【G盟阅读日记篇】orangetree,iceoolong（欢迎其他G友随时加入哦！）

orangetreeUID: 189984

Originally posted by iceoolong at 2005-9-18 14:59
No4-1-5阅读题目
    Thomas Hardy’s impulses as a writer, all of
  which he indulged in his novels, were numerous
  and divergent, and they did not always work
  together in harmony. Har ...

红笔标记的18题，正因为文中有5个want to ,而A表述的只是其中之一，所以才不能用most这个词！所以A错！而B对也是因为这5个因素太多.

orangetreeUID: 189984

CLAPING.....!
welcome juliegogo, gzj123, kangwei , anitazy (紫晶踏雪), wsdeg (盐津葡萄) to join us!!

A ZA A ZA FIGHTING YOOH!!!!

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-2-1短文
　　　Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong.
　　Jacksonian America was not a fluid,
　　egalitarian society where individual
　　wealth and poverty were ephemeral
(5) conditions. At least to argues E. Pessen
　　in his iconoclastic study of the very
　　rich in the United States between 1825
　　and 1850.
　　　Pessen does present a quantity of
(10) examples, together with some
　　refreshingly intelligible statistics, to
　　establish the existence of an
　　inordinately wealthy class. Though
　　active in commerce or the professions,
(15) most of the wealthy were not self-made,
　　but had inherited family fortunes. In no
　　sense mercurial, these great fortunes
　　survived the financial panics that
　　destroyed lesser ones. Indeed, in
(20) several cities the wealthiest one
　　percent constantly increased its share
　　until by 1850 it owned half of the
　　community's wealth. Although these
　　observations are true, Pessen
(25) overestimates their importance by
　　concluding from them that the undoubted
　　progress toward inequality in the late
　　eighteenth century continued in the
　　Jacksonian period and that the United
(30) States was a class-ridden, plutocratic
　　society even before industrialization.

According to the passage, Pessen
indicates that all of the following
were true of the very wealthy in the
United States between 1825 and 1850
EXCEPT:
They formed a distinct upper class.
Many of them were able to increase
their holdings.
Some of them worked as professionals
or in business.
Most of them accumulated their own
fortunes.
Many of them retained their wealth
in spite of financial upheavals.

显然，托克维尔（Tocqueville）错了。杰克逊执政时期的美国（Jcaksonian
America）并不是一人流动易变的和平均主义的社会，个人的富有和贫困于其中仅是些
转瞬即逝的状况。至少，伊·佩森（E.Pessen）在其对1825至1850年间的美国巨富进
行的那项反传统的研究中是这么论述的。
　　佩森确实列举出大量的实例，连同某些令人耳目一新的、明晰易懂的数据，从而确
定了某个极度富有阶层的存在。尽管绝大多数富豪活跃于商业或各项职业，但他们并非
是白手起家（self-made），而是继承了家庭财富。这些大笔的财富由于绝未被置于活跃
的流通之中，故得以经受住金融恐慌的打击而幸存下来，而较小规模的资本却被悉数摧
垮。事实上，在几个城市中，最富有的百分之一的人持续不断地增加其财富份额，直至。
1850年，这部分人拥了社会中一半的财富。尽管这些观察确凿无误，但佩森过高估计了
它们的重要性，因为他从中得出以下两个结论：其一是十八世纪后期不容置疑的贫富分
化在杰克逊时代仍在继续；其二是美国早在工业化之前已是一个充斥着阶级分化的、由
富豪统治的社会。


————————————————————————
答案：(D)
　　
25.The author's attitude toward Pessen's
presentation of statistics can be best
described as
disapproving
shocked
suspicious
amused
laudatory

————————————————————————
答案：(E)
　
26.Which of the following best states
the author's main point?
Pessen's study has overturned the
previously established view of the social
and economic structure of early nineteenth-
century America.
Tocqueville's analysis of the United
States in the Jacksonian era remains the
definitive account of this period.
Pessen's study is valuable primarily
because it shows the continuity of the
social system in the United States
throughout the nineteenth century.
The social patterns and political
power of the extremely wealthy in the
United States between 1825 and 1850
are well documented.
Pessen challenges a view of the
social and economic system in the
United States from 1825 to 1850, but
he draws conclusions that are incorrect.

————————————————————————
答案：(E)
27.Which of the following best states
the author's main point?
Pessen's study has overturned the
previously established view of the social
and economic structure of early nineteenth-
century America.
Tocqueville's analysis of the United
States in the Jacksonian era remains the
definitive account of this period.
Pessen's study is valuable primarily
because it shows the continuity of the
social system in the United States
throughout the nineteenth century.
The social patterns and political
power of the extremely wealthy in the
United States between 1825 and 1850
are well documented.
Pessen challenges a view of the
social and economic system in the
United States from 1825 to 1850, but
he draws conclusions that are incorrect.
　

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-19 at 23:54 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-2-1短文写美国有钱阶层，社会经济环境。错26。
25题：A对,upper class对应 L8的wealthy class。B对，their holdings=its share,L14。 c对，对应L9，commerce or professions。而D错，own fortunes，但是原文说的family来的，而非自己创造的。
26题：我误选了A，其实定位就在第三段开始的前半句，看来仔细看题目还是很重要的。overestimate vt.评价过高.laudatory adj.赞美的, 赞赏的
27题：正好是大正小负的态度，又必须提到P.所以选E。

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-20 at 20:09 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-2-4
　　　"I want to criticize the social system,
　　and to show it at work, at its most
　　intense." Virginia Woolf's provocative
　　statement about her intentions in
(5) writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been
　　ignored by the critics, since it
　　highlights an aspect of her literary
　　interests very different from the
　　traditional picture of the "poetic"
(10) novelist concerned with examining states
　　of reverie and vision and with following
　　the intricate pathways of individual
　　consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a
　　realistic as well as a poetic novelist,
(15) a satirist and social critic as well as
　　a visionary: literary critics' cavalier
　　dismissal of Woolf's social vision will
　　not withstand scrutiny.
　　　In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged
(20) by the questions of how individuals are
　　shaped (or deformed) by their social
　　environments, how historical forces
　　impinge on people's lives, how class,
　　wealth, and gender help to determine
(25) people's fates. Most of her novels are
　　rooted in a realistically rendered social
　　setting and in a precise historical time.
　　　Woolf's focus on society has not been
　　generally recognized because of her
(30) intense antipathy to propaganda in art.
　　The pictures of reformers in her novels
　　are usually satiric or sharply critical.
　　Even when Woolf is fundamentally
　　sympathetic to their causes, she portrays
(35) people anxious to reform their society
　　and possessed of a message or program
　　as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of
　　how their political ideas serve their
　　own psychological needs. (Her Writer's
(40) Diary notes: "the only honest people
　　are the artists," whereas "these social
　　reformers and philanthropists...harbor...
　　discreditable desires under the disguise
　　of loving their kind....") Woolf detested
(45) what she called "preaching" in fiction,
　　too, and criticized novelist D.H.Lawrence
　　(among others) for working by this method.
　　　Woolf's own social criticism is
　　expressed in the language of observation
(50) rather than in direct commentary, since
　　for her, fiction is a contemplative, not
　　an active art. She describes phenomena
　　and provides materials for a judgment
　　about society and social issues; it is
(55) the reader's work to put the observations
　　together and understand the coherent
　　point of view behind them. As a moralist,
　　Woolf works by indirection, subtly under－
　　mining officially accepted mores, mocking,
(60) suggesting, calling into question, rather
　　than asserting, advocating, bearing
　　witness: hers is the satirist's art.
　　　Woolf's literary models were acute
　　social observers like Checkhov and
(65) Chaucer. As she put it in The Common
　　Reader. "It is safe to say that not a
　　single law has been framed or one stone
　　set upon another because of anything
　　Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we
(70) read him, we are absorbing morality at
　　every pore." Like Chaucer, Woolf chose
　　to understand as well as to judge, to
　　know her society root and branch-a
　　decision curcial in order to produce art
(75) rather than polemic.

