1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 海王泪——要么自燃成灰，要么浴火重生

海王泪UID: 2673613

回到Effective writing...

8 段落的逻辑顺序问题

一、一些常见的逻辑顺序：
1.按重要程度排（升序、降序、43125）
2.按时间先后排(历史、事物发展顺序)

以下为引用部分：
１．１．并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -Results – Discussion

二、如何处理复杂顺序：
1.3W法
2.文章地图法

TIPS
3.背景(历史或传记、理论总结或批评、关键词的定义)（第一段）
4.假想敌（对于反方观点的驳斥或复合论述）可视情况安放在每一段内


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
关于段落排序的个人看法。
段落间的逻辑顺序没有那么单纯，我认为通常我们有一个THESIS，每一段都是支撑THESIS的REASON（TOPIC SENTENCE）
Thesis-3~4Reasons/Aspects-Conclusion
有可能我偏激了。。请原谅。。但是500-700字的ISSUE的确不允许我们做过复杂的排序。 AW INTRO中的作文段落顺序也不见得复杂，比如专才通才5分那篇，直接两个例子解决，什么顺序都不考虑。


6分那篇则是两部分则比较复杂，第一部分说专才好（1正着说，2然后反证），第二部分说过度专才不好此时通才有价值（按3Logical,4moral,5personal展开）这篇比较复杂值得参考。
第一部分就是正着说倒着说的顺序，第二部分就是按REASON分。

Specialist(1)à Without specialist(2)à Over-specialization(3)(4)à Generalist(4)à Over-specialization(5)à Without generalist(6C)
括号内是正文段落

这实际是有个论证的顺序，所谓的思维习惯吧。。。

海王泪UID: 2673613

9 段落内部的句子结构和句子连接


颜色标明部分其实已经异常清晰

这里注意段落基本的三要素：
l
一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
l
一个合理的逻辑顺序
l
没有无关细节

１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
（其实以前总想着TS可以放在段落最后一句，但是脚趾头想想都知道，阅卷官尽管会稍微关注段里最后一句，但是更关键他们竖着比较下来，总是头1，2句话描述的观点代表那段的意思，很难突然打岔去看最后一句。）
２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
（平衡。。我经常平衡不了，要么把论据（例子）写得老长老长，要么论证过程就绕来绕去。。。）好好想，记下一笔，待解决问题。。。TS-Evidence-Analysis-Conclusion
３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

TIPS:
1）USE ORIENTING WORDS AND PHRASES：
Of course, as you know, until now, obviously, normally, previously, everyone is familiar with, remember that
用绍一些熟悉的概念，即通过介绍“熟人”再来介绍与之相关的“陌生人”
2）LET THE NEW AMPLIFY THE OLD：
新旧对比，如果重点是新的而就的仅仅作为参照，那么就应该新的打头，紧记你为什么写这句话。
3）ADD EXPLANATORY WORDS AND PHRASES：
越复杂的观点，就要越多的解释材料。不要以为的观众熟悉你的观点和材料。
记得某K前辈说过，“你不说，读者就不知道”
最常用的方法就是加“修饰语”，就算是爱因斯坦也要，说明为什么这个例子能很好地证明你的观点。

段内句子连接
l
UnUnity-所有句子讲同一个主题
l
CoCoherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
l
CoConnection－适当的连接句子

逻辑连接词 (按功能重新分类)
转折：However, although, yet, nevertheless, instead
结果：Therefore, thus, accordingly
平行除外：Moreover, furthermore, besides, next
平行类似：Also, meanwhile, likewise
平行相异：In contrast
次要情况：incidentally,
通常情况：Usually, whatever, generally
举例：For example
(按时间先后分)
First, secondly, finally,
(Secondly: later, then,)
(Finally: ultimately, eventually, lastly)
Once, previously, formerly; Now; Then, soon;
When, Meanwhile
利用重复
1 利用代词，让读者无意识将核心词放进思想里（看到代词会回想指代物）
  记得IBT阅读里专门就有Reference代词的考题，问指代物是什么。。说明这是一种非常实用的写作技巧。
2 改写重复 （代词合成、同义词。。。反正换种说法。）
强调词
好好珍惜，重点才用
比如说为了突出鲸鱼有多大，就用比较级、最高级等强对比的语气

练习
·
Although Global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year, Global Airlines carried astonishing three-million passengers.
·
In contrast, Only one-million passengers flew Global two years ago and this record has been accident-free since 1950.
·
Why does it dramatically change?
·
Because they expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada.
·
Meanwhile, Older, unprofitable routes were dropped as passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing.
·
Moreover, The new DC-12 aircraft proved by far more fuel-efficient than the older 737's.
·
Therefore, Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.

海王泪UID: 2673613

10 如何有效论证
1．
如何使用论据论证？
（１）
Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.正面论据
（２）
Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position反面论据(假想敌)
（３）
Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition 论据出处
（４）
Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence 引用
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph
(为了使这些论据流畅的结合在一起，应该：)
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim

对应功能句
Topic SentenceàEvidenceàAnalysis (àConclusion)




例子：
1)
Today, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment. Everything is about what we want
试改：

Today, we are too self-centered. We can see that in our modern families. Members do not care about each other as much as before. Instead, Individual business are placed too much emphasis. For instance, most American families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment. Many people seldom have sit-down meals and share a close talk with parents, brothers or sisters now. We are always busy with others which could bring direct benefits to us. That means, we are more likely to be interested in ourselves now.
参考答案：
1)
Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment. Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity．

Discussing your evidence’s significance develops and expands a paper，Remember that your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and the most effective way of interpreting the evidence
任何论据，都是为了你的Claim(TS)服务，举的例子必须在后面建分析立起联系说明你的这个例子是如何支撑你的结论。（反例同理）


而下面这个例子，则是没有明确自己举例子的目的。即只是按时间顺序写，而不是为了说明你想说明的ts而举的例子。或者说是没把TS写上来
（引用GEOGE的例子：救火车。。）https://bbs.gter.net/thread-783960-1-1.html
“大家先看我PS中的一个逻辑。我一直做A工作——（换段了）在A工作之外，我也做B和C工作——我有着一个绰号叫救火车——意思就是我啥都能干。
不知道大家看到这个逻辑如何？如果觉得有问题，并且知道这个逻辑错在哪里的话，就不用往下看了。反正我那时觉得这个逻辑很正常。
但是我同学说，他是中国人，能够看明白。但是如果是一个外国人就看不明白了。用他们的逻辑表述应该是
  我一直做A工作——（换段）我还能干很多工作——比如在A工作之外，我也做B和C工作——于是我有着一个绰号叫救火车。
他说“比如在A工作之外，我也做B和C工作——于是我有着一个绰号叫救火车”这两个是用来举证“我还能干很多工作”。
可是我当时的思考就是，多有契口啊，我一直做A工作——（换段了）在A工作之外，在每一段开头，用上一段的东西来开头。多有连贯性。但是在外国人看来这样的逻辑就出了明显的问题。”



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

是否有错误归纳？ 合理解决方法：several relevant examples or by a single extended example
是否有论据证明观点？
是否结实了论据如何支撑TS？
论据是否不仅肯定了TS，而且还（定义/限定）了TS，并且升华了TS？
是否有说明论据出处？

举手发问：
4）中QUALIFY是什么意思？

海王泪UID: 2673613

11 怎么写Conclusion

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion

Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write,（注意结论的重要性！） and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper.

