1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 海王泪——要么自燃成灰，要么浴火重生

海王泪UID: 2673613

看了一本名叫《TOFEL高分写作培养》的书，不是什么太好的书。不过还是看下来了。
完成语法知识的学习和异常简单的翻译练习，将自己以往不太注意的问题、翻得不太好的摘抄下来。。。

《TOFEL高分写作培养》摘要

H315 Y146

第一章
介词短语的应用

写作补给

OF+抽象名词=形容词

To tell the truth, knowledge is of great importance to a student.

It is of no use complaining (to complain) that matter now.

The watch I lost is of great value.

翻译：

1. 冰箱里的肉好像（似乎）不大新鲜

2.他刚获悉他父亲逝世的消失

3. 他们在包裹外面包了一层棕色的纸

4. 我不得不因为他的鲁莽而责骂他

   我不得不不行回家，因为我没有足够的钱买车票

5. 他今年过得很舒适

1. The meat in the refrigerator seems not too fresh.

2. He has just learned of the news of his father’s death.

3. They wrapped a sheet of brown paper round the parcel.

4. I cannot but blame/scold him for his rudeness.
    I cannot but walk home, because I had not enough money to buy a ticket.

5. He has led a very comfortable life this year

第二章
并列句的应用

写作补给
Therefore,
consequently,
hence,
accordingly,
thus,
so

凡是此类表示结果的连词用来连接并列句，它们前面就须加一个分号（；）

同理，however和nevertheless一样（But不用），however后面要用逗号和后面的句子隔开

E.g.
All men are mortal; consequently we will die sooner.

Moreover, furthermore, besides, what’s more

三个连词前后都需加分号隔开

E.g. 汤姆去年暑假里去北京，而且在回家途中在武汉停留了四五天。

Tom went to Beijing during the summer vocation last year; moreover, he stopped at Wuhan for four or five days on his way home.

翻译：

1.约翰去美国了，他带着他的妹妹

2.大部分人过得很愉快，但我却觉得十分局促不安

3.我的洗衣机坏了，所以我要叫人修理一下。

4.我们昨晚去听音乐会了，不过我们并不喜欢它

5.汤姆需要那份工作，否则他不能养家

1.John has left for America, and he took his younger sister.

2.Most people had a good time, but I felt exceedingly uneasy

3.My washing machine is out of order; hence I want to have someone fix it up.(注意;)

4.We went to the concert last night; however, we did not enjoy it.

5.Tom need that job; otherwise he cannot support his family.

第三章
名词从句的应用

1.他们确实不容易在哪儿找到一所出租的房子

2.她来不来对我不重要

3.那正是我对他所说的的话

4.我能获奖的愿望只不过是一个梦想而已

1.Where he can find a house for rent is truly not easy.

2.Whether she comes or not is of no importance to me.

(注意强调it is ** easy/ important for sb. to do.不要老是用，可以改用名词从句)

3.That is exactly what I said to him.

(名词从句做主语补语用)

4.The hope that I can win the prize is nothing but a dream.

第四章
定语从句的应用
被修饰主语+whom+主格（名词/代词）+谓语
被修饰主语+who+谓语+宾格（名词/代词）

The man whom I came across last night left for Japan by plane.

The man who came across Mr. Z last night left for Japan by plane.

That即可以代替人也可以代替物

凡是用who或which的场合都可以that代之

特殊用法：凡被修饰的名词前面有最高级形容词出现的时候，关系代词不论人或物都只能用that。 E.g. He is the most famous poet that I have ever known in my whole life.

1.工作努力的人一定会成功
2.出席茶话会的女孩是我的同班同学
3.我认识那些在客厅里休息的客人
4.我们在博物馆遇见的那个家伙自杀了
5.我们提到的那个学生正在专心学英语
6.我们认识的那个人正在和他的伙伴吵架
7.邮差拿来的那个包裹很重
8.我们搭乘的去香港的哪家飞机非常舒适
9.他怀有的希望迟早会实现的
10.我们谈论的事情对我是非常重要的
11.我不知道他们为什么认为是模范生
12.他们想要取消这条规则的理由尚未宣布
13.这就是我需要你帮助的原因
14.他拒绝透露他犯错的理由

1.People who work hard must succeed (/will certainly succeed).
2.The girl who attends the tea party is my classmate.
3.I am acquainted with the guests who are taking a rest in the living room (parlor).
4.The guy whom we came across in the museum committed suicide.
5.The student whom we mention is devoting himself to studying English.
6.The man whom we are acquainted with is now quarreling with his companion.
7.The package which the postman brought by is very heavy.
8.The pane which we took (which took us) to Hong Kong is extraordinary comfortable.
9.The hop which he has cherished will come in to being (be realized) sooner or later.
10.What they are talking about (The matter they talked about)is of great importance to me.
11.I do not know why they look upon (regard) me as a model student.
12.The reason why they want to cancel the rule has not been announced yet.
13.This is the reason why I call for (need) your assistance (help).
14.He refuse (resist) to disclose (explain) why he made mistakes

海王泪UID: 2673613

YEAH～～帖子可以发啦～～补。。。

第五章
状语从句的应用

When 与 Why

意思相同用法不同。凡是谓语表示进行时，不得用WHEN须用WHILE。换句话说WHILE后谓语一定用的是进行时。

WHILE I WAS TAKING A WALK IN THE PARK, I MET ON OLD FRIEND OF MINE.