“吾意欲批判社会体制，并揭示出它是在怎样运作的，在其处于最为剧烈动荡的关
头。”弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）
时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为
它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家
（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是
审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。然则，费吉
尼亚·伍尔夫不单是个诗性小说家，亦是一个现实主义作家（realist）；不仅是了耽于梦
幻的作家（visionary），还是个讽刺作家（satirist）和社会批评家（social critic）
文学评论家对伍尔夫的社会视野傲慢轻蔑（cavalier）的摈弃不屑，终将经不住推敲。
　　
　　在其小说中，伍尔夫深深地被这样一些问题所吸引：个人是如何被他们的社会环境
所造就（或被弄得畸型变态）的，历史的力量是如何影响人们的生活的，以及阶级、财
富和性别是如何有助于决定人们的命运的。她的绝大部分小说都植根于一个以现实主义
手法营造的社会背景，并植根于精确无误的历史时代。
　　
　　伍尔夫对社会的关注还不曾普遍地得到承认，这是因为她对艺术中的政治宣传极为
厌弃。她小说中对改革家的刻划常带有讽刺色彩，或不乏尖锐的批判意味。即使当伍尔
夫从根本上赞同他们的事业时，她仍把那些急于和改革社会和揣着某个救世箴言或政改
纲领的人们描绘成为狂自奠大的或虚伪不诚的，无从意识到他们的政治理想是如何满足
其自向原心理私欲的。[她在《作家日记》（Writer's Diary）中写道：“唯有艺术家才是
诚实的人；而那些“社会改革家和慈善家，则打着热爱其同类的幌子……隐藏着……不
可告人的可耻欲念……”]伍尔夫对在小说中进行她所谓的“道德说教”也深恶痛疾，
并对D·H·劳伦斯（Lawrence）及其他人按此方法进行文学创作予以批判。
　　
　　伍尔夫自己的社会批评是用观察而非直接评论的语言来表达的，因为对她来说，小
说是一种凝视观照的（contemplative）的艺术，而非实用主义的艺术。她描述诸般现
象，并提供材料，让人们就社会问题形成评判。读者的职责是将各种观察连结起来，并
力图去领悟它们背后所隐含的那个连贯的观点。作为一个道德家，伍尔夫以间接的手法
进行创作，微妙地暗中毁损些被官方接受的道德观念，进行讽刺、暗示、和质疑，而非
宣扬、倡导、或充当见证。她的艺术是一种真正的讽刺作家的艺术。
　　
　　伍尔夫的文学榜样是那些敏锐的社会观察家，如契诃夫（Chekhov）和乔叟
（Chaucer）。正如她在《普通读者》（The Common Reader）中所表述的那样：“可以满
有把握地说，迄今为止还不曾因为乔叟说了什么或写了什么而导致一项法律被制定出
来，或高楼大厦被建造起来；然则，一旦我们阅读他的作品，我们就会全身心地汲取道
德影响。”象乔叟一样，伍尔夫选择了去理解和评判，去彻底了解社会。只有有了这一
至关重要的决定才能创作出真正的艺术，而非论辨性文章。


17.Which of the following would be the
most appropriate title for the passage?
Poetry and Satire as Influences on
the Novels of Virginia Woolf
Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator
on the Twentieth-Century Novel
Trends in Contemporary Reform
Movements as a Key to Understanding
Virginia Woolf's Novels
Society as Allegory for the Individual
in the Novels of Virginia Woolf
Virginia Woolf's Novels: Critical
Reflections on the Individual and on
Society
答案：(E)
　　
18.In the first paragraph of the passage,
the author's attitude toward the literary
critics mentioned can best be described
as
disparaging
ironic
factious
skeptical but resigned
disappointed but hopeful
答案：(A)

19.It can be inferred from the passage
that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary
model because she believed that
Chaucer was the first English author
to focus on society as a whole as well
as on individual characters
Chaucer was an honest and forthright
author, whereas novelists like D, H,
Lawrence did not sincerely wish to
change society
Chaucer was more concerned with
understanding his society than with
calling its accepted mores into
question
Chaucer's writing was greatly, if
subtly, effective in influencing the
moral attitudes of his readers
her own novels would be more widely
read if, like Chaucer, she did not
overtly and vehemently criticize
contemporary society
答案：(D)

20.It can be inferred from the passage
that the most probable reason Woolf
realistically described the social
setting in the majority of her novels
was that she
was aware that contemporary literary
critics considered the novel to be
the most realistic of literary genres
was interested in the effect of a
person's social milieu on his or her
character and actions
needed to be as attentive to detail
as possible in her novels in order to
support the arguments she advanced in
them
wanted to show that a painstaking
fidelity in the representation of reality
did not in any way hamper the artist
wished to prevent critics from
charging that her novels were written
in an ambiguous and inexact style
答案：(B)

21.Which of the following phrases best
expresses the sense of the word
"contemplative" as it is used
in line 51 of the passage?
Gradually elucidating the rational
structures underlying accepted mores
Reflecting on issues in society without
prejudice or emotional commitment
Avoiding the aggressive assertion
of the author's perspective to the
exclusion of the reader's judgment
Conveying a broad view of society
as a whole rather than focusing on an
isolated individual consciousness
Appreciating the world as the artist
sees it rather than judging it in moral
terms
答案：(C)
22.The author implies that a major
element of the satirist's art is the
satirist's
consistent adherence to a position
of lofty disdain when viewing the foibles
of humanity
insistence on the helplessness of
individuals against the social forces
that seek to determine an individual's
fate
cynical disbelief that visionaries
can either enlighten or improve their
societies
fundamental assumption that some
ambiguity must remain in a work of art
in order for it to reflect society and
social mores accurately
refusal to indulge in polemic when
presenting social mores to readers for
their scrutiny
答案：(E)

23.The passage supplies information
for answering which of the following
questions?
Have literary critics ignored the
social criticism inherent in the work
of Chekhov and Chaucer?
Does the author believe that Woolf
is solely an introspective and visionary
novelist?
What are the social causes with which
Woolf shows herself to be sympathetic in
her writings?
Was D. H. Lawrence as concerned as
Woolf was with creating realistic settings
for his novels?
Does Woolf attribute more power to
social environment or to historical forces
as shapers of a person's life?
答案：(B)