经常有这么一种感觉，写完文章后，感觉结尾没什么好写，匆匆了事。

而偏偏结尾又是阅卷人印象最深刻的一段。（都结尾了，还不赶紧提醒文章内容，很容易让读者脑袋空空）

所以，结尾必须写得漂亮！

A conclusion should

• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （强调主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

May be we can conclude as these steps:

Restate thesisàMain ideas(TS)àImpressed words(Why important)

Suggestions

• Answer the question "So What?" （强调文章的重要性）

"So What?" 、"Why should anybody care?"

• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
  • Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.

举手发问：怎么去表达自己的观点和论证是一个整体？不是仅仅按文章顺序罗列MAIN IDEAS吧？

• Redirect your readers

建议、提问、具体à抽象。
目的：让读者思索或使用你的观点和信息

• Create a new meaning
  • You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.

举手发问：同第二点Synthesize，怎么表达自己的观点论证是一个整体？然后升华？

Strategies

• Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）End with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.
• Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维）
• Looking to the future:（展望未来）

Without well-qualified teachers, schools are little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continue to attract the best and the brightest students, there will not only be a shortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers.

• Posing questions:（提出问题） 提醒文章要点，并且Bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.

Strategies to Avoid·
Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）
天啊。。。In sum, all in all之类的原来不应该用？。。。。是因为最后一段本来就是结论，不必要做这样的指示词吗？
·
Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
·
Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
·
Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.


Four Kinds of Ineffective Conclusions
第一种单纯的restates the thesis应该是大多数人用得最多的结尾。
实际上，结尾有很多事情等着我们去做。

Repeat the stpes again~

Restate thesisàMain ideas(TS)àImpressed words(Why important)

举手发问：至于如何Synthesize，Create a new meaning ，还望斑竹详细解答。。。我看例子有一点点感觉，但不知道怎么去实施。。

要怎么去demonstrating how your ideas work together？

海王泪UID: 2673613

12 Conciseness
首先激动一下先。。。我的Verbiage在同学中是出了名的。。。
希望能够对症下药～药到病除。。长篇大药啊～
高手的字数是因为想法多而多起来，低手的字数是因为罗嗦多而多起来。

The way to move from 100 to 200 words isn’t through “filler” words and phrases—it is through the development of Ideas!!    ---From Kaplan

1. Eliminate unnecessary determiners and modifiers

一、删掉无关紧要的修饰语

Here's a list of some words and phrases that can often be pruned away to make sentences clearer:

kind of sort of type of really basically for all intents and purposes

definitely actually generally individual specific particular

估计因为我语言水平不好，这些词语我都没“输出过”，除了Really和 Actually这两个“真的”属于我中文思维习惯的词语。说服别人，不需要这样。

小练习：

For all intents and purposes, American industrial productivity generally depends on certain factors that are really more psychological in kind than of any given technological aspect.

改写：American industrial productivity depends on certain factors that are more psychological than of any given technological aspect.

答案：American industrial productivity depends more on psychological than on technological factors.

2. Change phrases into single words

二、词组缩写

1）a series of words expressing action could replace the ideas found in nouns rather than verbs. 冗词会掩盖你原本名词表达的意思,多用点动词能有效缓解症状

Jeff Converse, our chief of consulting, suggested at our last board meeting the installation of microfilm equipment in the department of data processing.

At our last board meeting, Chief Consultant Jeff Converse suggested that we install microfilm equipment in the data processing department.

2）介词短语可换为形容词

The employee with ambition...

The department showing the best performance...

The ambitious employee...

The best-performing department...

（不过突然想不起形容词的拼法，倒可以通过介词短语应急替代一下）

3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases

三、改写不必要的从句

修饰类的从句通常可以转换为形容词

The report, which was released recently...

The recently released report...

4. Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences

四、不要乱用强调句型

明晰你需要强调的内容，每次强调时都要确定自己目的何在。

5. Use active rather than passive verbs

五、少用被动语态

除非你不想说明动作发起人是谁
除非你的话题就在动词对象身上
大多数情况下，主动语态能让文章更鲜活。

6. Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs

六、不要过度使用动名词

因为大量动名词的使用通常都伴有Be动词的出现，乖乖地还是用主动动词让文章更鲜活吧！

7. Reword unnecessary infinitive phrases

七、改写不必要的不定式

The duty of a clerk is to check all incoming mail and to record it.

A shortage of tellers at our branch office on Friday and Saturday during rush hours has caused customers to become dissatisfied with service.

A clerk checks and records all incoming mail.

A teller shortage at our branch office on Friday and Saturday during rush hours has caused customer dissatisfaction.

8. Replace circumlocutions with direct expressions

八、避免累赘的词语

有些是口语习惯。。。或者有些是自以为是的替换一些常用连接词的行为，同样会导致迂回。
其实像Because, since, why这类表原因的，干脆用这些词更Effective。毕竟阅卷人改那么多文章，他最想直接看到的是你的思想过程，那么就直接摆给他看。哦～～我Claime某个Main Ideas， Because这样这样。。。直截了当@！@
（幸亏我语言不好，没有学那么多五花八门的逻辑连接词）表达下列意思时，少玩花样吧～

Because, since, why 因为

When 当……的时候

About关于（某个问题）
Must, should 必须、应当

Can 能够

May, might, could, perhaps/probably/possibly.

（it is crucial that，it is necessary that，it is important that cannot be avoidedààMust, should! You must use must, you should use should!）

想起李笑来Blog里关于不存在所谓闪光词汇的一个笑话::
"语言中真的有“闪光词汇”存在么？我不相信。我们从来不会遇到一位建筑师带着朋友参观他的建筑，而后突然伸手一指，大喊：“看！那块儿砖头……前无古人、后无来者啊！”我们也无法想象可能遇到这样一位著名作者，朗读他自己作品的时候，突然兴奋地停下来，大喊“看！这个词汇……前无古人、后无来者啊！”要是真的有哪个词“前无古人后无来者”，估计除了他自己之外，谁都看不懂。"
呵呵～这个类比不错。。文章和建筑一样要看结构、看连贯程度
不过呢，词汇变化倒是需要的。同一段内应该要学会词汇变化，但这不包括逻辑连接词

附送一个KAPLAN上”Be concise”上类似的一个小总结

As a matter of fact	In fact
At all times	Always
By means of	By
Because of the fact that, by virtue of the fact that, due to the fact that, for the reason that, in light of the fact that	Because
In this day and age	Today
In order to	To
In spite of the fact that	Although, though
In the event that	if
Until such a time as	until

P.S. But we can sometimes use wordy phrases for avoiding boring repetition of concise phrases in the same sentence or paragraph.

9. Omit words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail

九、避免说明公认或无效的细节

Baseball, one of our oldest and most popular outdoor summer sports in terms of total attendance at ball parks and viewing on television, has the kind of rhythm of play on the field that alternates between times when players passively wait with no action taking place between the pitches to the batter and then times when they explode into action as the batter hits a pitched ball to one of the players and the player fields it.

Baseball has a rhythm that alternates between waiting and explosive action.

其实判断是否某些细节是否需要，就在于这些细节是否是能够帮助Support你的Claim，就看Evidence后的Analysis是否需要这些细节才能进行。
比如我说满族语需要保留下来因为它的文化非常的Precious。举例子说紫禁城，就要额外Detail比如从句一下这是世界上Largest的ancient wood construction、one of the World Heritage Site，为了说明这个文化的Precious。但是就进一步去说明这个世界文化遗产只有几个来表达其稀有就没有必要了。

10. Omit repetitive wording

十、删除重复多余的词

Redundant Pairs

Redundant Categories

A related expression that's not redundant as much as it is illogical is very unique. Since unique means "one of a kind," adding modifiers of degree such as very, so, especially, somewhat, extremely, and so on is illogical. One-of-a-kind-ness has no gradations; something is either unique or it is not.