表示原因的状语从句：Because, as, since

Because引导的从句可以放在从句前面，也可以放在后面。

表示原因的As和since却须放在句首。

Since you have no spare time, I will go alone.

As his advice is of great value, we should take it.

表示结果的状语从句:
so that, so

So that 后面通常须用can, may, will等助动词。

Tom rented a car so that he could drive to Taipei.

表示假设的状语从句(I)： 现在可能的假设 vs. 现在不可能的假设

1) 现在可能的假设
Will, Can

If+主语+谓语(现在时),主语+
May, must
+谓语
Should

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.

He will pass the exam if he studies hard.

If the weather is good, we will go on picnic.

IF条件从句中的谓语一定要用现在时，虽有TOMORROW或NEXT WEEK表示将来的时间词，但须用现在时。

2) 现在不可能的假设

If I were a king, I would build a magnificent palace.

I could fly if I had wings.

If he were in your place, he might accept my suggestions.
Would, could

If+主语+谓语(过去时),主语+
Might, must
+谓语
Should

If从句中的谓语一定要用过去时，如果是BE，不论任何人称，一律须用WERE，主句中的助动词也得用过去时。

表示假设的状语从句(II)：虚拟语气

Wish 与Hope不同的是Wish用来表示一种不可能的希望，所以WISH后面的谓语须用过去时态，BE动词不论任何人称一律用WERE。

I wish I were a mayor.

I hope you can pass the exam.

（希望别人考取，当然是可能的，所以谓语用HOPE而且他后面的CAN非用现在时不可）

1.不论他喜欢什么时候来,我都会欢迎他.

2.汤姆刚毅拿到他的护照就去美国了.

3.而言之，我喜欢去她住的地方

4.他因为遇到麻烦所以向我求助。

5.他因为一直坚强，所以不轻易感到沮丧。

6.我没找到座位，所以不得不站着。

7.我把住址写下来，以免忘记。

8.尽管天气不好，我也不想把郊游延期。

9.即使是暴风雨，我们也要出发。

1.Whenever he likes to come, I will welcome him.

2.As soon as Tom got the passport, he left for America.

3.To sum up, I like to go where she lives.

4.Because he has got into trouble, he asked me for help.

5.As he has (possesses) an iron will, he will not feel easily discouraged.

6.I failed to find a seat, so I could not but stand.

7.I wrote down the address so that I would not forget it.

8.Although (even though) the weather is not good, I do not feel like putting off the excursion.

9.We will start even if it is stormy.

第六章
实用写作句型

地点+副词+时间

表示状态的副词须放在表示地点与表示时间的副词中间。
She left here secretly last week.

So as to

“So as to”作“以便、好让”讲
I got up early as to be in time for the first train
He listened attentively so as not to miss a single word.
I opened the door so as to let the students go out.

连系动词(Linking Verb)

句型后面的形容词和上面句型中的名词同样是用来补充主语意义上不足的。
连系动词包括be, seem, look, become, grow(变成), get(变得), appear, keep, sound, smell, taste
She looks beautiful.
The flower smells fragrant.
He got angry.
The story appears interesting.

使役动词：have/get + 宾语 + 过去分词

凡是自己不会做的事情而需要别人做的，往往需要使役动词+宾语+过去分词
I have (got) my hair cut.
I had my house painted.
I had (got) my watch repaired.

不定式符号to的省略

感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel

使役动词 let, make, have

I saw the thief run (running) away.

We heard her play (playing) the piano.

I could feel the earth shake.

Let me help him with the homework.

The medicine makes me feel better.

Father had me join that organization.(had作 “叫……做……”讲)

1.人们时常在天气热的时候觉得不舒服。
2.我考试时总是发挥不好。
3.在考试前我通常会相当紧张。
4.无需说，人类是为了生存而饮食。
5.他拼命地跑为赶上那班公交车。
6.我们总是专心听讲，以增长知识。
7.他特别注意健康，以免生病。
8.我们应该遵守校规这样才不会受到处分。
9.这是玻璃而不是石头。
10.据说她恋爱了。
11.我必须应付发生的每一个问题。
12.他们认为完全有理由帮助我。
13.老师告诉我们酒对健康有害。
14.无论如何，他也不会把他的财产卖给那个百万富翁。
15.老师吩咐我们不要做坏蛋。

1. People always feel uncomfortable when the weather is hot (during the hot weather).

2. I always do poorly during the exam.

3. I am usually rather nervous before the exam.

4. Needless to say (It goes without saying that), human beings eat to live.

5. He ran as far as he could to catch up with the bus.

6. We always listen to the lecture carefully (attentively) so as to increase knowledge.

7. He paid special attention to health, so as not to be ill (get sick).

8. We should observe school regulations so as not to be punished.

9. This is not stone, but glass.

10. It is said that she is in love.

11. I must cope with every problem that comes up.

12. They think that they have every reason to help me.

13. The teacher told as that wine is (表示一种真理，谓语用现在时) injurious to health.

14. Whatever (Under any circumstances), he will not sell his property to the millionaire.

15.The teacher has told us not to do evil.

