very different from
the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist
concerned with examining states of reverie and
vision and with following the intricate pathways
(10) of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf
was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a
satirist and social critic as well as a visionary:
literary critics' cavalier dismissal of Woolf's
social vision will not withstand scrutiny.
(15) In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the
questions of how individuals are shaped (or de-
formed) by their social environments, how
historical forces impinge on people's lives, how
class, wealth, and gender help to determine
(20) people's fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a
realistically rendered social setting and in a
precise historical time.
Woolf's focus on society has not been gener-
ally recognized because of her intense antipathy
(25) to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers
in her novels are usually satiric or sharply
critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally
sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people
anxious to reform their society and possessed of
(30) a message or program as arrogant or dishonest,
unaware of how their political ideas serve their
own psychological needs. (Her Writer's Diary
notes: "the only honest people are the artists,"
whereas "these social reformers and philan-
(35) thropists...harbor... discreditable desires
under the disguise of loving their kind....")
Woolf detested what she called "preaching"
in fiction, too, and criticized novelist
D.H. Lawrence (among others) for working by
(40) this method.
Woolf's own social criticism is expressed in
the language of observation rather than in direct
commentary, since for her, fiction is a contem-
plative, not an active art. She describes phenom-
(45) ena and provides materials for a judgment about
society and social issues; it is the reader's work
to put the observations together and understand
the coherent point of view behind them. As a
moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly
(50) undermining officially accepted mores, mocking,
suggesting, calling into question, rather than
asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is
the satirist's art.
Woolf's literary models were acute social ob-
(55) servers like Checkhov and Chaucer. As she put it
in The Common Reader. "It is safe to say that
not a single law has been framed or one stone set
upon another because of anything Chaucer said
or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorb-
(60) ing morality at every pore." Like Chaucer,
Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge,
to know her society root and branch-a decision
curcial in order to produce art rather than
polemic.

P47长全文
In his 1976 study of slavery in the United
States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman,
and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves'
achievements. But unlike these historians, Gut-
(5) man gives plantation owners little credit for
these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that
one must look to the Black family and the
slaves' extended kinship system to understand
how crucial achievements, such as the mainte-
(10) nance of a cultural heritage and the develop-
ment of a communal consciousness, were
possible. His findings compel attention.
Gutman recreates the family and extended
kinship structure mainly through an ingenious
(15) use of what any historian should draw upon,
quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly
from plantation birth registers. He also uses
accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality
behind his statistics. These sources indicate that
(20) the two-parent household predominated in slave
quarters just as it did among freed slaves after
emancipation. Although Gutman admits that
forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows
that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly
(25) on plantations where sale was infrequent, was
very much for stable monogamy. In less con-
clusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese
had already indicated the predominance of two-
parent households; however, only Gutman
(30) emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy
and points out what stable monogamy meant for
the slaves' cultural heritage. Gutman argues
convincingly that the stability of the Black
family encouraged the transmission of-and so
(35) was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of
folklore, music, and religious expression from
one generation to another, a heritage that slaves
were continually fashioning out of their African
and American experiences.
(40) Gutman's examination of other facets of
kinship also produces important findings.
Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married,
an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply
with the endogamy practiced by the plantation
(45) owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman
suggests, may have derived from West African
rules governing marriage, which, though they
differed from one tribal group to another, all
involved some kind of prohibition against
(50) unions with close kin. This taboo against
cousins' marrying is important, argues Gutman,
because it is one of many indications of a strong
awareness among slaves of an extended kinship
network. The fact that distantly related kin
(55) would care for children separated from their
families also suggests this awareness. When
blood relationships were few, as in newly created
plantations in the Southwest, "fictive" kinship
arrangements took their place until a new
(60) pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman
presents convincing evidence that this extended
kinship structure-which he believes developed
by the mid-to-late eighteenth century-provided
the foundations for the strong communal con-
(65) sciousness that existed among slaves.
In sum, Gutman's study is significant because
it offers a closely reasoned and original explan-
ation of some of the slaves' achievements, one
that correctly emphasizes the resources that
slaves themselves possessed.

P83短L6-14
Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object's features.

P83长二、三段
Starting from the premise that mythology and legend
preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen
argued that women were dominant in many ancient soci-
eties. His work was based on a comprehensive survey of
references in the ancient sources to Amazonian and
other societies with matrilineal customs—societies in
which descent and property rights are traced through the
female line. Some support for his theory can be found in
evidence such as that drawn from Herofotus, the Greek
"historian" of the fifth century B. C. who speaks of an
Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women
hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society was
not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in
battle.
Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of
ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one
begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it
becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such
societies were meant not so much to represent observed
historical fact—real Amazonian societies—but rather to
offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of
women's rule in their own society. The Amazons were
often characterized, for example, as the equivalents of
giants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes.
Their customs were presented not as those of a respect-
able society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek
practices.

P86长全文
We can distinguish three different realms of matter,
three levels on the quantum ladder. The first is the
atomic realm, which includes the world of atoms, their
interactions, and the structures that are formed by them,
(5)such as molecules, liquids and solids, and gases and plas-
mas. This realm includes all the phenomena of atomic
physics, chemistry, and, in a certain sense, biology. The
energy exchanges taking place in this realm are of a rela-
tively low order. If these exchanges are below one elec-
(10) tron volt, such as in the collisions between molecules of
the air in a room, then atoms and molecules can be
regarded as elementary particles. That is, they have
"conditional elementarity" because they keep their iden-
tity and do not change in any collisions or in other pro-
(15) cesses at these low energy exchanges. If one goes to
higher energy exchanges, say 10,000 electron volts, then
atoms and molecules will decompose into nuclei and
electrons; at this level, the latter particles must be consid-
ered as elementary. We find examples of structures and
(20) processes of this first rung of the quantum ladder on
Earth, on planets, and on the surfaces of stars.
The next rung is the nuclear realm. Here the energy
exchanges are much higher, on the order of millions of
electron volts. As long as we are dealing with phenom-
(25)ena in the atomic realm, such amounts of energy are
unavailable, and most nuclei are inert: they do not
change. However, if one applies energies of millions of
electron volts, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, and
the processes of radioactivity occur; our elementary par-
(30)ticles then are protons, neutrons, and electrons. In addi-
tion, nuclear processes produce neutrinos, particles that
have no detectable mass or charge. In the universe, ener-
gies at this level are available in the centers of stars and
in star explosions. Indeed, the energy radiated by the
(35)stars is produced by nuclear reactions. The natural
radioactivity we find on Earth is the long-lived remnant
of the time when now-earthly matter was expelled into
space by a major stellar explosion.
The third rung of the quantum ladder is the subnu-
(40)clear realm. Here we are dealing with energy exchangers
of many billions of electron volts. We encounter excited
nucleons, new types of particles such as mesons, heavy
electrons, quarks, and gluons, and also antimatter in
large quantities. The gluons are the quanta, or smallest
(45) units, of the force (the strong force) that keeps the
quarks together. As long as we are dealing with the
atomic or nuclear realm, these new types of particles do
not occur and thenucleons remain inert. But at subnu-
clear energy levels, the nucleons and mesons appear to
(50) be composed of quarks, so that the quarks and gluons
figure as elementary particles.


P64短L4-12
A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems
from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works rel-
(5)atively well when applied to discrimination against
Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial
prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments
against a group generally accepted as a race in any
given region of ethnic competition," can be interpreted
(10) as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as
the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval
Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason
that such antagonisms were not really based on race.
(15) He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the
intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discrimination against
Oriental people in California, which, inconveniently,
was instigated by workers.

P67长L9-18
Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.


4． 目的已知的例子可以略读
因为即便考题考例子，也很少考例子的具体内容，而是考他的作用，举这个例子in order to？这样会来找目的即可
例：P83长L8-13
Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged. An example is Johann Bachofen's 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece.

5． 冒号后面的可以略读，因为冒号以后无非是在重复前文，无非是更详细的叙述，冒好以前读明白，后面完全可以略读
例：P67长LL18-30
The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.

orangetreeUID: 189984

阅读日记一期总结四之文章结构
关于文章结构的分类和判别我想先做一下初步的小节，作为一个引子，今后阅读日记结束以后，再来个完整的，这个小节诣在给大家一个关于文章结构的初步概念，有些没有适当的例子，我举了国内题的文章，如有不周，见谅！

GRE阅读文章可以分类为
1． 全文论证一个观点
这类文章一般是先阐述作者要论述的某一个观点，而下文都是顺承关系，要么用大量篇幅直接从其用途、功能、原理、结构、特征、起源等方面来进一步阐述；要么举出具体的例子来说明；要么引出其它事物作为比较来论述……这种文章的上下文内容可以总结为一句话：观点一致，深入探讨。但是结尾有可能为了公正客观给出一个小小的让步.