我还真的就写过Very Unique，就在ISSUE语言灭绝的哪篇。。。。估计我就是犯这个论坛上犯错误的Unique
其他错误就没有试过。。

海王泪UID: 2673613

Proofreading for Commas

Compound Sentence Commas 复合句的逗号

见到and, nor, but, so, for, or, and yet.

判断是否存在独立的分句，若复合连接词前后结构或内容不一致（如主语不同），加逗号

Comma Splices

Introductory commas after dependent clauses状语从句、介词短语

Disruptive Commas

看啊看啊看。。我的脑袋里充满着逗号。。They are disruptive commas which split my head.

Series Commas

Commas with Nonessential Elements

作为从句部分，如果是无关紧要的信息，需加逗号（类似插入语的格式）
判断方法：try saying "by the way" before it，合适的即为Nonessential Elements

General Strategies for Proofreading
Read slowly
Read aloud 大声读出来，能强迫自己不放过任何一个词，而且能凭语感发现不通顺的地方
Role-play 忘掉这篇文章是自己写的，想象成是自己是ETS的考官，会如何按照AW INTRO来审视自己的文章。。 THESIS-TOPIC SENTENCE-CONCLUSION
Get others involved 英语老师、互改小组、外国朋友、同班同学
Summarize typical errors 语法、拼写错误可以建立EXCEL库存起来，其他的只能以提醒的方式写下来。。比如说可数还是不可数名词经常分不清等等

Spelling
Do NOT rely on your computer's spellcheck—it will not get everything!
拼写错误可以建立EXCEL库存起来

Fragment Sentences
Run-on Sentences
Subject/Verb Agreement
主谓一致？ 这在另外语法中的每天一贴～呵呵。。经常就给WORD的SPELLCHECK抓出这个错误
Mixed construction
Parallelism
Example: Being a good friend involves good listening skills, to be considerate, and that you know how to have fun.
Edited version: Being a good friend involves knowing how to listen, being considerate, and having fun.
Pronoun Reference/Agreement
代词不可乱用，还记得以前就经常一段话甚至一个句子里IT或THEY出现了两次以上
Search for the noun that the pronoun replaces.
If you can find a noun, be sure it agrees in number and person with your pronoun.

Apostrophes
Look over the contractions, like you're for you are, it's for it is, etc. Each of these should include an apostrophe.
更简单的方法，直接拆开,统一不用省略号。。以前好像在哪看过说AW过程中不要用省略的形式。这样也好，省掉了省略号可能引发的错误

Proofreading TIPS
其实还应包括检验Thesis和各Topic Sentence （看是否清晰）
另外看每段所占篇幅 （看是否充分展开）
然后再看看每句长短 （看是否有变化，长短句并用）
Examine your Paragraphs
Examine the overall construction of your paragraphs, looking specifically at length, supporting sentence(s), and topic sentence.
Individual paragraphs that are significantly lacking length or sufficient supporting information as well as those missing a topic sentence may be a sign of a premature or under-developed thought.

Begin sentences with short, simple words and phrases that a) communicate information that appeared in previous sentences, or b) build on knowledge that you share with your reader.
注意句子与句子间的连接（见EFFECTIVE WRITINGLEESON 9），注意提供背景知识

Diagnosis, Analysis, Revision
Exercise: Diagnosis, Analysis, Revision
注意！！！
Avoid hiding your topic by opening sentences with long introductory clauses or phrases.
Role-play 忘掉这篇文章是自己写的，想象成是自己是ETS的考官，会如何按照AW INTRO来审视自己的文章。。 THESIS-TOPIC SENTENCE-CONCLUSION 并且注意每一句是否连贯
Questions to Ask Yourself as You Revise
Sentences & Paragraphs
其实还是这些问题。贯穿全篇文章。

海王泪UID: 2673613

16 Metaphors

from GRE reading passage
“Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned.”

呵呵··长难句，真是消极的观点，修辞的艺术从被人质疑其价值到被完全的谴责否认。。。
的确是，很多人就滥用类比抨击社会问题，居然有人还跟着觉得有道理。。
不过，也未必就那么消极，用得好··肯定是亮点。

灵机一动，借题发挥，还望指证：

语言的灭绝 赞成保留：
1语言间的替代就像自然界的生物一样是物竞天择，没必要政府人为干预它的消亡或发展。
2失去一种动物仅仅失去一道动人的风景，但是失去一种语言就永远失去一种美丽的文化。
3我们可以像保留动物基因一样，保存语言，不阻止人们放弃它，但在技术上要MAKE it Available

语言的灭绝 反对保留
有人提出“We would spend an awful lot of money to preserve a very old building, because it is part of our heritage. These languages are equally part of our cultural heritage and merit preservation”
我们可以把这当成假想敌：建筑客观存在，是超越语言的存在，大家愿意去欣赏它的艺术价值和文化，工具是眼睛
语言本身不是用来被欣赏，它和眼睛一样是工具，是用来欣赏寄托于语言上的一些literature等等。学习语言的个人成本极高，很少有人愿意去学。看建筑带双眼睛即可，语言可是要花大时间大精力去学。所以为了让人欣赏而花过多的钱去保护语言未必值得。对于要欣赏的Literature，翻译即可）

当然，我是支持保留语言的。。。反对的那个纯粹瞎写。。不过有个小感想，即：
比喻，不仅仅用来支持自己，而且还可以用来充当假想敌（拿来反驳）！
所以如果突然萌生了相关的比喻，不管他合理与否可以先记下来，对的就拿来用，不对的也考虑一下看是否能充当被你反驳的反方观点。 ^_^
我认为，GRE作文中的比喻NOT ONLY为了让文章漂亮，BUT ALSO为了让文章显得更思辨。
但是我觉得也不用可以追求，总觉得这是Gift。如果不适合，还可能用得很诡辩，阅卷人不喜欢。

转载李笑来老师的这一个笑话：
发现涉及“整体与局部”的话题，可以试试拿建筑做比喻
“语言中真的有“闪光词汇”存在么？我不相信。我们从来不会遇到一位建筑师带着朋友参观他的建筑，而后突然伸手一指，大喊：“看！那块儿砖头……前无古人、后无来者啊！”我们也无法想象可能遇到这样一位著名作者，朗读他自己作品的时候，突然兴奋地停下来，大喊“看！这个词汇……前无古人、后无来者啊！”要是真的有哪个词“前无古人后无来者”，估计除了他自己之外，谁都看不懂。”


好了，进入整体，笔记时间。
结果发现全都是说METAPHOR 怎么好怎么好。。
不过这个很好笑～～很深刻

·
They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words.

By writing "my dorm is a prison," you suggest to your readers that you feel as though you were placed in solitary, you are fed lousy food, you are deprived of all of life's great pleasures, your room is poorly lit and cramped--and a hundred other things, that, if you tried to say them all, would probably take several pages.

·
They are a sign of genius.

Or so says Aristotle in Poetics: "[T]he greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor." It is "a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars.验证了我之前的关于METAPHORS是GIFT的其中一个分论点


下面这个宝藏啊～～赞···感觉变成了英美文学欣赏。。。。

as verbs	The news that ignited his face /snuffed out her smile. 很喜欢Ignited的说，高中的一个英语老师教的
as adjectives and adverbs	Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.
as prepositional phrases	The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.
as appositives or modifiers	On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.