海王泪UID: 2673613

TEST...可以回帖吗？

第七章
动词常见的误用

不定式符号to的省略

感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel

使役动词 let, make, have

I saw the thief run (running) away.

We heard her play (playing) the piano.

I could feel the earth shake.

Let me help him with the homework.

The medicine makes me feel better.

Father had me join that organization.(had作 “叫……做……”讲)

1.我兄弟从不说谎

2.裁判们的决定好像不太公正

3.从这里开车到广州需要半小时

4.我们坐船去武汉旅行还是很有趣的

5.他们让我去旅馆预订房间

6.你最好选修英语课

7.他不得不放弃他的计划

8.他可能会慢慢习惯这个国家的气候

9.祝你们两人快乐

10.我父亲劝我把握出国的良机

11.我刚理过发，所以我看起来很帅。

12.汤姆还没有仔细检查过他的英文作文

13.他还没有和我商讨过那件事。

14.他说他是小心地按照老师的指示做的。

15.他告诉我说看小说占据了他大部分的余暇。

16.学生们希望早会由汤姆主持。

17.这栋建筑物原本打算作为我们的宿舍。

18.我对每天熬夜学习烦透了。

19.爸不赞成我和汤姆交往

20.我有意答应他请求

21.我们反对他实行那个计划

22.我期待不久见到我的老朋友汤姆。

1.My brother never tells lies.

2.The decision of the judges (umpires) seems unfair.

3.It takes half an hour to leave for Guangzhou from here by car.

To drive to Guangzhou from here takes half an hour

4.It is still interesting for us to travel to Wuhan by boat.

To travel to Wuhan by boat will still be interesting.

5.They had me go to the hotel to reserve a room in advance.

6.You had better take an English course.

7.He cannot but give up his plan.

8.He may get accustomed to the climate in the country by and by.

9.May you both be happy.

10.My father has advised me to catch (seize/grasp) the good chance (oppotunity) of going aboard.

11.I have just had my hair cut, so I look very nice.

12.Tome has not carefully checked his English composition yet.

13.He has never talked over (discuss) the matter with me.

14.He said he had carefully carried out his teacher’s instruction.

15.He told me that reading novel had taken up most of his spare time.

16.The students wish the morning assembly to be conducted by tom.

17.This building was originally intended as our dormitory.

18.I am bored staying up to study. (be bored doing sth.)

19.My father doesn’t approve of my keeping company with Tom. (结交)

20.I feel like complying with his request. (想要，有意) (答应，同意)

21.We objected to his carrying out that plan.

22.I look forward to seeing my old friend Tom soon. (To在特定词组中是介词，不得当不定式)

第八章
名词常见的误用

名词后不能乱加’s

表示所有格的名词如果是表示人，后面需加’s

表示所有格的名词如果是表示无，就用of表示

The evils of gambling may be summarized as follows.

The aim of education is to increase the knowledge of the people.

Peter’s shortcomings may be summarized as follows.

Peter’s intension is to increase his knowledge.

泛指要用复数

Typing letters is her daily routine work.

At present I don’t feel like reading newspapers.

物质和抽象名词后不得加s

The wine you drink is made from rice.

Tom is very busy because he has a lot of work.(当“作品”或“工艺”讲则加S)

They want to sacrifice their lives for their country.（生命是普通名词，有单复数变化）

1.他们下定决心用权力来完成任务。

2.在十三和十四世纪，那个都市是一个繁荣的商业中心

3.他供给我许多宝贵的资料，这使我十分感激。

1.They have made up their minds(不是mind) to do their best to complete the mission.

2.In the thirteen and fourteen centuries(不是century), the city was a prosperous commercial center.

3.He has furnished me with a lot of precious information which makes me extremely grateful.

第九章
冠词常见的误用

       单数普通名词
The+
复数普通名词
+ 尾巴
      物质和抽象名词

不管任何名词只要后面带有尾巴，就可以加the。

  因为加形容词短语或定语从句后，即变成特指（除非某类描述特征的物质和抽象名词）

The代表全体

除了作“这个”“那个”讲，The还能用来指全体的人或物

The ox is eating grass. （特定的）

The ox is a useful animal. （全体）

The newspaper is our mental food.

Newspapers are our mental food.

(我们也可用复数普通名词，前面不加the来代表全体或一般的人或物)

1.中国的中学分成两部分，那就是很粗重和高中。

1. The high school of China is divided into two divisions, that is, the junior high school and the senior high school.

第十章
形容词常见的误用
形容词最高级前须加冠词the

He is the most courageous man in the city.

July is the hottest month in a year.

比较级如果含有ANY，后面须加OTHER来把自己排除在外

He is smarter than any other man here.误用：than any man here.

比较级符号THAN后代词一般须用主格

He is wiser than I. 误用：than me.

1.这本书值得一读

The book is worth reading.

2.不用说，他比我有钱。
Needless to say, he has more money than me.(误用)

Needless to say, he is more well-to-do than I.