判断方法:首段首句为一个判断句,首段后半部分和二段首句均没有转折
判断句: P102短L1-5
The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic.

P2短L1-3（国内）
Bacause of its accuracy in outlining the Earth’s subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves.

2． 新观点推翻旧观点
这类文章一般先阐述作者即将放弃的观点，下文可能不加论述直接放弃，也可能大致讲一下它的内容、缺陷然后放弃，而且必定是通过提出一个新的、作者支持的观点这种方式来摒弃先前的这个旧观点，所以读这样的文章,在判断出开始是作者要放弃的观点后,就要马上开始寻找新观点的工作。这类文章始终体现着一个明显且需要时刻铭记的特征：有让步必有转折，有旧观点必有新观点。
所有新观点推翻旧观点的文章大致可以分为两类: 头重脚轻(即大篇幅的讲旧观点及其特征,在文章最后给出它的缺陷和不可救药之处,提出新的观点,这种类型相对较少)和头轻脚重型文章(即在对旧观点进行了简要的介绍之后立刻提出其缺陷和不可救药之处,然后马上提出新的观点,文章的大量篇幅都在论证新观点,有时候也可能在结尾之处给出新观点的一些不痛不痒的缺点以求客观)
判断方法:首段开头必然说一个作者将要摒弃的观点,则后文则一定会转折出一个新观点,以however, but为引导词.
作者要摒弃的观点的特征:
1)全文首句出现It has long been known that…It is a popular view that…Regularly，By 1950,…Initially， Once thought to be…traditionally…,many experiments…typically,
According to natural selection 等
P44长L1-4
It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns.

P67长L1-11
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, ever though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.
亦或首句是个强调句﹑让步句,则其前半句为旧观点,即作者一贯反对的观点
P25短L7-12
2)然后会给出旧观点的缺陷(也有时候省略这一步)
3)然后提出新的观点,即作者支持的观点
P67长L1-11
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits in misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.

3. 解释针对一个问题
这类文章通常是首段先给出一个有待解释的现象﹑有待解决的任务﹑问题,(puzzle, task, problem, phenomenon) 然后针对前文的问题用Model, study, experiment, survey, data, research 进行解释, 并对这些解释的有效性进行评价,其中有效的解释释文章的重点.
例：P83长L54—完,
Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world excluisively from literary sources especially myths.

有时候是一个解释针对一个问题
例：P83短全文,
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving mem-
ories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an
image in the brain's memory system that constitutes an
internal representation of the viewed object. When an
(5)object is encountered again, it is matched with its inter-
nal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy
surrounds the question of whether recognition is a paral-
lel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psy-
chologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are
(10) recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the inter-
nal representation is matched with the retinal image in a
single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that
internal representation features are matched serially with
an object's features. Although some experiments show
(15) that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal represen-
tation becomes more holistic and the recognition process
correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence
seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for
objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

有时候是多个解释针对一个问题，其中只有最后一个解释是有效的; 也有多个解释针对多个问题的
P112短全文(国内)
In a recent study,David Cressy examines two central
questions concerning English immigration to New
England in the 1630's: what kinds of people immigrated
and why? Using contemporary literary evidence, ship-
(5)ping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most
adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were
literate, and were organized in families. Each of these
characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people
who left for New England in the 1630's from most of the
(10) approximately 377,000 English people who had immi-
grated to America by 1700.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy
does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the
immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers
(15) and clergy, advanced religious explanations for depar-
ture, but he finds that such explanations usually
assumed primacy only in retrospect When he moves
beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious expla-
nations were less frequently offered and he concludes
(20) that most people immigrated because they were recruited
by promises of material improvement.

判断方法:首句一般为描述性的话,对某一事物﹑现象进行描述,后面给出若干个解释并且给出评价:One possible explanation is that…
to test this hypothesis, researchers…
researchers, testing the hypothesis that…

P112短L1-4,L4-7,L12(国内)
例文: In a recent study,David Cressy examines two central questions concerning English immigration to New England in the 1630's: what kinds of people immigrated and why?
Using contemporary literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating

4.2+3，即一个新观点推翻了一个旧观点，然后对新观点所提出的问题进行多种解释和证明，或者后来又对其进行了转折
例：P64长全文
P33长全文（国内）--多次推翻
It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of
work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people
who operate the new machines and on the society into
which the machines have been introduced., for example,
(5) it has been suggested that the employment of women in
industry took them out of the household, their tradi-
tional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in
society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to
enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned
(10) that by doing so, women would give up their femininity.
Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would
be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subor-
dination” of the family by technological developments
that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female
(15) sex… into public industry.” Observers thus differed
concerning the social desirability of mechanization’s
effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s
lives.
Historians, particularly those investigating the history
(20) of women, now seriously question this assumption of
technological power. They conclude that such dramatic
technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the
sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner
have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in
(25) women’s economic position or in the prevailing evalua-
tion of women’s work . the employment of young
women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution
was largely an extension of an older pattern of employ-
ment of young, single women as domestics. Ti was not
(30) the change in office technology, but rather the separa-
tion of secretarial work, previously seen as an appren-
ticeship for beginning managers, from administrative
work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-
end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work.” The
(35) increase in the numbers of married women employed
outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do
with the mechanization of housework and an increase in
leisure time for these women than it did with their own
economic necessity and with high marriage rates that
(40) shrank the available pool of single women workers,
previously, in many cases, the only women employers
would hire.
Women’s work has changed considerably in the past
200 years, moving from the household to the office or
(45) the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar
instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however,
the conditions under which women work have charged
little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segre-
gation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women
(50) as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill
and offer women little opportunity for advancement
all persist, while women’s household labor remains
demanding, recent historical investigation has led to a
major revision of the notion that technology is always
(55) inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mecha-
nization may even have slowed any change in the tradi-
tional position of women both in the labor market and
in the home.

orangetreeUID: 189984

color=Maroon]阅读日记一期总结五之文章典型程度
我个人对于no.4-6的文章的典型程度进行了一个大致的划分，从无星--3星依次越来越典型，我的分类依据是文章结构，题目类型，答案和原文的对应关系是否典型，对其他的文章是否有很强的
指示作用，有助于举一反三，因为是个人之见，希望大家则而看之，另外实在没有时间的孩子，也可以从重要的文章开始做起，实在不行，没星的就算了
无星
(1) No.4-1-2短P5 美国人对待奴隶的内在矛盾（观点全文一致型）
(2) No.4-1-5 长P16 哈代文风的不和谐
(3) No.4-1-5 P17 现象解释型1段过程2段特性
(4) No.4-2-1 长P24 捕食者与被捕食者的智力进化
(5) No.4-2-4 短P34 人们对核反应堆的两个误解
(6) NO.4-3-2 P47黑暗星云的成因
(7) No.5-1-2 短 P67 海面热量水蒸气的转移
(8) No.5-2-2 短 P86 关于M.8部罗曼期V理论
(9) No.5-2-2 长 P86 院子，核，量三个等级
(10)No.5-3-1 短 P102 艺术-直觉与理性
(11)No.5-3-1 长 P102 科学的精确性
(12)No.5-3-2 短 P105 白蚁与猕猴种群的相似与差异
(13)No.6-2-4 短 P151 水文地质学,地下水文学
一星
(35)★No.4-1-5 P17 现象解释型1段过程2段特性
(36)★No.4-2-4 长P33 woolf的文学风格（略读的范例）
(37)★No.5-1-2 长 P67 艺术创新与科学创新
(38)★No.6-2-1 短P141 N语言
(39)★No.6-2-4 长 P152 美国土地政策
(44)★GRE No.6-1-1 短　P120　动物辩别方向
(45)★GRE No.6-1-1 长　P120　对《黑人小说》的评价

二星
(50)★★No.4-1-2 长P6 性别比例稳定的原因（节外生枝）
(51)★★No.5-1-1 长 P64 心理体验和大脑
(52)★★No.5-1-1 短 P64 种族偏见源于资本义
(53)★★No.5-2-1 短 P83 视觉辨认一次完成/有先后顺序
(54)★★No.5-3-2 长 P105 沙龙与女权主义
(55)★★No.6-2-1 长 P141 现象式结论
(56)★★No.6-3-2 短 P166 关于D风俗的评价
(57)★★No.6-3-4 长 P172 非精英内心世界

三星
(67)★★★No.5-2-1 长 P83 女权运动，不同历史时期的
(68)★★★No.6-3-4 短 P172 真菌研的因难的原因

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-20 at 08:16 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