NO.4-2-4长文说VW的文风。错17，18。
17题：我误选了A，因为BCD首先被排掉因为里面有细节。A和E犹豫，最后选了个错的。
花儿的见解：现在只看原文1-5行（首段1-2句）
10行but开始，到首段结束
二段第一句话
三段第一句话前半句（L23-because）
四段第一句话前半句（L41-L43 commentary）
五段第一句话（L54-L55)
这几句话认真读，争取全都读懂
你就会发现，society只是作者想要说的一部分，novel, individual, art, society还有V.W才能全面的概括全文。
这也从另一个侧面解释一下怎么读原文，读的时候要用一种高高在上的情绪来读，就是说每看一段第一句话，稍做停顿，想一下它在全文中的作用，扮演什么角色？

读了我上面说的这几句话，17、18、19、21、23最起码都应该能定位，其中17、23题属于主旨题的范畴，答案都应该读到了。如果23题还做不出来，这是对10行之后的那句话没理解透彻，as well as，还是排比，当然是回答了作者认为它是不是仅仅是一个introspective and visionary的小说家了，他不是，它不仅这个、还那个...
22题是个细节题，用题干核心词satirist's arts来定位定位到49-53行

读原文我觉得读一遍就够了，但是关键的东西要读出来，为什么你22、23题都定不到位，找不到呢？并不是你读原文读得时间不够长，而是重点没读到。

49-53行，有一个必然考点rather than...就是两者的关系，读原文的时候一定要做标记

10行是第一段出现的but，表示观点、态度的重要转折，首段but,however是必然要关注的东西

所以，以后做阅读，最好能边做边总结，什么最重要，什么一定要读，什么可以省略，什么可以不读，这样速度也提高了，题目也做对了

关于必然考点，通常考点的初步总结，你看看我给别人回的贴子，可以参考一下 :)
短文章27题，用核心词nuclear scientists来定位，应该比较容易找到，直接改写原句就可以了
with such zeal-->not dispassionate完美的改写阿，呵呵

最后关于单词，其实阅读单词和平时你背的GRE单词书还是有一些出入的，最近发现N多阅读中很重要的单词在那些书里都没有，及时总结积累吧

以后每周我会陆续列出一些重要阅读词汇18题：disparaging adj.蔑视的, 毁谤的, 轻视的
      ironic讽刺的
      factious adj.好搞派系的, 好捣乱的
resigned adj.顺从的, 听天由命的
19题：注意是谁的观点，不是作者而是Woolf，所以，定位到L55以后。我觉得选D大概是从L.56-60Woof说的话来的吧“and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore”。我们选C大概是受了后面那句“like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge”我是这样想的，这句话其实强调的是Woof，而不是Chaucer，另外，还有个 “从前不从后”的原则。
20题：定位在L21-22，直接就可以选出来了
21题：contemplative＝not active,L44.。
23题:A文中没有提。B对，第一段末的ts句。C错，L27。 D错，DHL和W是完全两种人。E没提两者的比较。

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-19 at 23:57 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-2-4短文
　　　It is a popular misconception
　　that nuclear fusion power is free
　　of radioactivity; in fact, the
　　deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear
(5) scientists are currently exploring with
　　such zeal produces both alpha particles
　　and neutrons, (The neutrons are used to
　　produce tritium from a lithium blanket
　　surrounding the reactor.) Another common
(10) misconception is that nuclear fusion
　　power is a virtually unlimited source of
　　energy because of the enormous quantity
　　of deuterium in the sea. Actually, its
　　limits are set by the amount of
(15) available lithium, which is about as
　　plentiful as uranium in the Earth's
　　crust. Research should certainly
　　continue on controlled nuclear fusion,but
　　no energy program should be premised
(20) on its existence until it has proven
　　practical. For the immediate future, we
　　must continue to use hydroelectric
　　power, nuclear fission, and fossil fuels
　　to meet our energy needs. The energy
(25) sources already in major use are in
　　major use for good reason.

公众的一个甚为流行的误解是，核聚变（nuclear fusion）能量不含任何放射性物
质；事实上，核科学家眼下正以如此热情加予探索的氘—氚反应（deuterium tritium
reaction）不仅会产生α—粒子，而且也会产生中子（neutron）。〔中子是用以从环绕
着核反应堆的锂再生区（lithium blanket）中产生氚的。〕另一个普遍的误解是，核聚
变能量是一种几乎无限量的能源，因为海洋中存在着大量的氘。实际上，其限量取决于
所能获得的锂的数量，而锂的数量大致相等于地球的地壳中的铀（uranium）的含量。
对于有控制的核聚变，研究无疑应继续进行下去，但任何能源项目都不应该仅以这种能
源的存在为其前提，除非它能证明切实可行。对于最近的将来而言，我们必须继续使用
水电能源（hydroelectric power）、核裂变能源（nuclear fission）、以及化石燃料
（fossil fuel）以满足我们的能源需求。这些早就广为使用的能源之所以得到广泛使用，
是有充分原因的。

24.The primary purpose of the passage
is to
A. criticize scientists who believe that the
deuterium-tritium fusion reaction can be
made feasible as an energy source
B. admonish scientists who have failed to
correctly calculate the amount of lithium
C. defend the continued short-term use of
fossil fuels as a major energy source
caution against uncritical embrace of
nuclear fusion power as a major energy
source
D. correct the misconception that nuclear
fusion power is entirely free of radioactivity.
答案：(D)

25.It can be inferred from the passage
that the author believes which of the
following about the current state of
public awareness concerning nuclear
fusion power?
A. The public has been deliberately
misinformed about the advantages and
disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.
B. The public is unaware of the principal
advantage of nuclear fusion over nuclear
fission as an energy source.
C. The public's awareness of the
scientific facts concerning nuclear
fusion power is somewhat distorted
and incomplete.
D. The public is not interested in
increasing its awareness of the
advantages and disadvantages of
nuclear fusion power.
E. The public is aware of the
disadvantages of nuclear fusion
power but not of its advantages.
答案：(C)

26.The passage provides information
that would answer which of the following
questions?
A. What is likely to be the principal
source of deuterium for nuclear fusion
power?
B. How much incidental radiation is
produced in the deuterium-tritium fusion
reaction?
C. Why are scientists exploring the
deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with
such zeal?
D. Why must the tritium for nuclear
fusion be synthesized from lithium?
E. Why does the deuterium-tritium
reaction yield both alpha particles
and neutrons?
答案：(A)

27.Which of the following statements
concerning nuclear scientists is most
directly suggested in the passage?
A. Nuclear scientists are not themselves
aware of all of the facts surrounding the
deuterium-tritium fusion reaction.
B. Nuclear scientists exploring the
decuterium-tritium reaction have overlooked
key facts in their eagerness to prove
nuclear fusion practical.
C. Nuclear scientists may have overestimated
the amount of lithium actually available in
the Earth's crust.
D. Nuclear scientists have not been entirely
dispassionate in their investigation of the
deuterium-tritium reaction.
E. Nuclear scientists have insufficiently
investigated the lithium-to-tritium reaction
in nuclear fusion.
答案：(D)