海王泪UID: 2673613

第八次作业。。。阅读。。哭。。杯具了。。

	第一遍读完时间	读懂遍数	读懂时间	走神次数	得分	心得
PART I 分数	01:01.3	4	03:02.8	2	3	两个月没背红宝。。当中一些关键词不认得。。看了整整4遍后满怀信心地做题，第三题才发现自己中间那部分原来没读懂，第四题根本判断不出用了哪种手法。哭
PART I(2)分数	03:05.1	4	12:52.1	5	3	阅读有障碍。好多地方不明白为什么作者要这样写
PART II分数	03:23.4	3	09:06.3	2	2	读了3遍才明白。。杯具 这题目怎么和一题作文体很像
PART III分数	01:03.0	1	01:03.0	0	3	残念，差3秒钟就能得4分。。4分那么难拿。。太打击了。
PART III(2)分数	01:46.8	1	01:46.8	0	2	原来自己的6级阅读速度是那么慢的，只能得2分
PART IV分数	02:17.6	2	04:58.6	1	2	也不会觉得恶心，但是第二次读时忍不住回读了好几次，也算是磕磕碰碰吧。 首字母的提取仅限于B，后面的E和P似乎没意识到提首字母。意思是，我属于严重被不明术语干扰的人群。
PART V分数	03:28.5	2	08:45.4	1	4	从开始的错觉到法官的BUT之后，AB回想女儿的悲伤、对轻判禽兽的愤怒、强压感情暗下决心的场景像电视画面一样闪过。。作者的情景描写能力太可怕了。。。可惜有蛮多词还是不太认得。

[1]自己的实际情况：
3323224
[2]1中的标记；! T" s* ^) {& b" {. M9 v
太多了。。还是省略吧。。。保存了，自己伤心去。
[3]心得总结；
词汇是硬条件，回读严重制约了阅读速度
[4]整体感受；
难。。除了4,6级外，其他文章都存在阅读障碍，大多被单词卡了，放了两个月红宝书，全还给俞敏洪了，555
[5]改进目标；
背单词、长难句、多读科学类文章，学会玩“代数”
[6]短期集中要突破的阅读项目；
背单词、长难句
[7]以及对这个测试的意见建议
是我读得太慢了吗？4，6级速度测试结果太让人伤心了。。

海王泪UID: 2673613

第四次作业：30篇习作读后感

恶心完了30篇，体会到草版的良苦用心。审卷者看着这么一种模式是多么的难受啊。不过其中有几篇习作比较特殊，还需详阅，另有一些精彩评论需回头细细品味。。已记录在案。

结构分析
1.开头段：简单地重复结论、论据；然后使用模板句表示作者的论断有问题。（重要特征：最后的Thesis句基本都是让步方式的套话，没有任何分析内容;“结论-论据-指出错误”）

2.正文部分：
1）很少考虑作者的逻辑链，仅仅Line by Line抓错。段与段之间有固定Transition，然而点与点之间没有逻辑联系。
2）部分稍微进步一点的习作使用了让步结构，但其不乏一些不按逻辑链走的混水摸鱼者，Even if even if even if，太可怕了。。。
3）正文段首套话指出错误，基本上错误都只关注前提不成立（如材料真实性），想尽办法推翻假设、或是说条件怎么怎么不现实，却忽略了ETS审阅者想看到的是批推理过程而不局限于前提本身。指出他因是一种常见的批逻辑链的手段，然而在习作中较少见到。

3.结尾部分：
无外乎两种形式：第一种是草草地结束，没有内容的“模板”一下：通常是狠狠地说Cannot support，然后假惺惺地建议作者Provide more information；第二种则稍微进步一点，对每一个攻击点都分别“意思意思”地做了建议，然而这些内容明明可以分置到各段末尾，为何非要放到最后一段？

个人感想：

1.开头：并不是仅仅指句式和词语雷同的问题，更重要是行文思路、结构上的同质化。
过往大家都接受“要有自己模板”的这种说法，因此参考大量他人作品，稍微变换一下句型、查查同义词，就开始大规模套用到Argument中。这种遣词造句的努力很可能在做无用功。在阅读过大量习作的考官看来，中国式的“重复结论-重复论据-让步反对”结构早深深映入脑海当中，极容易形成定向思维，说不定一看开头就把文章贴上低分的标签。
【Solution】开头必需要有个人分析，按着逻辑链指出问题（忽略他因、可能存在的恶劣后果、没有考虑折衷方案等）以及问题对应的论据（关键词），下文顺序与手段提示内容相符。要有血有肉不能是套话。


2.结尾：就像“结构分析”中提到，30篇习作结尾无外乎两种形式。前者自然是不值得一提，最下路的手段，没有内容；后者大部分内容却又可以分置到文章各段结尾，一股脑塞到最后一段只会让阅卷者不舒服，建议属于各段的内容，却要回读文章各段以建立联系，不是Effective Writing。