阅读日记一期总结一（词汇）
因为很多朋友反映词汇上面有很大的障碍，我斗胆做点总结，希望对各位有所帮助。

这些词汇是我最近从no.4-no.7里面挑出来的阅读词汇，我对它们进行了初步的分类，分为重点词汇，高频词汇，一般词汇三类。

分类原则如下

重点词汇：在阅读文章中起到了至关重要作用的词汇，这部分词汇必须掌握，如果不认得，不仅对读文章的结构有直接的影响，也会阻碍对题干选项的理解。

高频词汇：在左右篇章结构上没有很重要的地位，但是在阅读文章中经常出现，掌握它可以更好、更完整、更精确的理解原文，这里面还包含一些频繁出现的专业词汇

一般词汇：鸡肋，也列出来

这些词汇肯定不是最全的，因为我有时候分不出来某个词汇是属于4-6级的范畴，还是GRE的范畴，所以难免选择的时候就会有些偏差，还有一些单词的含义没来得及修订，可能有误，主要最近天天加班，一时实在没时间一一修订了，各位见谅。

还有，因为论坛的贴子不支持音标的格式，所以这里音标比较混乱，原件我会发给参加阅读日记并且留过e-mail的gters。

这里感谢梦月帮我的忙，辛苦了！

重点词汇：
abandon [E5bAndEn]vt.放弃, 遗弃n.放任, 狂热
adequate [5AdIkwEt]adj.适当的, 足够的
adequately [5AdIkwEt]adj.适当的, 足够的
aggregate [5A^rI^eIt] n.合计, 总计, 集合体adj.合计的, 集合的, 聚合的v.聚集, 集合, 合计
aggressive [5E^resIv] adj.好斗的, 敢作敢为的, 有闯劲的, 侵略性的
ambivalence [Am5bIvElEns]n.正反感情并存
antagonism [An5tA^EnIz(E)m]n.对抗(状态), 对抗性
appropriate [E5prEJprIeIt]adj.适当的
assertion [E5s\:F(E)n] n.主张, 断言, 声明
associate [E5sEJFIEt] vt.使发生联系, 使联合vi.交往, 结交 n.合作人, 同事adj.副的
available [E5veIlEb(E)l] adj.可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的
available [E5veIlEb(E)l]adj.可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的
averse [E5v\:s] adj.不愿意的, 反对的
background [5bAk^raJnd]n.背景, 后台, 不重要或不引人注目的地方或位置
besides [bI5saIdz] adv.此外 prep.除...之外例：Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struck by ……
category [5kAtI^ErI] n.种类, 别, [逻]范畴
cohesion [kEJ5hi:V(E)n]n.结合, 凝聚, [物理]内聚力
compare [kEm5peE(r)] v.比较, 相比, 比喻 n.比较
compare [kEm5peE(r)]v.比较, 相比, 比喻 n.比较
compatible [kEm5pAtIb(E)l]adj.谐调的, 一致的, 兼容的
competitive [kE5petItIv] adj.竞争的
complement [5kRmplEmEnt] vt.补助, 补足n.补足物, [文法]补语, [数]余角
compromise [5kRmprEmaIz]n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷, 危及...的安全
concede [kEn5si:d]vt.勉强, 承认, 退让vi.让步
concerned [kEn5s\:nd]adj.关心的, 有关的
conciliatory [kEn`sIlIEtErI] adj.抚慰的, 调和的
contemporary [kEn5tempErErI; (?@) kEn5tempErerI]n.同时代的人 adj.当代的, 同时代的
context [5kRntekst]n.上下文, 文章的前后关系
contradiction [kRntrE5dIkF(E)n]n.反驳, 矛盾
contradictory [9kCntrE`dIktErI]adj.反驳的, 反对的, 抗辩的n.矛盾因素, 对立物
controversy [5kRntrEv\:sI]n.论争, 辩论, 论战
converse [5kRnv\:s] n.相反的事物, 倒, 逆行adj.相反的, 颠倒的vi.谈话, 交谈, 认识
convert [5kRnv\:t]n.皈依者vt.使转变, 转换...,使...改变信仰
correlation [9kCrE`leIFEn] n.相互关系, 相关(性)
corroborate [kE5rRbEreIt]vt.使坚固, 确证
counterargument n.辩论, 抗辩
counterpart [5kaJntEpB:t]n.副本, 极相似的人或物, 配对物
critique [krI5ti:k]n.批评
crucial [5kru:F(E)l] adj.至关紧要的
cynical [5sInIk(E)l]adj.愤世嫉俗的
debate [dI5beIt]v.争论, 辩论 n.争论, 辩论
decry [dI5kraI] v.谴责
defiance [dI5faIEns] n.挑战, 蔑视, 挑衅
depletion [ dI`pli:FEn ] n.损耗
depression [dI5preF(E)n]n.沮丧, 消沉, 低气压, 低压
derision [ dI`rIVEn ] n.嘲笑
derivative [dI5rIvEtIv] adj.引出的, 系出的n.派生的事物, 派生词
descent [dI5sent]n.降下, 降落, 世系, 血统, 侵袭
destructive [dI5strQktIv]adj.破坏(性)的
detached [dI5tAtFt] adj.分开的, 分离的
deter [dI5t\:(r)] v.阻止
deteriorate [dI5tIErIEreIt] v.(使)恶化
detest [dI5test] vt.厌恶, 憎恨
didactic [dI`dAktIk,daI`d-]adj.教诲的,说教的
disagreeable [dIsE5^ri:Eb(E)l]adj.不愉快的, 不为人喜的, 厌恶的
disapprove disapprovaldisapprovingly [dIsE5pru:v] v.[9dIsE`pru:vEl] n.不赞成adv.不以为然地, 非难地, 不赞成地
discontent [dIskEn5tent] n.不满
discouraging [dIs`kQrIdVIN]adj.令人气馁的
disequilibrium [9dIsIkwI`lIbrIEm] n.不均衡, 不安定
dismay [dIs5meI]n.沮丧, 惊慌v.使沮丧, 使惊慌
disparaging [dIs`pArIdVIN] adj.蔑视的, 毁谤的, 轻视的
dispose [dI5spEJz]v.处理, 处置, 部署vt.布置, 安排, 除去, 使愿意
disprove [dIs5pru:v]v.反驳, 驳斥, 证明...为误
dispute [dI5spju:t]v.争论, 辩论, 怀疑, 抗拒, 阻止, 争夺(土地,胜利等)n.争论, 辩论, 争吵
divergent [daI`v\:dVEnt,dI-] adj.分歧的
diversity [daI5v\:sItI]n.差异, 多样性
dogmatic [dR^5mAtIk; (?@) dC:^mAtIk]adj.教条的, 独断的
dominant [5dRmInEnt]adj.有统治权的, 占优势的, 支配的adj.[生物] 显性的
egalitarian [I^AlI5teErIEn] adj.平等主义的n.平等主义
elaborate [I5lAbErEt]adj.精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细vt.精心制作, 详细阐述v.详细描述
enlighten [In5laIt(E)n] vt.启发, 启蒙, 教导, 授予...知识, 开导, <古>照耀
enthusiasm [In5Wju:zIAz(E)m; (?@) -Wu:-]n.狂热, 热心, 积极性, 激发热情的事物
equalizer [5i:kwElIzE(r)]n.使相等的东西, 平衡装置, [电工]均衡器
erroneous [I5rEJnIEs] adj.错误的, 不正确的
evolution [i:vE5lu:F(E)n; (?@) ev-] n.进展, 发展, 演变, 进化
evolve [I5vRlv] v.(使)发展, (使)进展, (使)进化
exalt [I^5zC:lt] v.晋升
exclude [Ik5sklu:d]vt.拒绝接纳, 把...排除在外, 排斥