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-19 at 23:42 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-2-4短文说核反应的2个misconceptions.错25.
24题:它问的不是文章的结构组成，而是primary purpose，别的选项都不合适，讲的最多，讲的重点就是D.从篇幅上可以看出来，E选项才讲了多一点阿，文章主要都是讲D
25题：主题题，因为文章中有2个misconceptions，都不全面也有偏差。
26题: A，在（）中找到。C定位在L4，文章也没提。E，实际上文章只说了会产生，但是why并没有说。
27题： A没提。B里面的overlook应该是有贬义的意思在里面吧，而文章的目的主要是纠正一些misconception，对科学家并没有责怪的意思，所以还是D好些吧。，.E中的insufficient没有。

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-20 at 21:28 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-3-1短文
　　　Great comic art is never other-
　　wordly, it does not seek to mystify
　　us, and it does not deny ambiguity by
　　branding as evil whatever differs from
(5) good. Great comic artists assume that
　　truth may bear all lights, and thus they
　　seek to accentuate contradictions in
　　social action, not gloss over or tran-
　　scend them by appeals to extrasocial
(10) symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose,
　　or laws of nature. The moment of
　　transcendence in great comic art is a
　　social moment, born out of the
　　conviction that we are human, even
(15) though we try to be gods. The comic
　　community to which artists address
　　themselves is a community of reasoning,
　　loving, joyful, compassionate beings,
　　who are willing to assume the human
(20) risks of acting rationally. Without
　　invoking gods or demons, great comic
　　art arouses courage in reason, courage
　　which grows out of trust in what human
　　beings can do as humans.

伟大的喜剧艺术从不以彼岸世界为其目标，它所追求的并不是要予人以神秘玄惑
感，它并不会通过将任何与善不一样的事物烙上罪恶的印记而否认那些模棱两可的情
形。伟大的喜剧艺术家们认为，真理可呈现出各种不同的表现形态，故而他们力图强调
社会行为中的对立矛盾，而不是通过诉诸于那些代表着神圣目标、字宙目的、或自然法
则的超社会象片符号去掩饰或超越它们。伟大的喜剧艺术中的超越瞬间乃是一个社会性
瞬间，源自这样一个坚定信念，即我们终是凡夫俗子，尽管我们竭力想成为神灵。艺术
家们所致力表现的那个不乏喜剧色彩的社会，是一个由那些具有理性思维能力、充满爱
心、快乐、和富于怜悯之心的人类构成的社会，他们甘愿承担人类理性行动的风险。伟
大的喜剧艺术根本不祈求神灵或魔鬼，相反，它激发起我们对于理性的无畏勇气，这种
勇气缘自对人类作为人所能做到的一切的信心。

17.The passage suggests that great
comic art can be characterized as
optimistic about the ability of
humans to
A. rid themselves of pride
B. transcend the human condition
C. differentiate clearly between
good and evil
D. avoid social conflicts
E. act rationally
答案：(E)

18.It can be inferred from the passage
that the author admires great comic
artists primarily for their
A. ability to understand the frequently
subtle differences between good
and evil
B. ability to reconcile the contradictions
in human behavior
C. ability to distinguish between rational
and irrational behavior
D. insistence on confronting the truth
about the human condition
E. insistence on condemning human
faults and weaknesses
答案：(D)

19.Which of the following is the most accurate
description of the organization of the
passage?
A. A sequence of observations leading
to a prediction
B. A list of inferences drawn from facts
stated at the beginning of the passage
C. A series of assertions related to one
general subject
D. A statement of the major idea, followed
by specific examples
E. A succession of ideas moving from
specific to general
答案：(C)

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-3-1
短文说Great cosmic art,态度是正项的。全对。总结：一眼看过去发现就看到了TS，开头两句一前一后的Great comic art& Great comic artists。主要为主题题，整篇文章下来问题只涉及了开头结尾，故阅读看懂主题和文章架构是首要。
17题：17题是个定位少有难度的题，但是也是用了一种较为普遍的定位方法，就是替换词定位： optimistic在文章中的替换词是joyful（L13) ，所以选E。
18题：18题的问题就是文字对应，原文改写的问题，定位是第二句，这个原文改写要深深的推敲，体会的，能做点总结最好。infer类题目答案就是跟原文相比有很大的文字变换的。
19结构题，通篇都在证明一个论题，不能选E，因为E一上来就说一些列的观点...从...到... ，而c却归结到了one general subject 。
这个应该算相对难度大一点的结构题。需要稍微归纳一下，其实说是文章结构，实则考写作方法，写作方法都包含什么呢，比如举例，反驳，从具体到一般，观察导致结论等等，可以从一些最典型的东西先做排除，比如文章中明显没有例子，D排除。主要还是要靠对主旨题的积累，做多了，会有些感觉的。关于19题，花儿姐又说了一点，就是每个说法一定要有其根据，有时候难免会遇到几个干扰选项不知道该选什么，这时候就排出写的最具体，而这个具体内容你没见过的，比如E这个选项，从具体到一般，如果原文这么写了，应该是有感觉的，要是感觉不出来呢？只能承认有些题型是要积累感觉的。

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-3-1长文
　　　It has long been known that the
　　rate of oxidative metabolism (the
　　process that uses oxygen to convert food
　　into energy) in any animal has a
(5) profound effect on its living patterns.
　　The high metabolic rate of small
　　animals, for example, gives them
　　sustained power and activity per unit of
　　weight, but at the cost of requiring
(10) constant consumption of food and water.
　　Very large animals, with their
　　relatively low metabolic rates, can
　　survive well on a sporadic food supply,
　　but can generate little metabolic energy
(15) per gram of body weight. If only
　　oxidative metabolic rate is considered,
　　therefore, one might assume that
　　smaller, more active, animals could
　　prey on larger ones, at least if they
(20) attacked in groups. Perhaps they could
　　if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis,
　　the great equalizer.
　　　Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in
　　which energy is produced, without
(25) oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle
　　glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine
　　tri-phosphate (ATP), the energy
　　provider. The amount of energy that can
　　be produced anaerobically is a function
(30) of the amount of glycogen present-in all
　　vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their
　　muscles' wet weight. Thus the anaerobic
　　energy reserves of a vertebrate are
　　proportional to the size of the animal.
(35) If, for example, some predators had
　　attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally
　　torpid, the dinosaur would have been
　　able to generate almost instantaneously,
　　via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of
(40) 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative
　　metabolic energy production. This
　　explains how many large species have
　　managed to compete with their more
　　active neighbor: the compensation for
(45) a low oxidative metabolic rate is
　　glycolysis.
　　　There are limitations, however, to this
　　compensation. The glycogen reserves
　　of any animal are good, at most, for
(50) only about two minutes at maximum
　　effort, after which only the normal
　　oxidative metabolic source of energy
　　remains. With the conclusion of a burst
　　of activity, the lactic acid level is
(55) high in the body fluids, leaving the
　　large animal vulnerable to attack until
　　the acid is reconverted, via oxidative
　　metabolism, by the liver into glucose,
　　which is then sent (in part) back to the
(60) muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During
　　this process the enormous energy debt
　　that the animal has run up through
　　anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a
　　debt that is proportionally much greater
(65) for the larger vertebrates than for the
　　smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can
　　replace in minutes the glycogen used
　　for maximum effort, for example, the
　　gigantic dinosaur would have required
(70) more than three weeks. It might seem
　　that this interminably long recovery
　　time in a large vertebrate would prove
　　a grave disadvantage for survival.
　　Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used
(75) only when needed and even then only in
　　whatever quantity is necessary. Only in
　　times of panic or during mortal combat
　　would the entire reserves be consumed.