3.关键词：貌似30篇习作中没什么人考虑关键词前的修饰语，这些修饰语都有意无意限定了讨论中心的范围，可以尝试想想修饰范围外的情况，会产生有意思的反例。


4.态度：AW INTRO明确地指出Argu的任务是评论逻辑链的合理性，不是让我们去一味地同意还是反对；然而30篇习作中显然有童鞋不问是非，一个劲地批评。要知道，我们也必需接受其可能存在的合理性，即提出需要什么样的信息能够使得ARGU材料论述更合理，而绝对不是简单地写这么一句话：“WITHOUT驳斥我提出的可能性，这份ARGU材料就没有办法说服我。” 重申，我们写Critique,不是为了和ARGU中的材料吵架，而是评论材料合理性或者帮助完善材料的逻辑。

待详细阅读习作：7、8、18、20

待详细阅读的评论：11、27

海王泪UID: 2673613

12.13
真是累啊。。。感叹一下。。。明天就DEADLINE了。。
GRAMMER部分离做完还是有好长距离。。

所欠作业：
1.GRAMMER
4.30篇读后感
8.AW版\GRE版帖子阅读情况

查看版上积极的几位同学··发现大家的备考日记真是完整清晰兼风雨无阻。。。
而且CHECK LIST中提到了互改，版上开始兴起互拍···气氛真好。。

看来我是缺乏互动的孩子了。。
不过最近也没办法了。。不方便上网。都把作业存在笔记本里，再批量贴出。。。唉～～
而且也在犹豫到底要不要推作文。。。IBT的后遗症。。

好多作业··补作业敢死队。。专业课还有个作业还没写。。。加油！！

海王泪UID: 2673613

12.14

上午下午满课，吃完饭后急冲冲地赶去图书馆。
今天把30篇习作看完了，的确有很**的感觉。。
然后看了一下官方范文洗洗胃。。
自己的习作。。也很**。。

开始重新思考ARGUMENT的写作了，特别是开头结尾。
到底要如何才能一下子让阅卷者眼前一亮呢？
防止一开始就被Hang上low-score label

另外阅读了版上一些精华文章。。嗯嗯··不错不错。

去跑步先。。。要让大脑放松一下～

海王泪UID: 2673613

12.15
上午满课，下午两节课。
然后就赶回来上论坛，修改顶楼的帖子。。
做了决定后，心情很复杂。
但是，主观要求的改变、客观条件的存在，我必须这么做！

OK。。那么思路就很简单了。
1.开始期末复习，力保高质量的GPA。
2.AW定在寒假后，寒假脱产；随后狂奔笔试。
3.IBT留到暑假，原本计划在寒假考，幸好还没报名。

好D～吃饭去～然后继续Grammar。

海王泪UID: 2673613

12.16
早上上课，下午私事，然后图书馆、Q群，晚上班里的活动，实在不能不去。
就这样，一天只学了一个小时的Grammar，看了篇版友的习作给了点小意见。。。
用了半个小时记录疲惫的心情
时间又溜走了。。

精选阶段来了～意味着更具体、更强烈的竞争要随之开始。
小Kon Kon加把劲呢！一定要生存下去！ 嗯！

不过竞争归竞争，即时聊天与版上留言的感觉截然不同。还认识了个很NICE的师兄·嗯～哈哈～
可以想象，踏过6月6日后，那些兴奋的字符跳跃于键盘声中，群里尽是欢呼！
坚持下来，一定会成功的！！我怎么能够因为生活的琐事而感到疲惫呢！！！振作起来！！激情！！！

明日发飙～！

海王泪UID: 2673613

12.17
交钱～机考时间～3月9日····哈哈  生日那天～～

顺便胡乱写了个机考时间的选择贴，希望没误导别人··
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1042604-1-1.html

今天···还是好累·效率极低··三低日。。。唉
只做了一集GRAMMER。。555 写了个贴  上了一白天课。。。
晚上回来Q群讨论··哈哈·

气氛那个热烈。。。
改天写个“当初买TOUCH是因为要考GRE” ，把好用的软件全部介绍一下吧～～嘿嘿
话说这真是个好工具。。。

加油咧！

海王泪UID: 2673613

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.18]
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1042731-1-1.html
My Sum-Up
First I will try to paraphrase the main ideas of each paragraph; then I will write my comments. I think the sum-up might help me learn writing topic sentences and understand how the logic flows in this article.

Introduction to Global Warming（Forest）

1. Copenhagen tries to do better in tackling global warming.
2. It is unprecedented that the outbreak of bark beetle and thus severe damage in forest which then regenerate as the bug recedes.
3. Three main explanations are suggested for the outbreak: Haphazard, less varied woodland or prevailing higher temperatures.

Mechanism and Outcome(Gases and Sea)

4. The purpose, history and current problem of UNFCCC.
5. Achievement of UNFCCC: A scientific consensus on disasters which are very possible caused by human activity.
6. Climate changes: Rising Temperatures and melting sea-ice.
7. Sea-level is now rising faster than before because of warmer water and more sea-ice from glaciers.
8. Abnormal climate changes are man-made because natural variability may not explain why they are happening.
9. Carbon-dioxide emissions are higher now and thus probably lead to countless disasters.
10. Serious climate change is a danger and the world needs to fight against it.

Why we cannot solve it? (Part1: Global agreement)

11. The problem is not of technology when human are able to make progress in tech.
12. Nor is it a question of economics when curbing greenhouse-gas is available without holding back economic growth.
13. The problem is all about politics when cooperation among countries is difficult to achieve.
14. Cooperation in tackling global warming is much more difficult and urgent than that in world trade.