exclusively [Ik5sklu:sIvlI]adv.排外地, 专有地
facetious [fE5si:FEs] adj.幽默的, 滑稽的, 喜开玩笑的
flaw [flC:] n.缺点, 裂纹, 瑕疵, 一阵狂风vt.使破裂, 使有缺陷, 使无效vi.生裂缝, 变的有缺陷
fragmentary [5frA^mEntErI]adj.由碎片组成的, 断断续续的
guarded [5^B:dId]adj.被防护者的, 被看守着的, 被监视着的, 警戒着的
harmony [5hB:mEnI] n.协调, 融洽
homogeneous [hRmEJ5dVi:nIEs]adj.同类的, 相似的, 均一的, 均匀的
identify [aI5dentIfaI] v.确定vt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样
imitate [5ImIteIt] vt.模仿, 仿效, 仿制, 仿造v.模仿
inadequacy [In`AdIkwEsI] n.不充分
incomplete [InkEm5plIt] adj.不完全的, 不完善的
inconsequential [InkRnsI5kwenF(E)l] adj.不合逻辑的, 不合理的
inconsistency [9InkEn`sIstEnsI]n.矛盾
indignation [IndI^5neIF(E)n]n.愤慨, 义愤
iniquitous [I5nIkwItEs]adj.不公正的
initiate [I5nIFIEt]vt.开始, 发动, 传授v.开始, 发起
innovative
integrateintegrative [5IntI^reIt] v.结合vt.使成整体, 使一体化, 求...的积分[`IntI^reItIv]adj.综合的, 一体化的
interaction [IntEr5AkF(E)n] n.交互作用, 交感
interplay [5IntEpleI] v.相互影响 n.相互影响
interpret [In5t\:prIt]v.解释, 说明, 口译, 通译, 认为是...的意思
investigate [In5vestIgeIt] v.调查, 研究
ironic [aI5rRnIk] adj.说反话的, 讽刺的
justice [5dVQstIs] n.正义, 正当, 公平, 正确, 司法, 审判, 欣赏
lighthearted [`laIt`hB:tId] adj.快乐的, 心情愉快的
match [mAtF]n.火柴, 比赛, 竞赛, 匹配, (足球, 捧球, 蓝球)比赛v.相配, 相称, 比赛, 相比, 匹配
merely [5mIElI]adv.仅仅, 只, 不过
misconception [mIskEn5sepF(E)n] n.误解
negative [5ne^EtIv] n.否定, 负数, 底片adj.否定的, 消极的, 负的, 阴性的vt.否定, 拒绝(接受)
negative [5ne^EtIv]n.否定, 负数, 底片adj.否定的, 消极的, 负的, 阴性的vt.否定, 拒绝(接受)
negligible [5neg^IdVIb(E)l]adj.可以忽略的, 不予重视的
neutral [`njU:trEl]n.中立者, 中立国, 非彩色, 齿轮的空档adj.中立的, 中立国的, 中性的, 无确定性质的, (颜色等)不确定的
neutrality [nju:5trAlEtI; (?@) nu:-]n.中立, 中性
normally [`nR:mElI]adv.正常地, 通常地
nuances [nju:5B:ns; (?@) 5nu:-] n.细微差别
objectivity [9CbdVek`tIvEtI]n.客观性, 客观现实
obscure [Eb5skjJE]vt.使暗, 使不明显adj.暗的, 朦胧的, 模糊的, 晦涩的
opposite [5RpEzIt] adj.相对的, 对面的, 对立的, 相反的, 对等的, 对应的 n.相反的事物
original [E5rIdVIn(E)l] n.原物, 原作adj.最初的, 原始的, 独创的, 新颖的
outdated [aJt5deItId] adj.过时的, 不流行的
overestimate [EJvE5estImeIt] vt.评价过高 n.估计的过高, 评价的过高
overlook [EJvE5lJk] vt.俯瞰, 耸出, 远眺, 没注意到 n.眺望, 俯瞰中的景色
parallel [5pArElel]adj.平行的, 相同的, 类似的, 并联的n.平行线, 平行面, 类似, 相似物v.相应, 平行
paramount [5pArEmaJnt]adj.极为重要的
passionate [5pAFEnEt] adj.充满热情的
passive [5pAsIv] adj.被动的
perspective [pE5spektIv] n.透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察
pessimism [5pesImIz(E)m] n.悲观, 悲观主义
positive [5pRzItIv] adj.[语法] 原级的adj.肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, 绝对的, 确实的adj.[数]正的 adj.[电]阳的
precise [prI5saIs] adj.精确的, 准确的 n.精确
predict [prI5dIkt] v.预知, 预言, 预报
prejudice [5predVJdIs] n.偏见, 成见, 损害, 侵害v.损害
premise [5premIs]n.[逻][法]前提, (企业, 机构等使用的)房屋连地基vt.提论, 预述, 假定vi.作出前提
presumed [prI`zjU:mIdlI,pri:-]adv.推测上, 大概
previous [5pri:vIEs] adj.在前的, 早先的adv.在...以前返回上一级菜单
pronounce [prE5naJns] v.发音, 宣告, 断言
provocative [prE5vRkEtIv] adj.煽动的 n.刺激物
racial [5reIF(E)l]adj.人种的, 种族的, 种族间的
refined [rI5faInd]adj.精制的, 优雅的, 精确的
relatively [5relEtIvlI] 相关地
resignation [rezI^5neIF(E)n]n.辞职, 辞职书, 放弃, 顺从
resigned [rI5zaInd] adj.顺从的, 听天由命的
reverse [rI5v\:s]n.相反, 背面, 反面, 倒退adj.相反的, 倒转的, 颠倒的vt.颠倒, 倒转
revolution [revE5lu:F(E)n]n.革命, 旋转
similarity [sImI5lArItI]n.类似, 类似处
skepticism [5skeptIsIz(E)m]n.怀疑论
subject [sEb5dVekt] vt.使屈从于...,使隶属n.题目, 主题, 科目, 学科, 国民, [语法]主语adj.受他国统治的, 未独立的, 受制于...的, 受...影响的, 以...为条件的
subtle 5sQt(E)l] adj.狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的
successor [sEk5sesE(r)]n.继承者, 接任者, 后续的事物
symbiotic [9sImbI`CtIk, - baI- ]adj.[生]共生的
symbiotic [9sImbI`CtIk, - baI- ]adj.[生]共生的
symbiotic [9sImbI`CtIk, - baI- ]adj.[生]共生的
symmetry [5sImItrI] n.对称, 匀称
transcend [trAn5send, trB:-] vt.超越, 胜过
transcend [trAn5send, trB:-]vt.超越, 胜过
transparent [trAns5pArEnt, trB:-] adj.透明的, 显然的, 明晰的
unavailable [QnE5veIlEb(E)l]adj.难以获得的
undetermined [QndI5t\:mInd]adj.未确定的, 未解决的
unitary [5ju:nItErI]adj.一元的, 单一的, 归一的, 整体的, [数]单式的
universal [ju:nI5v\:s(E)l] adj.普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 宇宙的, 世界的
uppermost [5QpEmEJst]adj.至上的, 最高的, 最主要的adv.在最上, 最初, 首先
variance [5veErIEns]n.不一致, 变化, 变异, 变迁, 分歧, 不和
verifiable [5verIfaIEb(E)l]adj.能作证的, 能证实的
wistful [5wIstfEl] adj.渴望的, 想望的
without [wI5TaJt] 除了通常所说的“没有”之外，还有外部的含义！