科学家长期以来已知，氧化新陈代射（oxidative metabolism，亦即使用氧气将食
物转化为能量的过程）的速度，在任何动物身上，会对其生存方式产生重大的影响。例
如，小动物较高的新陈代谢率，以其体重的每单位计算均能赋予动物以持续不断的能量
和活动能力，但其代价是，要求它们不间断地消耗水和食物。而大动物，以其相对低的
新陈代谢率，仅凭着不规则的食物供应即可安然无恙，但以体重的每一克来计算，几乎
不能产生任何新陈代谢能量。倘若仅仅考虑氧化新陈代谢速度的话，人们或许会假设，
那些较小的、较为活跃的动物可以捕食较大的动物，至少是如果它们成群结队发起攻击
的话。或许它们能做到这一点，假若不是因为无氧糖酵解（anaerobic glycolysis）这
一举足轻重的均衡因素的话。
　
　　无氧糖酵解指的是这样一个能量产生的过程：在没有氧气的情况下，通过将肌肉糖
原（muscle glycogen）分解成为乳酸（lactic acid）和三磷酸腺苷（adenosine
triphosphate，简称ATP），一种提供能量的物质。以无氧方式（anaerobically）产生
的能量的数量，是所存在的糖原数量的一个函数——在所有脊椎动物（vertebrate）身
上，大约是其肌肉湿重的0.5%。因此，一头脊椎动物的无氧能量储备是与该动物的尺寸
大小成正比的。例如，如果某些食肉动物向一头100吨重的恐龙——一般表现得迟缓呆
钝——发起攻击的话，这头恐龙极有可能几乎在瞬间内，通过无氧糖酵解，产生出相当
于3000个人在最大程度上氧化新陈代谢能量产生过程中所产生的能量。这足以解释许
多庞大的动物种类如何得以成功地与它们那些更为活跃的“邻居”相竞争抗衡的：对于
较低的氧化新陈代谢率，动物的补偿机制就是糖酵解。
　　然而，这种补偿机制也不乏缺陷。任何动物的糖原储备在全力以赴的搏斗中最多只
能维持两分钟的有效时间，在此之后，仅剩下通常的氧化新陈代谢能量来源。随着一阵
剧烈活动的终结，体液（body fluid）中的乳酸含量极高，致使大动物陷入一种易受攻
击的状态，直到乳酸通过氧化新陈代谢过程，由肝脏重新转化成葡萄糖（glucose），这
些葡萄糖随后——部分地——被传送回肌肉进行糖原的再合成（glycogen
resynthesis）。在此过程中，动物通过无氧糖酵解迅速积累起来的巨大的能量缺失
（energy debt）必须予以弥补，从比例上看，这种能量的缺失对于较大的脊椎动物要
远甚于较小的脊椎动物。例如，虽则体小的 仅在几分钟之内就能补充殊死搏斗中所
消耗的糖原，而庞然大物恐龙却需要三个多星期的时间。这似乎会让人觉得，大脊椎动
物身上这种没完没了的漫长复原期将对其生存构成一严重不利的影响。值得庆幸的是，
肌肉糖原只是在必需的时候才会被使用，而即使在这些时候也只是按必要的数量来使
用。唯有在惊慌失措之际，或在生死攸关的撕杀中，全部的糖原储备才会被彻底耗竭。

20。The primary purpose of the passage
is to
A. refute a misconception about anaerobic
glycolysis
B. introduce a new hypothesis about
anaerobic glycolysis
C. describe the limitations of anaerobic
glycolysis
D. analyze the chemistry of anaerobic
glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative
metabolism
E. explain anaerobic glycolysis and its
effects on animal survival
答案：(E)

21.According to the author, glycogen
is crucial to the process of anaerobic
glycolysis because glycogen
A. increases the organism's need for ATP
B. reduces the amount of ATP in the
tissues
C. is an inhibitor of the oxidative
metabolic production of ATP
D. ensures that the synthesis of ATP
will occur speedily
E. is the material from which ATP is
derived
答案：(E)

22.According to the author, a major
limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is
that it can
A. produce in large animals more lactic
acid than the liver can safely reconvert
B. necessitate a dangerously long recovery
period in large animals
C. produce energy more slowly than it
can be used by large animals
D. consume all of the available glycogen
regardless of need
E. reduce significantly the rate at which
energy is produced by oxidative
metabolism
答案：(B)

23.The passage suggests that the total
anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate
are proportional to the vertebrate's size
because
A. larger vertebrates conserve more energy
than smaller vertebrates
B. larger vertebrates use less oxygen per
unit weight than smaller vertebrates
C. the ability of a vertebrate to consume
food is a function of its size
D. the amount of muscle tissue in a
vertebrate is directly related to its
size
E. the size of a vertebrate is proportional
to the quantity of energy it can utilize
答案：(D)

23. The author suggests that, on the basis
of energy production, a 100-ton dinosaur
would have been markedly vulnerable
to which of the following?
　I. Repeated attacks by a single smaller,
　　more active adversary
　II. Sustained attack by numerous smaller,
　　more active adversaries
　III. An attack by an individual adversary
　　of similar size
A. II only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III
答案：(A)