Why we cannot solve it? (Part2: Domestic implement)

15. The problem will be solved if lower emission of carbon dioxide made by changes in local business patterns; however, governments policies were always carried out wrong or inadequately.
16. Unsuitable policies in most of the countries were due to the inappropriate agreement signed by member states.
17. Copenhagen represents a second chance to make a difference though there are still many obstacles.
18. Only if domestic policies are both efficient and effective does the global climate deal make sense.

My comment:
The frame of this special report is shown above. It first introduces the problem of climate changes and something about UNFCCC, and then tell us what serve as the most important obstacle to solve global warming: It is neither techonological nor economic one, but politics.
About politics, one is the frustration in global achievement; another is the hardship in domestic implement.

As far as I concern, the article is not only a report but also a critique.
The last four paragraphs are more important and interesting than any other parts in the article because they offer a new perspective for us: Too much emphasis has been placed on the global agreement in Copenhagen. In fact, the ability for local governments to carry out appropriate policies should be concerned more.

Only the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is not enough. If my memory serves, European nations are not effective in controlling carbon emissions though they carry out the plan called European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). One of the reasons is that they provide too many allowances (or credits) for their companies. The governments are “merciful”.  Another reason is that the local industries complaint strongly about the EU ETS for their heavy economic burden. They may not strictly obey the law of scheme and sluggishly attend the trading system.

So what is the solution to ineffective domestic implement?
Maybe a strong supervisory mechanism is needed. And it should be a supra-national power which is able to force each government to strictly implement their policies. Well, I do not know. Time is up, and the problem remains. Luckly, we recognize it "immediately". In other words, we may make efforts to flatten the domestic obstacle ealier, as soon as possible after Copenhagen, and hope it is not too late.

My Excerpt and Imitation
(1)Sentence and Phrases
“So far the effort to tackle global warming has achieved little.”
So far the effort to + (achieve a purpose/solve a problem) + has achieved little.
So far the effort to tackle economic crisis has achieved little.
So far the effort to save endangered languages/species has achieved little.

“In most of the world the climate changes to date are barely perceptible or hard to pin on warming.”
Something+ be barely perceptible
The deprivation of wealth in general population is barely perceptible.
The disaster/catastrophe was barely perceptible until it breaks out.

“The world needs to adjust its behavior to try to avert that threat”
(Prevent and avoid)Avert=deflect=turn away

“Or it could be caused by the higher temperatures that now prevail in northern areas”
Prevail=predominate
“It is hard for logic to prevail over emotion.—from Oxford”
The phrase “cup” prevailing on Internet sounds very like “Tragedy” in Chinese.
Han culture prevails in China..

“Some scientists think that the planet is already on an irreversible journey to dangerous warming.”
(Sth)+ on an irreversible journey to+ (tragedy)
People think that the group is already on an irreversible journey to dangerous Everest.
Our nation is already on an irreversible journey to economic crisis.

“And by dividing the world into developed and developing countries, it has deepened a rift that is proving hard to close.”

For mankind to get even to the threshold of a global agreement is a marvel.
For (members) to get even to the threshold of (agreement) is a marvel.
For my girl friend and me to get even to the threshold of an agreement is a marvel.
For China and America to get the threshold of a trade agreement is a marvel.
For Muslin and America to get the threshold of a truce is a marvel

“But broadly agree that greenhouse-gas emissions can be curbed without flattening the world economy.”

(2)Unfamiliar words
Sceptic
chiefly British variant of SKEPTIC SKEPTICAL SKEPTICISM
denigrate
to attack the reputation of : DEFAME <denigrate one's opponents>
threshold
a : GATE, DOOR
b : (1) : END, BOUNDARY;specifically: the end of a runway
(2) : the place or point of entering or beginning: OUTSET <on the threshold of a new age>

海王泪UID: 2673613

偶是学经济的小菜··尝试运用一下这些经济知识解释一下气候谈判中出现的危与机～～
个人简单的分析说明，错误疏漏之处请原谅。

一、囚徒困境

囚徒困境说的是关于合作的问题，在博弈论的角度看来，在缺乏交流的前提下（注意，两个犯人是不能够交流的，An important assumption!）～个人追求自身利益最大化从而违背了团体利益最大化。

但是，囚徒困境只是比较简单的博弈矩阵，并不适用于分析多达192个国家的谈判（哥本哈根会议）。通常这个Dilemma是用来分析少数几个Game Player（比如说少数几家企业的寡头垄断，两个国家之间军事、经济政策，或者IBT里提到的毛毛虫和木蚂蚁之间共生的关系）。192个国家，其实用交易成本来解释会更合适。

这里引用囚徒困境觉得主要是为了说明，哥本哈根给予一次全球性的交流，让大家能够更易作出有利于群体利益的决策。

所以作者在提到“The UN is a useful talking shop”, 虽然他还是挺不满意的“but it does not get much done.”

二、交易成本

“At issue is the difficulty of allocating the cost of collective action and trusting other parties to bear their share of the burden. At a city, state and national level, institutions that can resolve such problems have been built up over the centuries. But climate change has been a worldwide worry for only a couple of decades.”