高频词汇：

abstract [5AbstrAkt]n.摘要, 概要, 抽象adj.抽象的, 深奥的, 理论的vt.摘要, 提炼, 抽象化
abstract [5AbstrAkt] n.摘要, 概要, 抽象adj.抽象的, 深奥的, 理论的vt.摘要, 提炼, 抽象化
accentuate [Ak5sentjJeIt]v.重读, 强调, 着重强调
accusation [Akju:zeIF(E)n]n.谴责, [律]指控
acknowledge [Ek5nRlIdV]vt.承认, 答谢, 报偿
acknowledge [Ek5nRlIdV]vt.承认, 答谢, 报偿
administer [Ed`mInIstE(r) ] v.管理, 给予, 执行
adversary [5AdvEsErI] n.敌手, 对手
aluminum [E5lu:mInEm] n.[化]铝
aluminum [E5lu:mInEm] n.[化]铝
ambiguity [AmbI5^ju:ItI]n.含糊, 不明确
anatomy [E5nAtEmI] n.剖析, 解剖学
anatomy [E5nAtEmI]n.剖析, 解剖学
anatomy [E5nAtEmI]n.剖析, 解剖学
aristocratic [ArIstE5krAtIk; (?@) ErIstE5krAtIk]adj.贵族的, 贵族化的, 贵族政治的
atomic [E5tRmIk]adj.原子的, 原子能的, 微粒子的
bacteria [bAk5tIErIE]n.pl.细菌
bacteria [bAk5tIErIE]n.pl.细菌
bauxite [5bC:ksaIt] n.矾土, 铁铝氧石
bauxite [5bC:ksaIt] n.矾土, 铁铝氧石
bilateral [baI5lAtErEl]adj.有两面的, 双边的
bilateral [baI5lAtErEl]adj.有两面的, 双边的
boundary [5baJndErI]n.边界, 分界线
boundary [5baJndErI]n.边界, 分界线
camouflage [5kAmEflB:V]v.伪装 n.伪装
chronology [krE5nRlEdVI]n.年代学, 年表
cite [saIt] vt.引用, 引证, 提名表扬
collision [kE5lIV(E)n]n.碰撞, 冲突
colonists [[5kRlEnIst] n.殖民地居民, 殖民者
commit [kE5mIt] vt.犯(错误), 干(坏事), 把...交托给, 提交, 答应负责
commit [kE5mIt] vt.犯(错误), 干(坏事), 把...交托给, 提交, 答应负责
compelling [kEm5pelIN]adj.强制的, 强迫的, 引人注目的
compelling [kEm5pelIN]adj.强制的, 强迫的, 引人注目的
compound [5kRmpaJnd] n.混合物, [化]化合物adj.复合的 v.混合, 配合
comprise [kEm5praIz] v.包含, 由...组成
confrontation [9kCnfrQn`teIFEn]n.面对, 面对面, 对质
confrontation [9kCnfrQn`teIFEn]n.面对, 面对面, 对质
contend [kEn5tend]v.斗争, 竞争, 主张
contend [kEn5tend]v.斗争, 竞争, 主张
convey [kEn5veI]vt.搬运, 传达, 转让
convey [kEn5veI]vt.搬运, 传达, 转让
current [5kQrEnt]adj.当前的, 通用的, 流通的, 现在的, 草写的, 最近的n.涌流, 趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流
current [5kQrEnt]adj.当前的, 通用的, 流通的, 现在的, 草写的, 最近的n.涌流, 趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流
delicate [5delIkEt]adj.精巧的, 精致的, 病弱的, 脆弱的, 微妙的, 棘手的, 灵敏的, 精密的
delicate [5delIkEt]adj.精巧的, 精致的, 病弱的, 脆弱的, 微妙的, 棘手的, 灵敏的, 精密的
dense [dens] adj.密集的, 浓厚的
dense [dens] adj.密集的, 浓厚的
deplete [dI5pli:t]vt.耗尽, 使衰竭
deplete [dI5pli:t]vt.耗尽, 使衰竭
deservedly [dI5z\:vIdlI]adv.应得报酬地, 当然地
deservedly [dI5z\:vIdlI]adv.应得报酬地, 当然地
discernible [dI`s\:nEbl,-`z\:-]adj.可辨别的
discernible [dI`s\:nEbl,-`z\:-]adj.可辨别的
discharge [5dIstFB:dV]vt.卸下, 放出, 清偿(债务), 履行(义务), 解雇, 开(炮), 放(枪), 射(箭)vi.卸货, 流注n.卸货, 流出, 放电
discipline [5dIsIplIn]n.纪律, 学科 v.训练
discipline [5dIsIplIn]n.纪律, 学科 v.训练
discrete [dI5skri:t] adj.不连续的, 离散的
discrete [dI5skri:t] adj.不连续的, 离散的
distort [dI5stC:t]vt.弄歪(嘴脸等), 扭曲, 歪曲(真理、事实等), 误报
distort [dI5stC:t]vt.弄歪(嘴脸等), 扭曲, 歪曲(真理、事实等), 误报
economical [i:kE5nRmIk(E)l]adj.节约的, 经济的
elevate [5elIveIt]vt.举起, 提拔, 振奋, 提升...的职位
enactment [I5nAktm(E)nt]n.设定, 制定
enactment [I5nAktm(E)nt]n.设定, 制定
endeavor [In5devE(r)] n.努力, 尽力 vi.尽力, 努力
enigma [I5nI^mE] n.谜, 不可思议的东西
ensue [In5sju:; (?@) In5su:] vi.跟着发生, 继起vt.(基督教《圣经》用语)追求
entrench [In5trentF]v.以壕沟防护
erudition [9erU;`dIFLn] n.博学
ethnic [5eWnIk]adj.人种的, 种族的, 异教徒的
exhibit [I^5zIbIt] vt.展出, 陈列 v.展示n.展览品, 陈列品, 展品
expand [Ik5spAnd]vt.使膨胀, 详述, 扩张vi.张开, 发展
expand [Ik5spAnd]vt.使膨胀, 详述, 扩张vi.张开, 发展
exposition [ekspE5zIF(E)n]n.博览会, 展览会, 说明, 曝露, [戏]展示部分, [音]呈示部
extract [5ekstrAkt]n.精, 汁, 榨出物, 摘录, 选粹vt.拔出, 榨取, 开方, 求根, 摘录, 析取, 吸取
extract [5ekstrAkt]n.精, 汁, 榨出物, 摘录, 选粹vt.拔出, 榨取, 开方, 求根, 摘录, 析取, 吸取
extraction [Ik5strAkF(E)n] n.抽出, 取出, [化]提取(法)萃取法, 抽出物, 摘要, 血统, [数]开方(法)
fashionable [5fAFnEb(E)l]adj.流行的, 时髦的
fashionable [5fAFnEb(E)l]adj.流行的, 时髦的
fertilizer [5f\:tIlaIzE(r)]n.肥料(尤指化学肥料), [动]受精媒介物
fixation [fIk5seIF(E)n]n.定置, 固定, 定色, [摄](底片,相片等的)定影, 定象
fixation [fIk5seIF(E)n]n.定置, 固定, 定色, [摄](底片,相片等的)定影, 定象
formidable [5fC:mIdEb(E)l]adj.强大的, 令人敬畏的, 可怕的, 艰难的
formidable [5fC:mIdEb(E)l]adj.强大的, 令人敬畏的, 可怕的, 艰难的
frame [freIm]n.结构, 体格vt.构成, 设计, 制定, 使适合, 陷害vi.<英方>有成功希望n.帧,画面,框架
frame [freIm]n.结构, 体格vt.构成, 设计, 制定, 使适合, 陷害vi.<英方>有成功希望n.帧,画面,框架
frontier [5frQntIE(r); (?@) frQn5tIEr]n.国境, 边疆, 边境
fungi [`fQN^aI,`fQndVaI] 真菌类(包括霉菌,食用伞菌,酵母菌等),似真菌的,由真菌引起的
galaxy [5^AlEksI]n.星系, 银河, 一群显赫的人, 一系列光彩夺目的东西
galaxy [5^AlEksI]n.星系, 银河, 一群显赫的人, 一系列光彩夺目的东西
geographic [dVi:E5^rAfIk]adj.地理学的, 地理的
geographic [dVi:E5^rAfIk]adj.地理学的, 地理的
geohydrology [9dVi:EJhal`drClEdVI]n.地下(水) 水文学
heretofore [hIErJfC:(r)]adv.直到此时, 迄今, 此时以前
heretofore [hIErJfC:(r)]adv.直到此时, 迄今, 此时以前
heritage [5herItIdV]n.遗产, 继承权, 传统
heritage [5herItIdV]n.遗产, 继承权, 传统
holistic [hEJ`lIstIk]adj.整体的, 全盘的
impure [Im5pjJE(r)] adj.不纯的
impure [Im5pjJE(r)] adj.不纯的
indispensable [IndI5spensEb(E)l]n.不可缺少之物adj.不可缺少的, 绝对必要的
indispensable [IndI5spensEb(E)l]n.不可缺少之物adj.不可缺少的, 绝对必要的
individualism [IndI5vIdjJElIz(E)m]n.个人主义, 利己主义
indulged [In5dQldV]v.纵容
inextricable [In5ekstrIkEb(E)l]adj.无法解脱的, 逃脱不掉的, 解不开的
inextricable [In5ekstrIkEb(E)l]adj.无法解脱的, 逃脱不掉的, 解不开的
infinite [5InfEnIt]n.无限的东西(如空间、时间), [数]无穷大adj.无穷的, 无限的, 无数的, 极大的
infinite [5InfEnIt]n.无限的东西(如空间、时间), [数]无穷大adj.无穷的, 无限的, 无数的, 极大的
inherit [In5herIt]vt.继承, 遗传而得
inherit [In5herIt]vt.继承, 遗传而得
instructive [In5strQktIv]adj.有益的, 教育性的
instructive [In5strQktIv]adj.有益的, 教育性的
intertwine [IntE5twaIn]v.(使)纠缠, (使)缠绕
intertwine [IntE5twaIn]v.(使)纠缠, (使)缠绕