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-3-1长文说无氧呼吸的对大动物的好处和坏处。新老观点对比型。错20，24，27。
总结：特别是这类有N多新名词的科普文，一定要对重要名词做记号，例如21题的glycogen和ATP，这样定位起来就容易多了。
20题：我误选了B，不是hypothesis n.假设。而D错，类似于这种similarity的词出现是应该非常敏感的，如果这个词或者类似的含义出现在原文，一定要予以甲级关注，所以，在这个基础上，如果在答案中看到这个词，应该可以非常敏锐的确定其正确或者马上排除，不应该选错。E正是文章主旨。
21题： E对，定位L19，energy provider=derived，原文改写。 D的说法好像是说g是催化剂了。C, inhibitor n.[化]抑制剂, 抑制者。
22题应该很好定位，为什么这么说呢？因为缺陷是必然考点，limitation, drawback等在原文出现，必做标记！并且读原文的时候不仅要做标记，还要找到缺陷是什么！在L34一40。
23题首先用段落定位，第一段讲oxidative...rate,第二段讲anaerobic...，第三段讲limitation...recover 。这题应该定位在二段，L23-L24是结论thus...和题干吻合，则上文L21就是原因喽！
24题目核心词“100-ton dinosaur，定位L25之后的例子，重点应该是这足以解释许多庞大的动物种类如何得以成功地与它们那些更为活跃的“邻居”相竞争抗衡的。
25题其实考察对大意的把握，每句话都是每段的要点。定位到第三段,with the conclusion of a burst ......，就看就一句就可以选出答案，1：从via oxidative metabolism 可以看出和有氧有关，当然就与其速率相关。2：从the lactic acid level is high ...看出其正确。3，从which is then sent(in part)来判断这是对的。
26主题题，E之所以不对，就是研究的对象错了，oxidative metabolism只是第一段的内容，后面讲的都变了，引出主题题的一个非常重要的特点，就是一定不能片面，尽可能的含盖全文，如果没有这样的答案，则选那个讲的篇幅最多的，决不能只提到局部的细节，这样的答案首先排除。
27主题题，A偏重于1-2段。C偏重于2-3段。通篇文章主要讲的就是anaerobic glycolysis ,当然它是重点，而不是去和有氧去比较（比较是次要），要通过有氧来引出无氧，这才是关键，所以A。其实这篇文章三段相对比较独立，如果分别用一句话来描述的话，可以这样说
1.氧化新陈代谢的速度非常重要，但是却受到无氧G的影响
2.无氧G和动物大小有关系，弥补了大动物速度的不足
3.但是这个补偿还是有缺陷的...
你觉得主题题应该偏重哪一段呢？如果用一句话来概括全文的话，我想这样说：虽然无氧G能弥补大动物有氧代谢速度的不足，但是它自身也有缺陷。这就是20题的答案E为什么着眼无氧G的原因吧 。
而E不对，文章重点不是讲metabolic rate或patterns of activity，而是anaerobic glycolysiss。 A我觉得可以定位到Perhaps they could if it were not for anacrobic glycolysis,the great equalizer.

词汇收集：
metabolic adj.代谢作用的, 新陈代谢的
sporadic adj.零星的
anaerobic adj.厌氧性的
glycolysis n.糖原酵解
vertebrate n.脊椎动物
inhibitor n.[化]抑制剂, 抑制者。
vulnerable adj.易受攻击的, 易受...的攻击

总结：长文章罗马数字题其实是最难做的题，我觉得，其实就相当于把别的单选题变成了多选题，我觉得这样的题目首先应该从题干找核心词，定位

[ Last edited by orangetree on 2005-9-20 at 23:37 ]

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-3-2短文

　　　The dark regions in the starry night
　　sky are not pockets in the universe
　　that are devoid of stars as had long
　　been thought. Rather, they are dark
(5) because of interstellar dust that hides
　　the stars behind it. Although its visual
　　effect is so pronounced, dust is only a
　　minor constituent of the material,
　　extremely low in density, that lies
(10) between the stars. Dust accounts for
　　about one percent of the total mass of
　　interstellar matter. The rest is
　　hydrogen and helium gas, with small
　　amounts of other elements. The
(15) interstellar material, rather like
　　terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes
　　and sizes. The average density of
　　interstellar material in the vicinity of
　　our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less
(20) than the best terrestrial laboratory
　　vacuum. It is only because of the
　　enormous interstellar distances that so
　　little material per unit of volume
　　becomes so significant. Optical
(25) astronomy is most directly affected, for
　　although interstellar gas is perfectly
　　transparent, the dust is not.
　在繁星满天的夜空，那些暗黑无光的区域并不是像人们长期以来所想象的那样，是
宇宙中不存在星际的孤立小块区域。事实上，它们之所以暗黑无光，是因为星际尘埃
（interstellar dust）将它们遮掩在尘埃之后。尽管尘埃的视觉效果是如此彰著，但
它仅构成了存在于星星之间密度极低的物质的一个微不足道的组成部分。尘埃在星际物
质的总质量中只占约百分之一的比例。余下部分由氢气（hydrogen）和氦气（helium）
构成，附带少量的其它元素。星际物质极类似于地球的云，呈现出多种多样的形状和尺
寸大小。在我们太阳的附近区域，星际物质的平均密度要低于地球上最佳实验室真空
1,000至10,1000倍。只是因为星际距离是如此之遥远，以致于每单位体积中如此少的
一点点物质才会如此影响重大。光学天文学（optical astronomy）受到的影响最为直
接，因为虽然星际气体是全然透明的，但尘埃却并非如此。
17.According to the passage, which of
the following is a direct perceptual
consequence of interstellar dust?
A. Some stars are rendered invisible
to observers on Earth.
B. Many visible stars are made to seem
brighter than they really are.
C. The presence of hydrogen and helium
gas is revealed.
D. The night sky appears dusty at all
times to observers on Earth.
E. The dust is conspicuously visible
against a background of bright stars.
答案：(A)

18.It can be inferred from the passage
that the density of interstellar material
is
A. higher where distances between the
stars are shorter
B. equal to that of interstellar dust
C. unusually low in the vicinity of our
Sun
D. independent of the incidence of gaseous
components
E. not homogeneous throughout interstellar
space
答案：(E)

19.It can be inferred from the passage
that it is because space is so vast that
A. little of the interstellar material
in it seems substantial
B. normal units of volume seem futile
for measurements of density
C. stars can be far enough from Earth
to be obscured even by very sparsely
distributed matter
D. interstellar gases can, for all
practical purposes, be regarded as
transparent
E. optical astronomy would be of little
use even if no interstellar dust existed
答案：(C)

短文是现象解释 天文学涉及到天体发出的光线如何传播到我们眼中，错18，19。
17题用核心词定位，direct这个词不是题干的中心词，也不能说明题干最有意义的部分，用interstellar dust定位应该更好，直接找interstellar dust的内容表述。所以，很明显的定位于第2句，而且第二句有个重要词汇就是rather。
18题：定位L12。 C错，原文只说了太阳附近的IM比地球上的试验室里的东西少1000 to 10000，而C却是笼统的IM和太阳周围比较。这不刚刚好就是E选项了！我误选了D,真是没有走脑子，错得好白，呵呵。这个c是个很具有代表意义的错题，就是这个low是个推理，而不是原文的改写，在GRE阅读中，infer都不表示任何的推理，原文说只是说比实验室的稀薄多少多少倍，并没有说它就是low，实验室的当然也不能说low，你只是通过你的尝试认为这是低，也许这种浓度在真正的宇宙中，不算什么呢，更何况还是average density
18题A的比较级好多阿，应该很容易确定被选或者排除，这个答案推理成分太严重。 19题是用替换词定位，vast-->enormous，定位在L15 。我误选了A，我误以为substantial ＝significant。D错，文中说interstellar gas is perfectly transparent而D说的是can, for all practical purpose, be regard as transparent。C很明显的对应于文中倒数第二句，就是一个文字变换。
sparsely adv.稀疏地, 稀少地
substantial adj.坚固的, 实质的, 真实的, 充实的