海王泪UID: 2673613

effectivewriting完成了·

留空 AW INTRO 分割楼

还是在WORD里看的舒服～～有批注、有下划线、有不同的颜色、有删除线

一粘到论坛上就乱套了～～

明天继续～～ 读的这遍INTRO感觉又不一样了！！！好神奇～～突然又理顺了一些东西！

海王泪UID: 2673613

Table of content

Overview of the Analytical Writing Section 3

Preparing for the Analytical Writing Section 3

Test-Taking Strategies for the Analytical Writing Section 4

How the Analytical Writing Section is Scored 4

Present Your Perspective on an Issue Task

Understanding the Issue Task 6

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience 6

Preparing for the Issue Task 6

Deciding Which Topic to Choose 8

The Form of Your Response 8

Sample Issue Topic 8

Strategies for this Topic 8

Essay Responses and Reader Commentary 9

Analysis of an Argument Task

Understanding the Argument Task 15

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience 15

Preparing for the Argument Task 16

How to Interpret Numbers, Percentages, and Statistics 17

The Form of Your Response 17

Sample Argument Topic 18

Strategies for this Topic 18

Essay Responses and Reader Commentary 18

Sample Test 23

Scoring Guides 27

Score Level Descriptions 29

目录

概述AW

准备AW

备考策略

如何评分

陈述你对于ISSUE的观点

明白ISSUE任务

明白写作的背景：目的和观众

准备ISSUE

决定选择哪个话题

文章的格式

ISSUE话题的例子

应对话题的策略

例文和评语

分析ARGUMENT材料

明白Argument任务

明白写作的背景：目的和观众

准备Argument

如何解释数字、比例和统计数据

文章的格式

Argument话题的例子

应对话题的策略

例文和评语

抽样试题

评分准则

分数等级的描述

P.S.

此译文对于无关紧要的部分（如介绍评卷人什么经过严格的培训等等内容）忽略不翻，仅对当中的重要内容进行意译，其中的非重要修饰内容也省略不翻，力求精炼要点以便回忆全文。此外还以批注和超级链接的方式发表看法。

【定义】

Issue Section，题目那一句/几句话是Issue，你所写的是Argument；(A persuasive, effective argument)

Argument Section，题目那一段话是Argument，而你所写的是Analysis（An insightful, effective critique）

为什么？请详细看AW INTRO。。

太多童鞋连自己写得到底是什么都不知道；千万不要让自己成为ETS的残酷餐桌上那些前奔后继的杯具。

海王泪UID: 2673613

Overview of the Analytical Writing Section （概述AW）

The analytical writing section is a new section of the GRE General Test introduced beginning in October 2002 that tests your critical thinking and analytical writing skills. It assesses your ability to articulate and support complex ideas, analyze an argument, and sustain a focused and coherent discussion. It does not assess specific content knowledge.

（AW评估你以下几个方面的能力：能否清楚表达和支持复杂观点、能否分析一段论证材料、能否维持专注和前后一致的讨论）

The analytical writing section consists of two separately-timed analytical writing tasks:

• a 45-minute "Present Your Perspective on an Issue" task

• a 30-minute "Analyze an Argument" task

45分钟“陈述你对于议题的观点”

30分钟“分析一段论证材料”

You will be given a choice between two Issue topics. Each states an opinion on an issue of broad interest

and asks you to discuss the issue from any perspective(s) you wish, so long as you provide relevant reasons and examples to explain and support your views.

ISSUE话题两者选一，可以以任何的角度讨论这个议题，只要你能提供相关的理由和例子来解释和支持你的观点。

You will not have a choice of Argument topics. The Argument task presents a different challenge from that of the Issue task: it requires you to critique a given argument by discussing how well reasoned you find it. You will need to consider the logical soundness of the argument rather than to agree or disagree with the position it presents.

Argument只有一题，它需要你通过讨论这段材料的合理性来评论一段给定的论证材料。

The two tasks are complementary in that one requires you to construct your own argument by taking a position and providing evidence supporting your views on the issue, whereas the other requires you to critique someone else's argument by assessing its claims and evaluating the evidence it provides.

Issue Task需要你通过明确立场、提供论据来构建论证
Argument需要你通过评价主张、评估论据来评论论证

Preparing for the Analytical Writing Section （准备AW）

Everyone—even the most practiced and confident of writers—should spend some time preparing for the analytical writing section before arriving at the test center. It is important
to review the skills measured, how the section is scored, scoring guides and score level descriptions, sample topics, scored sample essay responses, and reader commentary.

需要重点了解的内容：被考察的能力、如何评分、评分细则和评分等级描述、话题、例文和评语

The topics in the analytical writing section relate to a broad range of subjects—from the fine arts and humanities to the social and physical sciences—but no topic requires specific content knowledge. In fact, each topic has been field-tested to ensure that it possesses several important characteristics, including the following:

• GRE test takers, regardless of their field of study or special interests, understood the topic and could easily discuss it.

GRE的测试者无须顾虑其所学领域和特殊兴趣,均能够明白话题并且很容易地对其进行讨论。

审题方式常识化

• The topic elicited the kinds of complex thinking and persuasive writing that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.

这些话题试探出具备复杂性的思维和具备说服力的写作，这些能力是大学教授们认为研究生院里取得成功的重要素质。

能力：复杂性、说服力

• The responses were varied in content and in the way the writers developed their ideas.

作文允许内容及形式上的变化，可以不拘一格形成自己的观点。

阶梯方式多样化

To help you prepare for the analytical writing section of the General Test, the GRE Program has published the entire pool of topics from which your test topics will be selected. You might find it helpful to review the Issue and Argument pools. You can view the published pools on the Web at www.gre.org/pracmats.html

题库可以在上面这个网址上下载查看

Test-Taking Strategies for the Analytical Writing Section （备考策略）

It is important to budget your time. Within the 45-minute time limit for the Issue task, you will need to allow sufficient time to choose one of the two topics, think about the issue you've chosen, plan a response, and compose your essay. Within the 30-minute time limit for the Argument task, you will need to allow sufficient time to analyze the argument, plan a critique, and compose your response. Although GRE readers understand the time constraints under which you write and will consider your response a "first draft," you still want it to be the best possible example of your writing that you can produce under the testing circumstances.

ISSUE（45min）
二选一、思考题目、提纲（立论）、写作

Argument(30min) 分析材料、提纲（评论）、写作

Save a few minutes at the end of each timed task to check for obvious errors. Although an occasional spelling or grammatical error will not affect your score, severe and persistent errors will detract from the overall effectiveness of your writing and thus lower your score.

留下几分钟来检查明显的错误，包括语法和拼写错误

Occasional vs. Severe and Persistent

语法和拼写错误：偶然的 vs. 严重的和持续

前者是被允许的，后则会影响你写作的有效性以及会降低你的分数！

Following the analytical writing section, you will have the opportunity to take a 10-minute break. There is a one-minute break between the other test sections. You might want to replenish your supply of scratch paper during each scheduled break.