intuitive [In5tju:ItIv; (?@) -tu:-] adj.直觉的
magnitude [5mA^nItju:d; (?@) -tu:d]n.大小, 数量, 巨大, 广大, 量级
manifest [5mAnIfest] n.载货单, 旅客名单adj.显然的, 明白的 vi.出现vt.表明, 证明
massive [5mAsIv]adj.厚重的, 大块的, 魁伟的, 结实的
massive [5mAsIv]adj.厚重的, 大块的, 魁伟的, 结实的
metabolism [mI5tAbElIz(E)m]n.新陈代谢, 变形
metaphor [5metEfE(r)]n.[修辞]隐喻, 暗喻, 比喻说话
metaphorical [metE5fRrIkEl; (?@) -5fC:r-]adj.隐喻性的, 比喻性的
metaphysical [metE5fIzIk(E)l]adj.形而上学的, 纯粹哲学的, 超自然的
metaphysical [metE5fIzIk(E)l]adj.形而上学的, 纯粹哲学的, 超自然的
mineral [5mInEr(E)l] n.矿物, 矿石
mineral [5mInEr(E)l] n.矿物, 矿石
modify [5mRdIfaI]vt.更改, 修改 v.修改
modify [5mRdIfaI]vt.更改, 修改 v.修改
moisture [5mCIstFE(r)] n.潮湿, 湿气
molecule [5mRlIkju:l] n.[化]分子, 些微
neutron [5nju:trRn(r)] n.中子
nitrogen [5naItrEdV(E)n]n.[化]氮
nitrogen [5naItrEdV(E)n]n.[化]氮
notion [5nEJF(E)n]n.概念, 观念, 想法, 意见, 打算, 主张, (复数)<美语>小饰物
notion [5nEJF(E)n]n.概念, 观念, 想法, 意见, 打算, 主张, (复数)<美语>小饰物
nuclear [`njU:klIE(r); `nU:- ]adj.[核]核子的, 原子能的, 核的, 中心的
nucleon [5nju:klIRn; (?@) 5nu:-] n.[核]核子
odd [Rd]adj.奇数的, 单数的, 单只的, 不成对的, 临时的, 不固定的, 带零头的, 余的
odd [Rd]adj.奇数的, 单数的, 单只的, 不成对的, 临时的, 不固定的, 带零头的, 余的
optic [5RptIk]adj.眼的, 视觉的, 光学上的
optic [5RptIk]adj.眼的, 视觉的, 光学上的
overshadow [EJvE5FAdEJ]v.遮蔽, 使...失色
overshadow [EJvE5FAdEJ]v.遮蔽, 使...失色
oxygen [5RksIdV(E)n]n.[化]氧
particle [5pB:tIk(E)l]n.粒子, 点, 极小量, 微粒, 质点, 小品词, 语气
perceive [pE5si:v]vt.察觉v.感知, 感到, 认识到
perceive [pE5si:v]vt.察觉v.感知, 感到, 认识到
perceptible [pE5septIb(E)l]adj.可察觉的, 显而易见的, 感觉得到的
perceptible [pE5septIb(E)l]adj.可察觉的, 显而易见的, 感觉得到的
pragmatic [prA^5mAtIk] adj.国事的, 团体事务的, 实际的, 注重实效的
pragmatic [prA^5mAtIk] adj.国事的, 团体事务的, 实际的, 注重实效的
precipitate [prI5sIpItEt] n.沉淀物vt.猛抛, 使陷入, 促成, 使沉淀vi.猛地落下adj.突如其来的, 陡然下降(或下落)的, 贸然轻率的
precipitation [prIsIpI5teIF(E)n] n.仓促
preindustrial [9pri:In`dQstrIEl]adj.未工业化的, 工业化前的
profound [prE5faJnd]adj.深刻的, 意义深远的, 渊博的, 造诣深的
psychohistory [9psaIkEJ`hIstErI]n.心理历史学,心理历史(作品),心理动态史
psychohistory [9psaIkEJ`hIstErI]n.心理历史学,心理历史(作品),心理动态史
quantitative [5kwRntItEtIv]adj.数量的, 定量的
racism n.种族主义, 人种偏见, 种族歧视
radioactivity [reIdIEJAk5tIvItI] n.放射能
ramification [rAmIfI5keIF(E)n]n.分枝, 分叉, 衍生物, 支流
ramification [rAmIfI5keIF(E)n]n.分枝, 分叉, 衍生物, 支流
reference [5ref(E)rEns]n.提及, 涉及, 参考, 参考书目, 证明书(人), 介绍信(人)
region [5ri:dVEn] n.区域, 地方, (世界上某个特定的)地区, (艺术,科学等的)领域, (大气, 海水等的)层
religious [[rI5lIdVEs] adj.信奉宗教的, 虔诚的, 宗教上的, 修道的, 严谨的n.僧侣, 尼姑, 修道士
replenish [rI5plenIF] v.补充
representative [reprI5zentEtIv]n.代表adj.典型的, 有代表性的
representative [reprI5zentEtIv]n.代表adj.典型的, 有代表性的
reputation [repjJ5teIF(E)n] n.名誉, 名声
reservation [rezE5veIF(E)n]n.保留, (旅馆房间等)预定, 预约
reservation [rezE5veIF(E)n]n.保留, (旅馆房间等)预定, 预约
retrieve
rhythm [`rITLm,`rIWLm]n.节奏, 韵律
rhythm [`rITLm,`rIWLm]n.节奏, 韵律
saturated [`sAtFEreItId]adj.渗透的, 饱和的, 深颜色的
schema [5ski:mE]　n.计划
schema [5ski:mE]　n.计划
schematize [5ski:mEtaIz]vt.把...系统化, 用计划表达
scheme [ski:m] v.计划, 设计, 图谋, 策划n.安排, 配置, 计划, 阴谋, 方案, 图解, 摘要
scheme [ski:m] v.计划, 设计, 图谋, 策划n.安排, 配置, 计划, 阴谋, 方案, 图解, 摘要
secular [5sekjJlE(r)]　adj.长期的
secular [5sekjJlE(r)]　adj.长期的
severe [sI5vIE(r)]adj.严厉的, 严格的, 剧烈的, 严重的, 严峻的
severe [sI5vIE(r)]adj.严厉的, 严格的, 剧烈的, 严重的, 严峻的
silicate [5sIlIkeIt] n.[化]硅酸盐
silicate [5sIlIkeIt] n.[化]硅酸盐
simulation [sImjJ5leIF(E)n]n.仿真, 假装 模拟
simulation [sImjJ5leIF(E)n]n.仿真, 假装 模拟
sociobiology [9sEJsIEJbaI`ClEdVI,-FI-]n.生物社会学
specimen [5spesImEn]n.范例, 标本, 样品, 样本, 待试验物
sporadic [spE5rAdIk]adj.零星的
spur [sp\:(r)]n.踢马剌, 剌激物, (鸟, 虫等的)距, 刺激v.鞭策, 刺激, 疾驰, 驱策
spur [sp\:(r)]n.踢马剌, 剌激物, (鸟, 虫等的)距, 刺激v.鞭策, 刺激, 疾驰, 驱策
succession [sEk5seF(E)n]n.连续, 继承, 继任, 演替, [农业] 轮栽, 连续性
supernova [su:pE5nEJvE, sju:-]n.[天]超新星
supernova [su:pE5nEJvE, sju:-]n.[天]超新星
surge [s\:dV]n.巨涌, 汹涌, 澎湃vi.汹涌, 澎湃, 振荡, 滑脱, 放松vt.使汹涌奔腾, 急放
surge [s\:dV]n.巨涌, 汹涌, 澎湃vi.汹涌, 澎湃, 振荡, 滑脱, 放松vt.使汹涌奔腾, 急放
surplus [5s\:plEs]　n.剩余, 过剩, [会计]盈余adj.过剩的, 剩余的vt.转让, 卖掉
surplus [5s\:plEs]　n.剩余, 过剩, [会计]盈余adj.过剩的, 剩余的vt.转让, 卖掉
surrender [sE5rendE(r)]vt.交出, 放弃, 使投降, 听任vi.投降, 自首n.交出, 放弃, 投降投降算了
survive [sE5vaIv]v.幸免于, 幸存, 生还
synonym [5sInEnIm] n.同义字
terrestrial [tI5restrIEl] adj.陆地
thrive [WraIv]v.兴旺, 繁荣, 茁壮成长, 旺盛
thrive [WraIv]v.兴旺, 繁荣, 茁壮成长, 旺盛
transcend [trAn5send, trB:-]vt.超越, 胜过
trial [5traIEl]n.试验, 考验, 审讯, 审判
trial [5traIEl]n.试验, 考验, 审讯, 审判
ultimate [5QltImEt] adj.最后的, 最终的, 根本的n.最终
ultimate [5QltImEt] adj.最后的, 最终的, 根本的n.最终
unifier [ `jU:nIfaIE(r) ]n.联合者,统一者,使一致的人(或物)
Unifier [ `jU:nIfaIE(r) ]n.联合者,统一者,使一致的人(或物)
uniform [ `jU:nIfR:m ] vt.使成一样, 使穿制服adj.统一的, 相同的, 一致的, 始终如一的, 均衡的n.制服
uniform [ `jU:nIfR:m ] vt.使成一样, 使穿制服adj.统一的, 相同的, 一致的, 始终如一的, 均衡的n.制服
union [5ju:njEn]n.联合, 合并, 结合, 联盟, 协会
union [5ju:njEn]n.联合, 合并, 结合, 联盟, 协会
urge [\:dV]vt.催促, 力劝 v.促进n.强烈欲望, 迫切要求
urge [\:dV]vt.催促, 力劝 v.促进n.强烈欲望, 迫切要求
vanish [5vAnIF] n.[语]弱化音vi.消失, 突然不见, [数]成为零
vertebrate [5v\:tIbreIt, -brEt] n.脊椎动物adj.有椎骨的, 有脊椎的, 脊椎动物
vertebrate [5v\:tIbreIt, -brEt] n.脊椎动物adj.有椎骨的, 有脊椎的, 脊椎动物
vicinity [vI5sInItI] n.邻近, 附近, 接近
violate [5vaIEleIt]vt.违犯, 亵渎(圣物), 冒犯, 干扰, 违反, 妨碍, 侵犯, 强暴
violate [5vaIEleIt]vt.违犯, 亵渎(圣物), 冒犯, 干扰, 违反, 妨碍, 侵犯, 强暴
virtually [5v\:tjJElI] adv.事实上, 实质上
virtually [5v\:tjJElI] adv.事实上, 实质上
vulnerable [5vQlnErEb(E)l]adj.易受攻击的, 易受...的攻击