ouymUID: 2109118

明天我也来。但是每天4长4短是不是太多了！

orangetreeUID: 189984

NO.4-3-2长文
　　In his 1976 study of slavery in
　　the United States, Herbert Gutman,
　　like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese,
　　has rightly stressed the slaves'
(5) achievements. But unlike these
　　historians, Gutman gives plantation
　　owners little credit for these achieve-
　　ments. Rather, Gutman argues that
　　one must look to the Black family and
(10) the slaves' extended kinship system to
　　understand how crucial achievements,
　　such as the maintenance of a cultural
　　heritage and the development of a com-
　　munal consciousness, were possible.
(15) His findings compel attention.
　　　Gutman recreates the family and
　　extended kinship structure mainly
　　through an ingenious use of what any
　　historian should draw upon, quantifiable
(20) data, derived in this case mostly from
　　plantation birth registers. He also uses
　　accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human
　　reality behind his statistics. These
　　sources indicate that the two-parent
(25) household predominated in slave quarters
　　just as it did among freed slaves after
　　emancipation. Although Gutman admits
　　that forced separation by sale was
　　frequent, he shows that the slaves'
(30) preference, revealed most clearly on
　　plantations where sale was infrequent,
　　was very much for stable monogamy. In
　　less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman,
　　and Genovese had already indicated the
(35) predominance of two-parent households;
　　however, only Gutman emphasizes the
　　preference for stable monogamy and
　　points out what stable monogamy meant
　　for the slaves' cultural heritage.
(40) Gutman argues convincingly that the
　　stability of the Black family encouraged
　　the transmission of-and so was crucial
　　in sustaining-the Black heritage of
　　folklore, music, and religious
(45) expression from one generation to
　　another, a heritage that slaves were
　　continually fashioning out of their
　　African and American experiences.
　　　Gutman's examination of other facets
(50) of kinship also produces important
　　findings. Gutman discovers that cousins
　　rarely married, an exogamous tendency
　　that contrasted sharply with the
　　endogamy practiced by the plantation
(55) owners. This preference for exogamy,
　　Gutman suggests, may have derived from
　　West African rules governing marriage,
　　which, though they differed from one
　　tribal group to another, all involved
(60) some kind of prohibition against unions
　　with close kin. This taboo against
　　cousins' marrying is important, argues
　　Gutman, because it is one of many
　　indications of a strong awareness among
(65) slaves of an extended kinship network.
　　The fact that distantly related kin would
　　care for children separated from their
　　families also suggests this awareness.
　　When blood relationships were few, as in
(70) newly created plantations in the South-
　　west, "fictive" kinship arrangements
　　took their place until a new pattern
　　of consanguinity developed. Gutman
　　presents convincing evidence that
(75) this extended kinship structure-which he
　　believes developed by the mid-to-late
　　eighteenth century-provided the
　　foundations for the strong communal
　　consciousness that existed among
(80) slaves.
　　　In sum, Gutman's study is significant
　　because it offers a closely reasoned
　　and original explanation of some of the
　　slaves' achievements, one that correctly
(85) emphasizes the resources that slaves
　　themselves possessed.
　赫伯特·古特曼（Herbert Gutman）在其1976年对美国奴隶制度的研究中，如同
福格尔（Fogel）、恩格曼（Engerman）、以及吉诺维斯（Genovese）那样，正确地强调
了奴隶们所取得的成就。然则，与这些史学家所不同的是，对于这些成就，古特曼几乎
没有将任何功劳归诸于白人种植园主。与此相反，古特曼指出，我们必须把眼光投向黑
人家庭以及奴隶们广泛悠久的亲属体系，方能理解那些至关重要的成就，诸如文化遗产
的维持以入集体意识的发展，是如何成为可能的。他的研究发现值得我们予以关注。
古特曼重塑了家庭和广泛悠久的家属结构，主要是通过某种独具匠心的做法，这就
是利用了任何一个史学家都应加以利用的东西，即可量化的数据（quantifiable data），
在互项研究中主要来自种植园上的出生登记。他还采用前奴隶们（exslaves）的描述来
探索其数据背后所隐含的人类现实。这些信息来源显示，双亲家庭（tow-parent
household）在奴隶聚居区域占据了数量上的绝对比例，一如它在黑奴解放之后在自由
奴隶当中所出现的情形那样。虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频
繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地
揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。福格尔、恩格曼、
以及吉诺维斯早就以一种结论性并不那么明确的方式指出了双亲家庭的主导地位；但唯
有古特曼一人强调了奴隶们对稳定的一夫一妻制的偏爱，并指出一夫一妻制对黑奴的文
化遗产所意味着的重要性。古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民
间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗
产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的
经历中予以丰富发展。
　
　　古特曼对亲属关系其它方面进行的分析也导致了某些重要的研究结果。古特曼发现
堂兄弟表姐妹之间鲜有通婚的，这便构成了一种外部通婚的（exogamous）倾向，与种
植园主实行的内部通婚（endogamy）形成了鲜明的对比。古特曼表示，这种对于外部通
婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部
落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
古特曼论辩道，这种禁止堂兄弟表姐妹通婚的禁忌甚为重要，因为它是诸多标志之一，
表明奴隶之间存在着一种对广泛悠久的亲缘网络的强烈意识。远亲会照料与其家庭离散
的孩童这一事实也暗示着这一意识。当血缘关系寥寥无几时，如同在西南部地区新建立
的种植区上的情形那样，“虚拟的”亲缘安排就取代了真正的血缘关系，直到新的同血
缘模式发展形成。古特曼以令人信服的证据证明，这种广泛悠久的亲缘结构——据他所
称于十八世纪中期至后期发展起来——为奴隶之间所存在的那种强烈的集体意识提供了
基础。
　　总而言之，古特曼的研究意义重大，因为它针对奴隶们的某些成就提出了一种逻辑
推理缜密和新颖独特的解释，这一解释不无道理地强调了奴隶们自身所拥有的资源。

20.According to the passage,Fogel,Engerman,
Genovese, and Gutman have all done which
of the following?
　I. Discounted the influence of plantation
　　owners on slaves' achievements.
　II. Emphasized the achievements of slaves.
　III. Pointed out the prevalence of the
　　two-parent household among slaves.
　IV. Showed the connection between stable
　　monogamy and slaves' cultural heritage.
A. I and II only
B. I and IV only
C. II and III only
D. I, III, and IV only
E. II, III, and IV only
答案：(C)

21.With which of the following statements
regarding the resources that historians
ought to use would the author of the
passage be most likely to agree?
A. Historians ought to make use of written
rather than oral accounts.
B. Historians should rely primarily on
birth registers.
C. Historians should rely exclusively
on data that can be quantified.
D. Historians ought to make use of data
that can be quantified.
E. Historians ought to draw on earlier
historical research but they should do
so in order to refute it.
答案：(D)

22.Which of the following statements about
the formation of the Black heritage of
folklore, music, and religious expression
is best supported by the information
presented in the passage?
A. The heritage was formed primarily out
of the experiences of those slaves who
attempted to preserve the stability of
their families.
B. The heritage was not formed out of the
experiences of those slaves who married
their cousins.
C. The heritage was formed more out of the
African than out of the American
experiences of slaves.
D. The heritage was not formed out of the
experiences of only a single generation of
slaves.
E. The heritage was formed primarily out
of slaves' experiences of interdependence
on newly created plantations in the
Southwest.
答案：(D)