10分钟的休息时间可以做什么呢？补充草稿纸。

超级链接：AW INTRO有感之时间控制

How the Analytical Writing Section is Scored （如何评分）

Each response is holistically scored on a 6-point scale according to the criteria published in the GRE analytical writing scoring guides (see pages 27 and 28). Holistic scoring means that each response is judged as a whole: readers do not separate the response into component parts and award a certain number of points for a particular criterion or element such as ideas, organization, sentence structure, or language. Instead, readers assign scores based on the overall quality of the response, considering all of its characteristics in an integrated way. Excellent organization or poor organization, for example, will be part of the readers' overall impression of the response and will therefore contribute to the score, but organization, as a distinct feature, has no specific weight.

整体评分：阅卷者不会将文章分割成几部分和奖励当中的几个标准或成分（如想法、结构、句子结构或语言），取而代之的是，阅卷者会根据全文的质量给予分数，将所有的这些成分当成一个整体来看待。比如说，优秀或低劣的结构会是阅卷者对于全文整体印象的一部分也因此会对分数有影响，但是结构作为一种明显的特征并不会占到特殊的比重。

In general, GRE readers are college and university faculty experienced in teaching courses in which writing and critical thinking skills are important. All GRE readers have undergone careful training, passed stringent GRE qualifying tests, and demonstrated that they are able to maintain scoring accuracy.

To ensure fairness and objectivity in scoring

• responses are randomly distributed to the readers

• all identifying information about the test takers is concealed from the readers

• each response is scored by two readers

• readers do not know what other scores a response may have received

• the scoring procedure requires that each response receive identical or adjacent scores from two readers; any other score combination is adjudicated by a third GRE reader.

The scores given for the two tasks are then averaged for a final reported score. The score level descriptions, presented on page 29, provide information on how to interpret the total score on the analytical writing section. The primary emphasis in scoring the analytical writing section is on critical thinking and analytical writing skills.

Your essay responses on the analytical writing section will be reviewed by ETS essay-similarity-detection software and by experienced essay readers during the scoring process. In light of the high value placed on independent intellectual activity within United States graduate schools and universities, ETS reserves the right to cancel test scores of any test taker when there is substantial evidence that an essay response includes, but is not limited to, any of the following:

阅卷的有ETS的雷同检测系统和两个有经验的阅卷者，有充足证据表明文章出现以下情况者（不仅仅局限于以下情况），ETS将保留取消其考试成绩的权利：

• text that is substantially similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses;

全文本质上（思想）/大体上（表述）与其他GRE作文相似

• quoting or paraphrasing, without attribution, language or ideas that appear in published or

unpublished sources;

[引用或意译]（语言、想法或观点）而不指明出处

• unacknowledged use of work that has been produced through collaboration with others without

citation of the contribution of others;

不事先声明地使用了与他人合作撰写的成果，不说明他人的贡献

• essays that are submitted as work of the examinee when the ideas or words have, in fact, been borrowed from elsewhere or prepared by another person.

从他处或别人的准备中借来的思想或语言

When one or more of the above circumstances occurs, your essay text, in ETS’s professional judgment, does not reflect the independent, analytical writing skills that this test seeks to measure. Therefore, ETS must cancel the essay score as invalid and cannot report the GRE General Test scores of which the essay score is an indispensable part.

恶劣后果：不仅仅取消你的作文成绩，而且你的笔试成绩也不予以公布。

Test takers whose scores are cancelled will forfeit their test fees and must pay to take the entire GRE General Test again at a future administration. No record of the score cancellations, or the reason for cancellation, will appear on their future score reports sent to colleges and universities.

海王泪UID: 2673613

Present Your Perspective on an Issue Task （陈述你对于议题的观点）

Understanding the Issue Task（明白写一篇Issue的任务、目的）

The "Present Your Perspective on an Issue" task assesses your ability to think critically about a topic of general interest and to clearly express your thoughts about it in writing. Each topic, presented in quotation marks, makes a claim about an issue that test takers can discuss from various perspectives and apply to many different situations or conditions. Your task is to present a compelling case for your own position on the issue. Be sure to read the claim carefully and think about it from several points of view, considering the complexity of ideas associated with those perspectives. Then, make notes about the position you want to develop and list the main reasons and examples that you could use to support that position.

每一个话题都有其主张，应试者可以从多个角度出发、运用多种情况和条件对这个主张进行讨论，你的任务是展现一篇令人信服的文章，这篇文章是为了描述你的立场。

你要确定的是：

a)仔细审题

b)从多个角度出发

c)考虑这些不同角度的观点的复杂性

d)提纲：立场、主要原因、例子

The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might

• agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others

• question the assumptions the statement seems to be making

• qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to

developing your perspective on the issue

• point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others

• evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective

• develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example

Address the central issue, then：

a) Position, b) Assumption/Condition, c) Definition, d) Situation, e) Contrast, f) Reasons and examples

Structure: PositionßReasonsßSupported Examples (several relevant or single extended)

(Definition, Assumption, Situation)

a) Position 同意、反对、肯定一部分而否定另一部分

b) Assumption/condition 质疑假设/条件

c) Definition 定义关键词

d) Situation 分情况讨论

e) Contrast 比较观点（差异）、识别观点背后的复杂性（情况、条件）

f) Reasons and examples (several relevant ones or a single extended one)

通过理由来形成你的立场，通过几个相关的例子或一个可延展的例子来支持你的理由。

The GRE readers scoring your response are not looking for a "right" answer—in fact, there is no correct position to take. Instead, the readers are evaluating the skill with which you articulate and develop an argument to support your position on the issue.

考察能力：（清楚表达和展开）论证，目的是支持己方立场

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience 明白写作的背景：目的和观众

The Issue task is an exercise in critical thinking and persuasive writing. The purpose of this task is to determine how well you can develop a compelling argument supporting your own perspective on an issue and to effectively communicate that argument in writing to an academic audience. Your audience consists of college and university faculty who are trained as GRE readers to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for “Present Your Perspective on an Issue" (see page 27).

Issue任务是关于批判性思维和说服性写作的练习。

任务的目的在于考察你有多擅长于构建令人信服的论证以支持你的观点以及有效表达论证。

To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Issue scoring criteria to actual responses, you should review scored sample Issue essay responses and readers' commentaries. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing, developing, and communicating a persuasive argument. The readers' commentaries discuss specific aspects of analysis and writing, such as the use of examples, development and support, organization, language fluency, and word choice. For each response, the commentary points out aspects that are particularly persuasive as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of the essay.

为了清楚明白阅卷人是如何实行Issue的评分标准，你应该看一看范文和阅卷人评论

范文（特别是5分和6分）将会告诉你多种（组织、展开和表达）的成功策略以构建令人信服的论证。

阅卷人评论关于分析和写作的具体方面，如例子的运用、展开和支持、结构、语言流畅性、词汇的选择。对于每一篇文章，评论都会指出有哪些方面是特别具备说服力同时也不忘提及哪些方面在整体上拖累了文章的有效性。

Organizing: Organization
Developing: The use of examples, Development and support

Communicating: Language fluency, Word choice

Preparing for the Issue Task（准备Issue）

Because the Issue task is meant to assess the persuasive writing skills that you have developed throughout

your education, it has been designed neither to require any particular course of study nor to advantage

students with a particular type of training.