一般词汇

acquaintance [E5kweIntEns] n.相识, 熟人
assimilate [E5sImIleIt] v.吸收
asymmetry [9A5sImEtrI]n.不对称
blithe [blaIT]adj.愉快的, 高兴的
consumption [kEn5sQmpF(E)n]n.消费, 消费量, 肺病
cumulative [5kju:mjJlEtIv; (?@) 5kju:mjJletIv]adj.累积的
decade [5dekeId] n.十年, 十
divine [dI5vaIn]adj.神的, 神圣的, 非凡的, 超人的, 非常可爱的　　　　n.牧师
edification [edIfI5keIF(E)n] n.(尤指道德或精神方面的)教诲, 启迪, 熏陶
elevation [elI5veIF(E)n]n.上升, 高地, 正面图, 海拔, 提高, 仰角, 崇高, 壮严
eloquent [5elEkwEnt]adj.雄辩的, 有口才的, 动人的, 意味深长的
euphoria [ju:5fRrIE]n.精神欢快.欣快, 兴高采烈, [心]欣快症
evangelical [I:vAn5dVelIk(E)l]n.信福音主义者adj.福音(书), 新教会的
falsification [9fR:lsIfI`keIFEn]n.弄虚作假, 串改, 伪造, 歪曲
fusion [5fju:V(E)n]n.熔化, 熔解, 熔合, 熔接
gulf [^Qlf]n.海湾, 深渊, 漩涡, 隔阂vt.吞没, 使深深卷入
hallmark [5hC:lmB:k]n.特点
hybrid [5haIbrId]n.杂种, 混血儿, 混合物adj.混合的, 杂种的
hydrogeology [9haIdrEJdVI`ClEdVI] n.水文地质学
hymnal [5hImn(E)l]n.赞美诗集adj.赞美诗的, 使用赞美诗的
indictment [In5daItmEnt] n.控告
mythology [mI5WRlEdVI]n.神话
nerve [n\:v] n.神经, 胆量, 勇气, 叶脉vt.鼓起勇气
notwithstanding [nRtwIT5stAndIN]prep.虽然, 尽管adv.尽管, 还是conj.虽然, 尽管
parameter [pE5rAmItE(r)]n.参数, 参量, <口>起限定作用的因素
quotation [kwEJ5teIF(E)n]n.引用语, 价格, 报价单, 行情表
salvation [sAl5veIF(E)n]n.拯救, 救助
sovereign [5sRvrIn]n.君主, 统治adj.至高无上的, 君主的, 独立自主的, 完全的
spectacle [5spektEk(E)l] n.观览物, 展览物, 公开展示, 奇观, 景象, 光景, (a pair of ～s)眼镜
spiral [5spaIEr(E)l]adj.螺旋形的n.螺旋 v.盘旋
spontaneity [9spCntE`neIEtI,-`ni:-] n.自发性
torpid [5tC:pId]　adj.麻痹的, 迟缓的, 迟钝的, [动]蛰伏的
twist [twIst]n.一扭, 扭曲, 盘旋, 曲折, 歪曲, 手法, 螺旋状vt.拧, 扭曲, 绞, 搓, 捻, 使苦恼, 使转动, 编织vi.扭弯, 扭曲, 缠绕, 扭动, 呈螺旋形
verbose [v\:5bEJs]adj.详细的, 冗长的
vocabulary [vE5kAbjJlErI; (?@) -lerI]n.词汇, 词汇量, 词表
vogue [vEJ^] adj.流行的, 时髦的n.时尚, 时髦, 风气, 流行, 风行

orangetreeUID: 189984

阅读日记一期总结六之原文改写
关于正确答案与原文之间的精确改写，其实有很多可以总结出来的规律，但是时间紧张我没来得及一一分类和归纳，先把这些点罗列出来，大家最好仔细找找对应，体会一下正确答案为什么是正确的，很有意思的，呵呵

原文改写题
No.4-1-2短P5 美国人对待奴隶的内在矛盾，观点全文一致型。
&Oslash; Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struck by the inconsistency of their stand during the War of Independence, and they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves. 对应19题
18．The passage contains information that would support which of the following statements about the colonies before the War of Independence?
(A) They contained organized antislavery societies.
(B) They allowed individuals to own slaves.
(C) They prohibited religious groups from political action.
(D) They were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
(E) They encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence.

★★No.4-1-2 长P6 性别比例稳定的原因（节外生枝）
&Oslash; And in my view correct 文字对应24题
24．It can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory on greater detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that the genetic theory is more?
(A) complicated (B) accurate (C) popular (D) comprehensive (E) accessible

No.4-1-5 长P16 哈代文风的不和谐（全文前后一致）
&Oslash; Prominently exhibits two 文字对应24题
24．The author implies which of the following about Under the Greenwood Thee in relation to Hardy’s other novels?
(A) It is Hardy’s most thorough investigation of the psychology of love.
(B) Although it is his most controlled novel, it does not exhibit any harsh or risky impulses.
(C) It, more than his other novels, reveals Hardy as a realist interested in the history of ordinary human beings.
(D) In it Hardy’s novelistic impulses are managed somewhat better than in his other novels.
(E) It’s plot like the plots of all of Hardy’s other novels, splits into two distinct parts.

★No.4-1-5 P17 现象解释型1段过程2段特性
&Oslash; Unfortunately in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity 文字对应27题
27．Which of the following sentences would most probably follow the last sentence of the passage?
(A) Thus, a physicist interested in studying phenomena near singularities would necessarily hope to find a singularity with a measurable gravitational field.
(B) Accordingly, physicists to date have been unable to observe directly any singularity
(C) It is specifically this startling phenomenon that has allowed us to codify the scant information currently available about singularities.
(D) Moreover, the existence of this extraordinary phenomenon is implied in the extensive reports of several physicists.
(E) Although unanticipated, phenomena such as these are consistent with the strueture of a singularity.

No.4-2-1 长P24 捕食者与被捕食者的智力进化
&Oslash; Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibillties in cold trails and distant sounds 对应20题
20．The sensitivity described in lines 56-61 is most clearly an example of
(A) “free-floating awareness”(lines 16-17)
(B) “flooding of impulses in the brain stem”(lines 29-30)
(C) “the holding of consistent images”(lines31-32)
(D) “integration of details with perceived ends and purposes”(lines37-38)
(E) “silk-thin veils of tranquility”(line64)

★★No.4-2-1 短 P25 Pessen 关于财富巨头理论的不正确性（前后态度不一致节外生枝）
&Oslash; the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes 对应25题
25．According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy EXCEPT:
(A) They formed a distince upper class.
(B) Many of them were able to increase their holdings.
(C) Some of then worked as professionals or in business.
(D) Most of them accumulated their own fortunes.
(E) Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.

★No.4-2-4 长 P33 woolf 的文学风格（略读的范例）
&Oslash; Rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art.
对应21题
21．Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative” as it is used in lines 43-44 of the passage?
(A) Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores
(B) Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment
(C) Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the reader’s judgment
(D) Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated individual consciousness
(E) Appreciating the world as the artist sees it rather than judging it in moral terms

&Oslash; Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.
22. The author implies that a major element of the satirist’s art is the satirist’s
(A) consistent adherence to a position of lofty disdain when viewing the foibles of humanity
(B) insistence on the helplessness of individuals against the social forces that seek to determine an individual’s fate
(C) cynical disbelief that visionaries can either enlighten or improve their societies
(D) fundamental assumption that some in order for it to reflect society and social mores accurately
(E) refusal to indulge in polemic when presenting social mores to readers for their scrutiny

&Oslash; Crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic 对应19题
★19．It can be inferred from the passage that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary model because she believed that?
(A) Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters
(B) Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D.H.Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society
(C) Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question
(D) Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attirudes of his readers
(E) Her own novels would be more widely read if, like Chaucer, she did not overtly and vehemently criticize contemporary society

No.4-2-4 短P34 人们对核反应堆的两个误解
&Oslash; Nuclear scientists are currently exploring with such zeal produces 对应27题
27．Which of the following statements concerning nuclear scientists is most directly suggested in the passage?
(A) Nuclear scientists are not themselves aware of all of the facts surrounding the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction.
(B) Nuclear scientists exploring the deuteriumtritium reaction have overlooked key facts in their eagerness to prove nuclear fusion practical.
(C) Nuclear scientists may have overestimated the amount of lithium actually available in the Earth’s crust.
(D) Nuclear scientists have not been entirely dispassionate in their investigation of the deuterium-tritium reaction.
(E) Nuclear scientists have insufficiently investigated the lithium-to-tritium reaction in nuclear fusion.