这里实际上有点交易成本（Transaction Cost）的感觉。嗯，简单地说，国家太多了，进行共同决策、达成共同协议、最终签订契约，远远要比两个国家之间的合作花费更多的成本。。具体有什么成本就不展开来说了。

作者做了个对比Contrast，说一个城市、一个洲或是一个国家之内，机构们更易解决环境问题（因为交易成本较低，较易达成共识，多是提出议案最后通过法律之类的）。但是一提到全球性的气候问题，因为涉及范围太广参与讨论的国家太多，交易成本不言而喻地比小范围机构合作的成本要高得多。

三、搭便车

搭便车说的是一部分国家不愿意减排（比如印度），由此而免费享受了其他国家减排带来的全球气候好转。

简单地说，就是耍赖。。。

举个例子，
大家都希望宿舍干净点，但是其中你的舍友I（印度人）觉得舍友A(美国人)/B(英国人)/C（中国人）比他更受不了宿舍的脏，于是I同学就拒绝参与宿舍打扫。随后出现两种结果，要么A/B/C乖乖地打扫因为他们受不了脏脏的宿舍，然后I就搭便车享受了干净的环境；要么A/B/C不爽，怎么I不干活我们干活呢，然后宿舍就没人管了。后者的情况是因为谁也不愿意被搭便车甚至也想搭别人便车，最后环境会越来越脏直到当中的某位同学受不了为止，比如说来自欧洲有洁癖的B同学，要么默默地搞卫生，要么发起飙来强制大家轮留值日。

这里，一间宿舍的人越多，个人打扫卫生的动机就越弱，因为不爽别人的搭便车而希望自己能够搭别人的便车。192个国家对于气候的改善也是类似的情况，地球就是这么一间宿舍。

四、公地悲剧
先引用一段材料：

　　“1968年英国加勒特·哈丁教授(Garrett Hardin)在《The tragedy of the commons》一文中首先提出“公地悲剧”理论模型。

他说，作为理性人，每个牧羊者都希望自己的收益最大化。在公共草地上，每增加一只羊会有两种结果：一是获得增加一只羊的收入；二是加重草地的负担，并有可能使草地过度放牧。经过思考，牧羊者决定不顾草地的承受能力而增加羊群数量。于是他便会因羊只的增加而收益增多。看到有利可图。许多牧羊者也纷纷加入这一行列。由于羊群的进入不受限制，所以牧场被过度使用，草地状况迅速恶化，悲剧就这样发生了。

对于环境的污染，实际上也可以简单地视为“清洁”资源的消耗。

比如说碳的排放，我们肯定是知道健康的大气对于碳总量的承受能力是有限度的。碳的排放是一国工业生产的结果，每一个国家都希望自己的收益最大化，那么每多排放一吨碳，就能多获得这一顿碳背后的经济利益（比如说发电、钢铁制造）。我讲道德，不污染这环境，别人也会去污染。既然如此，我干嘛不去放多几吨碳。

这里一个重要的前提是，环境是公有的，是公共物品，产权难以界定。范围越大，越难以界定。

每一个国家都拥有污染（如排碳）的权力，而没有权利阻止他人污染环境。

“之所以叫悲剧，是因为每个当事人都知道资源将由于过度使用而枯竭，但每个人对阻止事态的继续恶化都感到无能为力。而且都抱着“及时捞一把”的心态加剧事态的恶化。”

解决方法：界定产权，限定排污量，创造碳排放量的交易系统。

这也就是哥本哈根大家吵得最厉害的问题。。。本质上，大家是在分配对地球污染的权利。。

P.S.字体和版面好难弄。。555 大家不要见怪·

海王泪UID: 2673613

12.18
To overcome the fears to writing, I will post my diary on Gter.net in English except analysis or some special experience shared with others.

Sigh~ My building of diary doesn’t work now.
I cannot but wait for Administrator Jorge to solve the problem, looking forward to my posts reborn from the ashes. Haha~~

This is a usual Friday with four lessons in the morning. Afternoon I come to library and start my study. It is the first day for well-chosen Group “Reborn from the Ashes” to do homework. And I attend it. In the coming week, from 17th to 24th, we should write a comment for articles every day. What’s more, those who have spare time and energy should finish some translation of the pool of Argument Topics.

The first article is a special report on climate change and the carbon economy. That’s exciting because it is the field which I would step in. So I write a lot about that.
About the translation of the pool of Argument, I find it meaningful to do that. I got three today and finish them. However, there is still some homework from our major waiting for me. I promise I will join the translation again as soon as I finish work from our teachers.
Certainly, comments will not be forgotten.

Puffff~~~It is really strange to record my life in English. The feeling is really different from doing an Issue or Argument task. Why? I do not know. But just keep it. What is sure is that such diary would help my thinking in English. Just Keep It.

海王泪UID: 2673613

12．19
Morning: My backache suddenly happened today. After extracting some good phrases and sentences from yesterday’s special report and writing a small analysis for some economic terms, I went to hospital… Poor Kon…
Afternoon: In library, I was writing a proposal for e-commerce but haven’t finished it yet.
Night: Checking some important information for the homework. Reading only part of grammar and the special report on 12.19.