Many college textbooks on composition offer advice on persuasive writing that you might find useful, but even this advice might be more technical and specialized than you need for the Issue task. You will not be expected to know specific critical thinking or writing terms or strategies; instead, you should be able to use reasons, evidence, and examples to support your position on an issue. Suppose, for instance, that an Issue topic asks you to consider whether it is important for government to provide financial support for art museums. （1）If your position is that government should fund art museums, you might support your position by discussing the reasons art is important and explain that museums are public places where art is available to anyone. On the other hand,（2） if your position is that government should not support museums, you might point out that, given limited governmental funds, art museums are not as deserving of governmental funding as are other, more socially important, institutions. Or, （3）if you are in favor of government funding for art museums only under certain conditions, you might focus on the artistic criteria, cultural concerns, or political conditions that you think should determine how—or whether—art museums receive government funds. It is not your position that matters so much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing your position.

ETS并不期望你知道一些具体的批判性思维、写作术语或策略；

ETS希望的是看到你如何去使用理由、证据和例子来支持你的立场

An excellent way to prepare for the Issue task is to practice writing on some of the published topics. There

is no "best" approach: some people prefer to start practicing without regard to the 45-minute time limit;

others prefer to take a "timed test" first and practice within the time limit. No matter which approach you

take when you practice the Issue task, you should review the task directions, then

不管你是否限时写，你都需要看一看Task Directions (考试界面的指引)

• carefully read the claim made in the topic and make sure you understand the issue involved; if it

seems unclear, discuss it with a friend or teacher

• think about the issue in relation to your own ideas and experiences, to events you have read about

or observed, and to people you have known; this is the knowledge base from which you will develop compelling reasons and examples in your argument that reinforce, negate, or qualify the

claim in some way

• decide what position on the issue you want to take and defend—remember you are free to agree or

disagree completely or to agree with some parts or some applications but not others

• decide what compelling evidence (reasons and examples) you can use to support your position

仔细阅读题目的主张，确定你明白复杂难懂的Issue；如果不太清楚某题, 和你的朋友或老师讨论

琢磨Issue时，想想你自己的点子和经历，想象你读过或看过的事，想想你知道的人；这些都是你自己在立论时有力的理由和例子，他们可以用来加强、否定或限制Issue中的主张。

选择你想持有和辩护的立场—记得你有自由去完全同意或反对或是部分同意部分反对

决定使用哪些令人信服证据（理由和例子）来支持你的立场

Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it

helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:

• What, precisely, is the central issue?

• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not?

• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable?

• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they?

• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim?

• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position?

• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance

my point of view? Which examples are most compelling?

你可以通过自问自答的方式来探究话题主张的复杂性：

中心议题是什么？

我是否同意或只同意当中的一部分？为什么同意或为什么不同意呢？

主张是否存在某些假设？如果是，它们合理吗？

主张是否在某些条件下是有效的？如果有效，条件是什么？

我是否需要解释主张中的某些关键词或概念？

如果我选择了某个立场，有哪些理由支持我的立场？

有哪些（真实或假设的）例子是我能够用来阐明理由或发展观点的？哪些例子是最有说服力的？

Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree

with your position. Ask yourself:

• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position?

• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay?

一旦你选定了某个立场为自己辩护，考虑有可能存在的反方观点，自己问自己：

有哪些理由是其他人用来驳倒或暗中减弱我的立场？

我应该如何承认或辩解哪些反方观点？

To plan your response, you might want to summarize your position and make brief notes about how you will support the position you're going to take. When you've done this, look over your notes and decide how you will organize your response. Then write a response developing your position on the issue. Even if you don't write a full response, you should find it helpful to practice with a few of the Issue topics and to sketch out your possible responses. After you have practiced with some of the topics, try writing responses to some of the topics within the 45-minute time limit so that you have a good idea of how to use your time in the actual test.

你可以总结你的立场以及做简要的笔记来记录你是如何支持你的立场，紧接着审视这些笔记再决定如何组织你的文章，然后再开始动笔写文章。

即使你不打算写完整的一篇文章，你会发现练习一些Issue的题目并列提纲是大有裨益的。在你练习了一些题目后，试试限时模考，这样有助于你明白在实际考试中如何掌握时间。

It would probably be helpful to get some feedback on your response from an instructor who teaches critical thinking or writing or to trade papers on the same topic with other students and discuss one another's responses in relation to the scoring guide. Try to determine how each paper meets or misses the criteria for each score point in the guide. Comparing your own response to the scoring guide will help you see how and where you might need to improve.

通过得到一些教批判性思维或写作的老师对你文章的反馈，或是和其他撰写同样话题的学生互改和根据评分细则来对文章进行讨论。尝试判断每一篇文章是如何符合或未达到评分标准，注意细则中的每一点都要有所涉及。比较你的文章和评分细则有助于你认识到如何以及哪里还需要提高。

海王泪UID: 2673613

Deciding Which Issue Topic to Choose（决定选择哪个话题）

Remember that the General Test will contain two Issue topics from the published pool; you must choose

one of these two. Because the 45-minute timing begins when you first see the two topics, you should not

spend too much time making a decision. Instead, try to choose fairly quickly the issue that you feel better

prepared to discuss.

因为当你一看到两个Issue题目时45分钟计时就开始了，所以你不应该花太多的时间在做选择上。你应该以最快的速度选择那个你感觉比较好准备讨论的题目。

Before making a choice, read each topic carefully. Then decide on which topic you could develop a more

effective and well-reasoned argument. In making this decision, you might ask yourself:

• Which topic do I find more interesting or engaging?

• Which topic more closely relates to my own academic studies or other experiences?

• On which topic can I more clearly explain and defend my perspective?

• On which topic can I more readily think of strong reasons and examples to support my position?

Your answers to these questions should help you make your choice.

在做选择前，你应该仔细阅读题目。然后再决定哪个话题你能够更加有效、合理地论证。
你可以通过询问自己下列问题来做出选择：
哪个话题我感觉到比较有趣和吸引？
哪个话题更贴近我的专业学习或者其他经历？
哪个话题我能够更清楚地解释我的观点并且为其辩护？
哪个话题我能够更容易地想出有力的理由和例子来支持我的立场？

The Form of Your Response（文章的格式）

You are free to organize and develop your response in any way that you think will effectively communicate your ideas about the issue. Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing; in fact, when GRE readers are trained, they review hundreds of Issue responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and persuasive writing. Readers will see, for example, some Issue responses at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the writer's position on the issue and then explicitly announcing the main points to be argued. They will see others that lead into the writer's position by making a prediction, asking a series of questions, describing a scenario, or defining critical terms in the quotation. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by giving multiple examples or by presenting a single, extended example. Look at the sample Issue responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their arguments.

阅卷者会看到，举个例子，一些6分的Issue作文开始时会简要地总结作者关于议题的立场，然后明确地说出有哪些要点将会被讨论。阅卷者们还会看到其他的一些人通过以下方式来引出作者的立场：做预测、问问题、描述情景、定义题中的关键词。

阅卷者知道作者可以通过提供多种多样的例子或是单一可延展的例子

You should use as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your argument—for example, you will probably need to create a new paragraph whenever your discussion shifts to a new cluster of ideas. What matters is not the number of examples, the number of paragraphs, or the form your argument takes but, rather, the cogency of your ideas about the issue and the clarity and skill with which you communicate those ideas to academic readers.

不用在乎例子的数量、段落的数量或者应该以哪种格式写作；你真正应该在乎的是，观点的说服力、清晰度以及你如何这些观点的表达技巧。


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sample Issue Topic

“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can

provide broad perspectives."

Strategies for this Topic

This claim raises several related questions: What does it mean to be a generalist or a specialist, and what

value do they have for society? Does society actually need more generalists, and are specialists, in fact,

“highly overrated?”