23.It can be inferred from the passage
that, of the following, the most probable
reason why a historian of slavery might
be interested in studying the type of
plantations mentioned in line 31 is that
this type would
A. give the historian access to the most
complete plantation birth registers
B. permit the historian to observe the
kinship patterns that had been most
popular among West African tribes
C. provide the historian with evidence
concerning the preference of freed
slaves for stable monogamy
D. furnish the historian with the opportunity
to discover the kind of marital commitment
that slaves themselves chose to have
E. allow the historian to examine the
influence of slaves' preferences on the
actions of plantation owners
答案：(D)

24.According to the passage, all of the following
are true of the West African rules governing
marriage mentioned in lines(57-61) EXCEPT:
A. The rules were derived from rules
governing fictive kinship arrangements.
B. The rules forbade marriages between
close kin.
C. The rules are mentioned in Herbert
Gutman's study.
D. The rules were not uniform in all
respects from one West African tribe to
another.
E. The rules have been considered to be
a possible source of slaves' marriage
preferences.
答案：(A)

25.Which of the following statements
concerning the marriage practices of
plantation owners during the period of
Black slavery in the United States can
most logically be inferred from the
information in the passage.
A. These practices began to alter
sometime around the mid-eighteenth
century.
B. These practices varied markedly
from one region of the country to
another.
C. Plantation owners usually based
their choice of marriage partners on
economic considerations.
D. Plantation owners often married
earlier than slaves.
E. Plantation owners often married
their cousins.
答案：(E)

26.Which of the following best describes
the organization of the passage?
A. The author compares and contrasts the
work of several historians and then
discusses areas for possible new research.
B. The author presents his thesis, draws
on the work of several historians for
evidence to support his thesis, and
concludes by reiterating his thesis.
C. The author describes some features
of a historical study and then uses those
features to put forth his own argument.
D. The author summarizes a historical
study, examines two main arguments from
the study, and then shows how the arguments
are potentially in conflict with one another.
E. The author presents the general argument
of a historical study, describes the study in
more detail, and concludes with a brief
judgments of the study's value.
答案：(E)

27.Which of the following is the most
appropriate title for the passage,
based on its content?
A. The Influence of Herbert Gutman on
Historians of Slavery in the United States
B. Gutman's Explanation of How Slaves
Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage and
Develop a Communal Consciousness
C. Slavery in the United States: New
Controversy About an Old Subject
D. The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music,
and Religious Expression: Its Growing
Influence
E. The Black Family and Extended Kinship
Structure: How They Were Important for
the Freed Slave
答案：(B)

NO.4-3-2长文说HG的奴隶研究。错22，23，25，27。
21题：ІІ和ІІІ一定对。定位人名，一共两处，都看全。Ⅳ是HG一个人做的，不对。
22题：我误选的A，答案是D，定位应该在第35－39行，仔细想一下，A是明显不对的， D是原文的改写，是ETS非常常用的改写 ：原文说from generation to another＝答案书not...a single generation 。这是逻辑非常严谨的一种文字对应，以后会经常看到。原文说家庭稳定鼓励了传说阿，音乐阿，宗教的的传播。a说这种继承形成于试图保持家庭稳定的奴隶的经验中。关于原文的改写，一般是精确改写，还有相当一部分就是扩大化改写，当然缩小化改写就是错的了。例如，原文说....increased，答案只要说....altered就是对了。本题也是如此，transmission,sustaining都是formation，当然没问题。
23题我误选了C，现在看来根本就不能provide the historian evidence concerning the preferrence of freed slavers for stable monogamy，没有提过freed slaves。从句"revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent"也就是说，即使在奴隶买卖不多见的种植园，奴隶们还是倾向于stable monogamy。而我把infrequent看成了frequent，整个拧了！
furnish vt.供应, 提供, 装备, 布置v.供给
24题A中所说的fictive kinship arrangement在L58。in the Southwest
这个题是因为对原文的一个问题没有关注到，就是事物之间的关系，事物之间的关系是必考的考点，关系其中就包括地域的对比所产生的差异，读原文请做标记。
25题：定位在L43－45，取非就得到答案E了，种植园主会近亲结婚。真像众多的帖子中说的那样，文章中的比较之处还真的应该注意，才开始做问题还真是不少。
Exogamous adj.异族结婚的
endogamy n.同族通婚
26结构题，答案是E。全文开头in his 1976 study...而且后面紧接着也出现了historian
应该可以判断出这个historical吧。
27题我误选了A，现在看到了A说的是对historians的影响。文中没提吧！可是B为什么对呢？？它不是只说了文中的一个方面吗？？又不是全部啊？？

花儿提醒：
千万不能凭感觉，这是GRE阅读最大忌。
觉得提高速度最重要的是读原文详略得当，在不重要的叙述上-----快速读，省略读------是提高速度最根本的办法，因为我们的阅读速度和理解速度毕竟有限，全文都读，都仔细的读试不太可能的

至于详略得当，把握短文的节奏，是个需要好好推敲的问题，我最近正在做这方面的总结，但是还没完全完成，我先简要的说一下吧，希望对你能有帮助。

从文章结构的角度，需要详细读的有：
观点，如果是旧观点，或者被否了的观点，略读，新观点，作者支持的观点，详细读
论据，试验/假说/数据等具体支持什么观点要详读，至于这些数据、试验的内容步骤可以略读，最后有没有成为有效的证据，要详读，并且强烈关注

从考点的角度
必然考点：事物之间的关系（不同，相同，比较，取代...），作者态度，事物或者观点的缺陷、不足之处，这些都是必然考点，一定要关注
通常考点：大写名词，特殊时期，年代，最高级等等也要关注，记录
其余的细节可以适当忽略

从具体句子的角度
让步的句子，前半句略读，转折之后详细读
举例子for example，之后可以略读，只要知道出这个例子的目的是什么就可以
前面如果叙述了事物的一个方面，然后叙述它的反面，什么in contrast...，反正只要是取反面重新叙述的东西，可以省略读，还有什么反之亦然阿等等

暂时先写这么多吧，读原文的目的并不是把题目问的都弄明白，只是让你在看到题干之后知道怎么定位，即便你仔细读了，定位以后你也还是要再回来看原文，这样，就重复了，这必然导致时间的浪费，最好是看原文一遍，比较粗略，看到重点，一看题干就知道定位点，然后再比较原文和选项，进行改写和选择

orangetreeUID: 189984

Originally posted by ouym at 2005-9-20 01:49
明天我也来。但是每天4长4短是不是太多了！

每天4长4短是太多了么？？
征求一下大家的意见！！！
说实话，我昨天做得完可是总结不完，呵呵，弄到后半夜2点，才弄了2长2短，（因为还要看帖子，吸取大家的做题想法，再做修改。暴汗。。。。）

不过我没关系啦，如果大家都坚持的话！！
都来说说看每天做多少比较合适吧！！