It is time to go to bed. I will finish the comments in the next morning. Just get up earlier!

海王泪UID: 2673613

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.19]
My attentions were distracted several times from reading the special report about art market. Distinct mood, contrasting to yesterday, in reading this article is probably for the reason that personally the art business is not interesting.

My Sum-Up
“The art market has suffered from the recession, but globalization should help it recover.”
1.A longest bull run in a century of art-market ended with the beginning of financial crisis.
2.Although the art market has suffered from the recession, it generates interest far beyond its size.
3.Due to the financial crisis, people are not interested in consumption including art-buying.
4.The current downturn is the worst since the Japanese slump in the past. But they are different.
5.The current problem is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.(Reason: People want higher price.)
6.Globalization should help the market recover in the longer run.(Reason: Supply is limit, demand is increasing)
7.The rich all over the world always look for luxury items that would hold their value in the longer term including art.
8.The regional spread of buyers changed significantly as some parts of the world became relatively richer.
9.Some regional market is blooming.
10.Contemporary art enjoys the biggest expansion and most of the excitement while more and more older works are held on.
11.Part of the extra demand has come from increasing museums on a large scale.
12.Another part of the extra demand has come from the increasing private collectors.

Masters of the art universe

13.A handful of individuals, like collectors or advisers, serve as the key figures in the art market.
14.Details in these individuals show how important they are.
15.Art tastes are changing as the emergence of important exhibitions and different buyers in culture history.

How to sell it

16.One of the biggest changes has been the expansion of the auction houses and the essential change of dealer business.
17.Rising costs hamper the business in stocks of art.
18.Instead, public auctions and private deals work as the prevailing form of art business. Some examples show the latter one is notoriously secretive.
19.Sotheby’s and Christie’s auction business is public and transparent, comparing with private deals.
20.Difference between S and C is their ownership structure. More details in C are shown especially about its owner Mr. Pinault.
21.Sotheby had some scandal.
22.Both auction houses focus on expansion in some regional market.
23.Both auction houses respond similar to the current slump.
24.Both auction houses would become direct competitors to the private dealers.
25.Continual examples to show how auction houses muscle in areas of private deal.

All things to all men

26.Both auction houses have also help buyers improve their collections in specific tastes.
27.Auction houses really upset private dealers.

My Comment
By comparison with the last articles about climate issue, this one is indeed a report, which is an introduction to the current situation of art markets, key individuals in art auction, and two prevailing business form: auction houses and private dealers. It is a little hard to conclude each paragraph when some of them contain two ideas in several lines.

Reasons are clear for “Suspended Animation” in this report. What impresses me most is why the supply is limit while demand is increasing.
It is the psychological factor which keeps so many art works away from the market. People buy arts as assets so they do not incline to sell them. Moreover, owners are patiently waiting for confidence to return as what the author mention. They are just waiting for an attractive higher price.
With the globalization, more and more buyers attend this market. Now the world has become relatively richer so more and more people have more and more spare fund for less and less art pieces. To these people, art is one of luxury items. In other words, art pieces are similar to “yachts, jets, cars, jewellery and so on”. People buy them not only for appreciation or flamboyance, but also store them as assets which hold value in the longer term. This motivation of investment adversely limits the available works in the market.

Self Reflection
I find the article contain many unfamiliar words for me. Well, it seems urgency for me to retake the Red Bible. Or I will suffer from the similar situation when I encounter articles in unfamiliar fields.
What’s more, I should learn how to change some special and unfamiliar terms into the initial letter, such as name of people, organization or even region. That may significantly improve my reading speed.

Phrases and Sentence
But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.

(This sentence is Beautiful. However, I do not know how to imitate it. Maybe it is the series of words about human nature which makes the sentence glamorous.)

The bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors.

A (noun.) coincide with B and C

The loss of something and the demise of something.

The outbreak of beetle coincides with the higher temperature.

The loss of thousands of jobs coincided with the financial demise of foreign direct investment.

The abnormal raise in price of commodities coincides with the rumor of waging a war against Japan.

The immediate slump in stock market/valuta coincided with the loss of confidence to government and the demise of foreign investors.

This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile.

Price/political situation/emotion is volatile, especially for the worse.

The biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.

(Problem) is not a lack of A but a lack of B

The biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of export but a lack of domestic demand .

The terrible problem in our country is not a lack of proper law but a lack of law-excutor.

(This parallel can be use as a transition sentence when you need to deny the reason mentioned before. We can use that in Argument Task to illustrate alter explanation. )

But in the longer run demand is bound to rise as wealth is spreading ever more widely across the globe

Be bound to=must=should

This report will concentrate on that part of the market

Concentrate on=focus on

With a hugely expanded international client base, it was only a matter of time before both auctioneers started to muscle in on areas that had previously been the preserve of private dealers, matching buyers and sellers and selling new art rather than items that had already been in the market.

(Market) match (buyers) and (sellers).

It is only a matter of time before=Sooner or later

It is only a matter of time before China exceeds United States in GDP.

It is only a matter of time before A company cooperate with B company.

It is only a matter of time before Peter step down .