NO.4-3-2 P47黑暗星云的成因
&Oslash; 17. According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?
(A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.
(B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.
(C) The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed
(D) The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.
(E) The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.

原文
Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it.

&Oslash; 18.It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is
(A) higher where distances between the stars are shorter
(B) equal to that of interstellar dust
(C) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun
(D) independent of the incidence of gaseous components
(E) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space

原文
The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

★★No.5-1-1 短 P64 种族偏见源于资本主义
&Oslash; 20．According to the passage, the Marxist sociologist's chain of reasoning required him to assert that prejudice toward Oriental people in California was
(A) directed primarily against the Chinese
(B) similar in origin to prejudice against the Jews
(C) understood by Oriental people as ethnic competition
(D) provoked by workers
(E) nonracial in character
原文
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based on race.

★No.5-1-2 长 P67 艺术创新与科学创新
&Oslash; 23. The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are
(A) unjustifiably ignored by musicologists （大写名词）
(B) not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value even though they are important in the history of music
(C) among those works in which popular historical themes were portrayed in a
musical production
(D) often inappropriately cited as examples of musical works in which a new principle
of organization was introduced
(E) minor exceptions to the well-established generalization that the aesthetic worth of a composition determines its importance in the history of music
原文
Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music.

&Oslash; 26. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that
(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists
(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community
(C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data
(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact
(E) introduces a new valid generalization
原文
Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.

&Oslash; 27. Which of the following statements would most logically concluded the last paragraph
of the passage?
(A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.
(B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.
(C) Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents
exhibited by Monteverdi.
(D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.
(E) Actually, Beethoven's most original works were largely unappreciated at the time that they were first performed.
原文
Rather, he was an income-parable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

★★No.5-2-2 短 P83 视觉辨认一次完成/有先后顺序
&Oslash; 19. It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is
(A) not a neural activity
(B) not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time
(C) not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in some way
(D) only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary whole
(E) now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel processes
原文
When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.

No.5-2-2 长 P86 院子，核，量三个等级
&Oslash; According to the passage, which of the following can be found in the atomic realm?
(A) More than one level of energy exchange
(B) Exactly one elementary particle
(C) Exactly three kinds of atomic structures
(D) Three levels on the quantum ladder
(E) No particles smaller than atoms
原文
The energy exchanges taking place in this realm are of a relatively low oder.

No.5-3-1 短 P102 艺术-直觉与理性
17．The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?
(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists' outlooks.
(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.
(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.
(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.
(E)The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.
原文
stained glass windows of Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists' outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.
★GRE No.6-1-1 长　P120　对《黑人小说》的评价
&Oslash; 21. The author of the passage objects　to criticism of Black fiction like that　by Addison Gayle because it　
(A) mphasizes purely literary aspects　of such fiction
(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction
(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction
(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction
原文
Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.


★No.6-2-1 短P141 N语言
&Oslash; 18.According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Hahuatl by
(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances
(B) removing a word from its associations with other words
(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning
(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word
(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor
原文
By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

★★No.6-2-1 长 P141 现象式结论
&Oslash; 20.The author most likely mentions Hardy's principle of animal exclusion in order to
(A) give an example of one theory about the interaction of grazers and phytoplankton
(B) defend the first theory of algal defenses against grazing
(C) support the contention that phytoplankton numbers are controlled primarily by environmental factors
(D) demonstrate the superiority of laboratory studies of zooplankton feeding rates to other kinds of studies of such rates
(E) refute researchers who believed that low numbers of phytoplankton indicated the grazing effect of low numbers of zooplankton
原文
This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.

23. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?
　I. Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.
　II. Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient- poor lakes than in bog lakes.
　III.Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
原文
Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

★No.6-2-4 长 P152 美国土地政策
&Oslash; 22. The author implies that the change in the state of the American farmer's morale during the latter part of the nineteenth century was traceable to the American farmer's increasing perception that the
(A) costs of cultivating the land were prohibitive within the United States
(B) development of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States occurred at the expense of the American farmer
(C) American farming system was about to run out of the new farmland that was required for its expansion.
(D) prices of American agricultural products were deteriorating especially rapidly on domestic markets
(E) proceeds from the sales of American agricultural products on foreign markets were unsatisfactory
原文
the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets.

&Oslash; 23. According to the passage, which of the following occurred prior to 1890?
(A) Frederick J. Turner's thesis regarding the American frontier became influential.
(B) The Homestead Act led to an increase in the amount of newly farmed land in the United States.
(C) The manufacturers of technologically advanced agricultural machinery rapidly increased their marketing efforts.
(D) Direct lines of communication were constructed between the United States and South America.
(E) Technological advances made it fruitful to farm extensively on a mechanized basis.
原文
South America in 1874. By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis.

★★No.6-3-2 短 P166 关于D风俗的评价
&Oslash; 26. It can be inferred from the passage that the term "genre painting" would most likely apply to which of the following?
(A) A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battle
(B) A painting illustrating a narrative from the Bible
(C) A portrayal of a mythological Greek goddess
(D) A portrayal of a servant engaged in his work
(E) A formal portrait of an eighteenth-century king
原文
both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities

&Oslash; 27. The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgements of artistic work?
(A) Aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgement.
(B) Judgments of the value of an artist's work made by his or her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgment can be made.
(C) Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting.
(D) In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting.
(E) Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have.
原文
The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values:

&Oslash; 21.The author suggests that, before the early 1950's, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following?
(A) Failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
(B) Used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.
(C) Inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
(D) Confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.
(E) Tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage, and death records.
原文
for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial Europeam population

&Oslash; 22.According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have
(A) scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite
(B) indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice
(C) focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feelings of different social groups toward crime and the law
(D) been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts
(E) been based for the most part on the trial testimony of police and other legal authorities]
原文
Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined revealed how the authorities administered justice.

orangetreeUID: 189984

好啦，贴全了，希望对大家有帮助！！！

Dendis ，谢谢您把帖的名字改了，呵呵！这样好，更多的人会注意到啦，即使他们不来参加，里面的东东对大家多少都有帮助的！！！

orangetreeUID: 189984

多谢 嘶喊的牧歌 的指点！！^o^这回就明白啦！我已经在原帖中把您说的补充了进去。这样别的G友再看时就可以直接看到答案啦！！

orangetreeUID: 189984

SOS!!!!!!!!

NO.4-2-1（19）It can be inferred from the passage that
in animals less intelligent than the
mammals discussed in the passage
A. past experience is less helpful in
ensuring survival
B. attention is more highly focused
C. muscular coordination is less highly
developed
D. there is less need for competition
among species
E. environment is more important in
establishing the proper ratio of prey
to predator

在文中是怎么定位的？？？有什么特殊的语言现象吗？？出题点是什么？？

orangetreeUID: 189984

SOS!!!!!!!!
NO.4-2-1（20）The sensitivity described in lines 70-76
is most clearly an example of
A."free-floating awareness" (lines 20-21)
B. "flooding of impulses in the brain
stem" (lines 36-37)
C. "the holding of consistent images"
(lines 39-40)
D. "integration of details with perceived
ends and purposes" (lines 45-47)
E. "silk-thin veils of tranquility"(lines 80-81)

我理解的是题干中的“sensitive”说的必然是与consciousness有关的。所以选答案也要选一个与consciousness有关的。可是只是感觉而已。在文中这一点是怎么体现的呢？？出题点是什么呢？？属于细节题吗？？

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-20 at 11:54 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

Originally posted by juliegogo at 2005-9-19 15:21
no4 第2套的长文章好难啊,而且觉得没法划标记, 然后题目也出的怪.
来说一下吧, 我错了19,20,21,22,24(天哪,惨不忍睹啊)
19题,本来想用"animals less intelligent than mammals"来定位的,结果看了半天
21题，且不说这个含盖了全文的题目，就单看选项就能把你看晕。看了半天也不知道为什么选“respectful and admiring”.谁能告诉我啊！！ ...

贯穿全文的题，第一段的末句TS--------far more than others.
其余各段首句,increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers.
                   marvelously
感情好强烈的说！所以选最好最褒的那个选项！

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-2-1（22）
The author provides information that
would answer which of the following
questions?
　I. Why is an aroused herbivore usually
　　fearful?
　II. What are some of the degrees of
　　attention in large mammals?
　III. What occurs when the stimulus that
　　causes arousal of a mammal is
　　removed?
定位倒是都可以定到，可是出题点是什么？？作者的意图是要考察什么知识点？？