There are several basic positions you could take on this issue: Yes, society needs more generalists and

places too high a value on specialists. No, the opposite is true. Or, it depends on various factors. Or, both

groups are important in today’s culture; neither is overvalued. Your analysis might draw examples from a

on the role of generalists and specialists in relation to communications, transportation, politics, information,

or technology. Any of these approaches is valid, so long as you use relevant reasons and examples to

support your position.

（立场）
同意（需要多点通才
专才过分强调）
反对（需要多点专才
并没过分强调）
看情况（不同条件不同情况）
平衡（两者同等重要，没有谁被估高）
（例子）
不同领域：

通信、运输、政治、信息、科技

Before you stake out a position, take a few moments to reread the claim. To analyze it, consider questions

such as these:

• What are the main differences between specialists and generalists? What are the strong points of

each?区别、特点

• Do these differences always hold in various professions or situations? Could there be some

specialists, for example, who also need to have very broad knowledge and general abilities to

perform their work well?区别是否在不同情况下仍然成立？能否打破区别？

是否有例子专家也拥有广博的知识和全面的能力来使其工作开展顺利。

• How do generalists and specialists function in your field?你熟悉的领域

• What value do you think society places on specialists and generalists? Are specialists overvalued

in some situations, and not in others?社会价值判断？

• Does society really need more generalists than it has? If so, what needs would they serve? 有利性？

Now you can organize your thoughts into two groups:

• Reasons and examples to support the claim

• Reasons and examples to support an opposing point of view

If you find one view clearly more persuasive than the other, consider developing an argument from that

perspective. As you build your argument, keep in mind the other points, which you could argue against.

If both groups have compelling points, consider developing a position supporting, not the stated claim, but

a more limited or more complex claim. Then you can use reasons and examples from both sides to justify

your position.

头脑风暴后，你会产生以下两类想法：

1）
支持你的理由和例子

2）
反对你的理由和例子

如果你发现其中一方比另一方更具说服力，考虑从这个观点出发写出你的论证。当你论证的时候，记住哪些你可以驳斥的观点。如果两组想法都有令人信服的主张，你可以使用双方的理由和例子来使你的立场合理。

海王泪UID: 2673613

Analyze an Argument Task（分析一段论证材料）

Understanding the Argument Task（明白Argument的任务、目的）

The "Analyze an Argument" task assesses your ability to understand, analyze, and evaluate arguments and to clearly convey your analysis in writing. The task consists of a brief passage in which the author makes a case for some course of action or interpretation of events by presenting claims backed by reasons and evidence. Your task is to discuss the logical soundness of the author's case by critically examining the line of reasoning and the use of evidence. This task requires you to read the argument very carefully. You might want to read it more than once and possibly make brief notes about points you want to develop more fully in your response. In reading the argument, you should pay special attention to

“分析一段Argument”的任务是为了测试你理解、分析和评价一段论证材料以及在写作中清楚表达你的分析的能力。任务中包括一段简短的材料，在这段材料里作者将通过一些“有理有据”的主张，来坚持关于某个行动的一些原因或者解释一些事件。你的工作通过批判性地仔细审查文中的逻辑链和证据的使用来讨论作者文章的逻辑坚固程度。这份工作需要你非常详细地阅读论证材料。你可能会想多读几次这份材料并且有可能对那些你想展开讨论的点做简要的笔记。在阅读论证材料的过程中，你应该注意以下的问题：

• what is offered as evidence, support, or proof

• what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded

• what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof

• what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated

哪些是证据、支持或证明

哪些被明确地陈述、主张或总结

哪些被假设的或是假定的，有可能并没有正当的理由或证明

哪些并没有陈述，但是必然紧跟着那些已经被陈述的

In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument—the way in which these elements are linked

together to form a line of reasoning; that is, you should recognize the separate, sometimes implicit steps in

the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound. In

tracing this line, look for transition words and phrases that suggest that the author is attempting to make a

logical connection (e.g., however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion).

除此之外，你还需要考虑Argument的结构—各成分连接而成的逻辑链；意思是，你需要认出思考过程中不相连的、有时甚至是隐含的步骤，以及考虑各成分之间推理的逻辑合理性。为了找到这条链，你可以寻找一些连接词或词组，这些连接词将按时作者是如何做出逻辑上的连接。

（如：however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion）

An important part of performing well on the Argument task is remembering what you are not being asked to do. You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate; instead, you are being asked whether conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements. You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated; instead, you are being asked to comment on the thinking that underlies the position stated. You are not being asked to express your own views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Issue task); instead, you are being asked to evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer and, in doing so, to demonstrate the critical thinking, perceptive reading, and analytical writing skills that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.

不是讨论其陈述的真实性或准确性、不是讨论你同意还是反对其立场、不是你对于主题发表的意见

而是判断结论或推断结果的合理性、而是评论构成其立场的思考过程、而是对论证评价逻辑合理性

这一切都是为了说明你的批判性思维、敏锐的阅读观察能力和分析写作技巧，这些都是大学教授们认为在研究生院中取得成功的重要因素。

"Analyze an Argument" is primarily a critical thinking task requiring a written response. Consequently, the analytical skills displayed in your critique carry great weight in determining your score.

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience（明白写作的背景：目的和观众）

The purpose of the task is to see how well equipped you are to insightfully analyze an argument written by

someone else and to effectively communicate your critique in writing to an academic audience. Your

audience consists of college and university faculty who are trained as GRE readers to apply the scoring

criteria identified in the scoring guide for the “Analyze an Argument” task (see page 28).

任务的目的在于考察在深刻分析论证和有效表达评论方面的能力。

To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Argument scoring criteria to actual essays, you should

review scored sample Argument essay responses and readers' commentaries. The sample responses,

particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing and

developing an insightful critique. You will also see many examples of particularly effective uses of

language. The readers' commentaries discuss specific aspects of analytical writing, such as cogency of

ideas, development and support, organization, syntactic variety, and facility with language. These

commentaries will point out aspects that are particularly effective and insightful as well as any that detract

from the overall effectiveness of the responses.

为了清楚明白阅卷人是如何实行Issue的评分标准，你应该看一看范文和阅卷人评论

范文（特别是5分和6分）将会告诉你多种（组织、展开和表达）的成功策略以构建深刻的评论。

阅卷人评论关于分析和写作的具体方面，如想法的说服力、展开和支持、结构、句法变化、语言的能力。对于每一篇文章，评论都会指出有哪些方面是特别有效和深刻的同时也不忘提及哪些方面在整体上拖累了文章的有效性。

海王泪UID: 2673613

Preparing for the Argument Task （准备Argument）

Because the Argument task is meant to assess analytical writing and informal reasoning skills that you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed so as not to require any specific course of study or to advantage students with a particular type of training. Many college textbooks on rhetoric and composition have sections on informal logic and critical thinking that might prove helpful, but even these might be more detailed and technical than the task requires. You will not be expected to know methods of analysis or technical terms. For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that the new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed. You will not need to see that the principal has committed the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy; you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance, to offer some common-sense examples, and perhaps to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for the principal’s conclusion to be valid. Although you do not need to know special analytical techniques and terminology, you should be familiar with the directions for the Argument task and with certain key concepts, including the following:

• alternative explanation—a possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts

• analysis—the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole; also a presentation, usually in writing, of the results of this process

• argument—a claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something

• assumption—a belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true

• conclusion—the end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the

resulting assertion

• counterexample—an example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement

尽管你不需要知道一些特别的分析工具和专业术语，但你应该熟悉关于Argument的一些解题方向和某些关键概念：

1.他因—关于问题中事件发生的成因，一种能够与作者提出原因相提并论的想法、可能性；他因暗中削弱了或者限定了作者最初的解释，因为作者对于所观察事实所提出的解释被过度放大、重视

2.分析—将事物（如论证）分解成一些组成部分以明白它们到底是如何一起构成整体的过程;一份报告(通常以写作的方式)也是经历这么一个过程后得出的结果.

3.论证—一种或一些列通过理由和证据支撑的主张、观点；逻辑链（推理路线）是为了说明一样东西的真实性或虚假性。

4.假设—一种前提（作者认为理所当然而不需要提及或检验的理由），这种前提是作者为了维护立场所必需持有的；这是一种被假定的东西，但必须是真的否则结论就不能为真。

5.结论—逻辑链的终点，如果推理的过程是健全的结论将会因此有效；一种作为结果的陈述。

6.反例—一则例子，真实的或是虚构的，能够驳斥或证明主张有误的东西。

An excellent way to prepare for the "Analyze an Argument" task is to practice writing on some of the

published Argument topics. There is no one way to practice that is best for everyone. Some prefer to start

practicing without adhering to the 30-minute time limit. If you follow this approach, take all the time you

need to analyze the argument. No matter which approach you take, you should

• carefully read the argument—you might want to read it over more than once

• identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible

• think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can

• think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims

• ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound

不管你打算什么样的方式准备Argument,你都应该做到以下几点：

仔细审题—你可能需要不止一次地阅读

辨认出所有的主张、结论以及潜在的假设，尽可能多地把它们全找出来！

思考存在的他因和范例，尽可能得多！

思考额外的证据，尽可能得多！这些证据能够用来削弱或支持主张

Write down each of these thoughts as a brief note. When you've gone as far as you can with your analysis,

look over the notes and put them in a good order for discussion (perhaps by numbering them). Then write a

critique by fully developing each of your points in turn. Even if you choose not to write a full essay

response, you should find it very helpful to practice analyzing a few of the arguments and sketching out

your responses. When you become quicker and more confident, you should practice writing some

Argument responses within the 30-minute time limit so that you will have a good sense of how to pace

yourself in the actual test. For example, you will not want to discuss one point so exhaustively or to

provide so many equivalent examples that you run out of time to make your other main points.

1.
简要记录所有的想法
2.
排序（可以通过数字标示）
3.
写作（通过充分地展开每一点）
注意：不要不遗余力地揪着一点不放，也不要提供许多同质的例子；否则，你可能不够时间讨论其他要点。

How to Interpret Numbers, Percentages, and Statistics in Argument Topics

Some arguments contain numbers, percentages, or statistics that are offered as evidence in support of the argument's conclusion. For example, an argument might claim that a certain community event is less popular this year than it was last year because only 100 people attended this year in comparison with 150 last year, a 33 percent decline in attendance. It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages, or statistics. Instead you should evaluate these as evidence that is intended to support the conclusion. In the example above, the conclusion is that a community event has become less popular. You should ask yourself: does the difference between 100 people and 150 people support that conclusion? Note that, in this case, there are other possible explanations; for example, the weather might have been much worse this year, this year's event might have been held at an inconvenient time, the cost of the event might have gone up this year, or there might have been another popular event this year at the same time. Each of these could explain the difference in attendance, and thus would weaken the conclusion that the event was "less popular." Similarly, percentages might support or weaken a conclusion depending on what actual numbers the percentages represent. Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its membership has increased by 100 percent. This 100 percent increase could be significant if there had been 100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there had been 5 members and now there are 10. Remember that any numbers, percentages, or statistics in Argument topics are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.

一部分Arguments会将数字、百分比或者统计数据作为支持结论的证据。比如说，一篇Argument称某个社区活动今年没有去年受欢迎，是因为今年只有100人参与而相比之下去年有150人参与，即参与率缩减了33%。你必须记得，我们并不是想让你对这些数字、百分比或者统计数据做数学分析；你应该做的是评估这些试图支持结论的证据。比如说上述的例子，结论称该社区活动变得没那么受欢迎。你应该问问你自己：100人和150人的区别真的能支撑这个结论吗？注意，在本案例中，是存在其他可能的解释的；比如说，今年的天气有可能特别糟糕，今年的活动有可能在一个不方便的时间举行，今年的活动花费可能提高了，或者几年的这个时候有另外一个更受欢迎的活动举行了。这些都能解释参与率的不同，也因此可能削弱了关于活动变得没那么受欢迎的结论。相似的是，百分比所真正代表的数字可能支持或者削弱了结论的有效性。考虑以下这个主张，一个学校中的戏剧社应该得到更多的资助因为它的会员上升了100%。如果之前有100名会员而现在有200名会员，这个100%的增长显得较为重要；而如果之前只有5名成员而现在只有10名成员时，这个增长就远远地没那么重要了。记住，任何在Argument中的数字、百分比和统计数据都仅仅只是作为支撑结论的证据，你应该考虑的是他们是否真正支撑了这个结论。

The Form of Your Response

You are free to organize and develop your critique in any way that you think will effectively communicate your analysis of the argument. Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing. In fact, when faculty are trained to be GRE readers, they review hundreds of Argument responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and analytical writing. Readers will see, for example, some essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the critique. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by analyzing and developing several points in a critique or by identifying a central flaw in the argument and developing that critique extensively. You might want to look at the sample Argument responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their critiques.

审卷者会看的是，比如说，一些6分的作文在文章开始时通过简洁地总结Argument材料，然后清楚、明确地陈述和发展评论文章中的要点。阅卷者知道一个作者是如何获取高分：通过分析和发展评论中的几个要点，或者辨认出一个中心缺陷以及广泛地展开评论。

You should make choices about format and organization that you think support and enhance the overall effectiveness of your critique. This means using as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your critique—for example, creating a new paragraph when your discussion shifts to a new point of analysis. You might want to organize your critique around the organization of the argument itself, discussing the argument line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable assumption and then move on to discuss related flaws in the argument's line of reasoning. Similarly, you might want to use examples if they help illustrate an important point in your critique or move your discussion forward (remember, however, that, in terms of your ability to perform the Argument task effectively, it is your critical thinking and analytical writing, not your ability to come up with examples, that is being assessed). What matters is not the form the response takes, but how insightfully you analyze the argument and how articulately you communicate your analysis to academic readers within the context of the task.

1.段落：数量多与少都没关系，适合为主。比如说当你的讨论转移到分析的另一点时，你可以新建一段。
2.顺序：你可以按照Argument材料的结构来组织你的评论，一行接一行地讨论。或者你也可以优先指出有问题的中心假设，然后再按照逻辑链一步一步讨论相关的缺陷。
3.例子：你可以通过举例子来帮助说明一个要点或者让你的讨论继续，但是记住，Argument的任务是测试你的批判性思维和分析性思维，不是你举例子的能力。

海王泪UID: 2673613

杯具了。。。似乎成为好孩子以来就从没有试过两点半钟睡。。

被万恶的某个老师····。。。5000多字。。。

这几天啥都没做，写完了论文。刚刚终于完工了。。。上来逛逛。。大家还好吧？


这三天白天也还做了些AW的事，ARGUMENT题库过了100道、划了好词句出来、大概BS了下
背了一下IBT写作伴侣···两天一口气吞了···好多。。。蛮多的了。

倒数30天了。。。加油啊···