1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 海王泪——要么自燃成灰，要么浴火重生

海王泪UID: 2673613

【感言】
心情～那个燃啊！暑假瞎逛论坛时就看到草木牧场上携手共进的战士~~~热血！！！
如此Spectacular，怎能不为之激动？？
组内的气氛、压力、友情，不拼到最后一秒绝不停止的霸气！
草版，我想跟你混！！我会竭尽所能达到您的标准，我会不计代价完成所有任务！

天行健，君子以自强不息！
我想留学是因为所追求的专业国内没有，于是只能飞跃重洋，寻梦异土。
选择了这条路，GRE自然是必要条件！

我发誓，从今天开始，从2009年12月15日开始！
我不再摇摆！无论自己基础多么恶劣，我将不惜一切代价争取高分！
2010年的半年里，不再有课程值得我留恋，我愿意也有能力将大把大把的时间投给GRE！
我要让我的生命燃烧起来！第一步：Analytical Writing!

【励志宣言】要么自燃成灰，要么浴火重生
成灰or重生，仅在一念之间。
拖拖拉拉，战战兢兢！只会在G这团火中烧成灰烬。
吼！～不可以，绝对不可以！选择走上了这条不归路，为得就是最终浴火重生！

【训练目标】思想、语言、熟练度
1.严格执行REBORN FROM THE ASHES小组作业
2.与组员相亲相爱，热心助人。
2.多取道前人，多自我反思。
3.从ETS的题库中模仿语言、背诵IBT写作词汇伴侣、坚持阅读Eco,Time或New York Times!
4.Effective Writing、College Writing Skills with Readings、The Elements Of Style

【赠言】云在青天水在瓶
道在一草一木，道在一山一谷。
领会语言的美丽、悟见事物的本质。
感谢GRE给了机会我们去领悟逻辑的自然之道。

海王泪UID: 2673613

2楼留空～～

海王泪UID: 2673613

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20题个人用法



“凡是一篇文章，无论第一看多么的恶心，静下心来用这20个问题问过自己去，都能找到思路”
                                                                                                 --草木斑竹

我想如果看着题目不恶心，就不一定要用这20个问题问自己。但是，这20个问题其实可以用作补充。
作用在于激发想法，应该不是限制个人思维习惯。。
不过对于完全刚接触AW的童鞋，这肯定激起思考火花。。


1）Revise文章或提纲时，看看这20题，说不定产生有趣的、有效的新想法。
2）看着这20题，发现自己文章里有哪个特别好的想法具有该题特征。。
3）记录下有趣的、有效的想法属于哪个问（EXCEL）
4）列一定提纲、写一定题目后，回顾一下哪几个问题能特别多地给予新的有趣的想法，默默记住这几个特别能激起想法而又说不定在个人思维习惯外的问题。

以上方法纯属YY，我会尝试一下。。但也不知道最后是否真会有那么集体鹤立鸡群～成为思维习惯外的Lighter
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个人一个月前曾经用过的思维模板

另外关于思维模板，其实。。。很难说。。至少我在BRAINSTORM后整理完初步想法，就会有用到相关的方式。。

我看到题目会先对题型分类，考虑TOPIC中的想法从而何来。

然后根据题目分析类型，看看产生什么想法
因果类：『逻辑链』 前提是否成立，结论在前提成立的基础上是否有反例、他因
        Indication: 所有因果关系连词，还有一部分隐藏关系（通常为论述反面后果，即因）

建议类：『可行性』，『利弊』，有无『替代或折衷方案』（ARGUMENT也适用此条）

是非类：『为什么会有这种看法』
判断是主观判断还是事实判断？『客观VS主观』
讨论的概念『定义』
价值判断标准（动机、立场）是什么以及是否需要修正？『立场』

上面是参考ISSUE5.5，觉得这样写下来文章也比乱想会清晰点。
毕竟。。因果类着重前提、结论，建议类的则无非看是否有可行性、利弊、替代方案，是非类就多关注一下立场、主客观

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AW INTRO（官方文件）中的问题

另外，下面是AW INTRO（官方文件）中给予的提示，也可以用这个问问自己～感觉还不错

Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:

• What, precisely, is the central issue? Topic, scope

• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not? Conclusion

• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable? Assumptions 质疑假设

• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they? Conditions条件分析

• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim? Keywords 解释

• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position? 支持自己立场的原因

• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling? 举例

Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:

• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position? 反方意见。

• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay? 如何加条件承认或反驳。

海王泪UID: 2673613

（2）Coping with Writing Anxiety考场心态调整策略：
重复题目、停止无谓思考、做习惯的动作
拉拉背仰仰头、脚趾用力、深呼吸、提醒自己“我准备的很充分！杀！！”
回忆破题模式、在草稿纸上写上提纲

（3）Writer's Block
整理自己有可能遇到的症状及治疗方法：
遇到没见过的题，按思维习惯用破题思路将IDEAS写下，列提纲。
遇到没感觉的题，找一个有兴趣的方面做切入点，充满热情地写下去。
遇到不懂的题。。。于是为了避免这种情况，我们要预先过题库！！！
紧张了？参见第二章。。平时也要多模考习惯界面！

小技巧
Leave the introduction or first section until later.
如果提纲没写好，开头可以先不写，把主要观点以TS的形式写下后，成文后回头补写。

Change the Audience Pretend, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly. Changing the audience can clarify your purpose and can also make you feel more comfortable and help you write more easily.多和别人交谈的重要性，充分利用身边资源，把话题转到G题上，即能娱乐又能备考~最好找到与自己持相反意见的人。

海王泪UID: 2673613

4）Start to write
正常的写作程序：
I. State your thesis.
II. Write an outline.
III. Write the first draft.
IV. Revise and polish.

Brainstorm补充小技巧
Brainstorm. Gather as many good and bad ideas, suggestions, examples, sentences, false starts, etc. as you can.
To give yourself the opportunity of considering a subject from several different points of view
Talk to your audience, or pretend that you are being interviewed by someone

A fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas. Build your analogy by using the word like.
文化类题目,it is just like the tips of iceberg, it is just like the onion you havn’t cut
(回头POLISH一下，回头补上)
哈哈～一个朋友说的，很多东西都可以用冰山一角；我自己则从另外一个老师那得到启发，文化就是个洋葱。。要剥开皮才知道。。。

Nutshell your whole idea.

个人考场提纲列法：
1. Brainstorm
2.Scrath outline (+,-,Main ideas, details)
3.Duagraming
图示THESIS,MAINIDEAS,REASONS AND EVIDENCE一层一层往外扩，往外连接
（记上一笔）

Diagram your major points somehow.
Make a tree, outline, or whatever helps you to see a schematic representation of what you have. You may discover the need for more material in some places.
图示THESIS,MAINIDEAS,REASONS AND EVIDENCE一层一层往外扩，往外连接

海王泪UID: 2673613

5) Writing With Computers
关于这个，我本身就是电脑写作支持者！
1方便携带(U盘、笔记本、ipod)
2方便修改
3方便隔一段时间再看、产生陌生感以更好地修改而不被自己熟悉的笔迹所蒙骗。

当然，备份非常重要。。建议大家使用一个软件，叫GoodSync，非常适合备份，且有同步功能，可以多台电脑使用，自动发现修改过的文件并以最新日期的文件为主，如果两份都修改过的还会提示你冲突让你自己选择要那份，几个按键就搞定不用去担心哪部电脑上的文件是最新的

writing an e-mail message  好方法，可以联系英语老师、外国朋友，就当做各FREETALK
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
（记下一笔）


keeping a journal、creating a scrapfile、adding notes
这三个都说明，写作和生活方法都是通的，我一直在用“TO-DO”，GET THINGS DONE。
对于作文的想法、素材，我通常是一听到或阅读到对于作文有帮助的材料或想法时，赶紧记进TOUCH的TODO里，回头开电脑时都会看TODO list，然后将其写进相关的提纲中，将来待用。
（不过一个月没碰作文了，提纲忘光，下周浴火重生，还剩一个月）

creating a scrapfile
This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments.
这就是我电脑里的“INBOX”？ 有趣的想法或语句我都会存起来，定期去看看清理一下看别的题目能不能用。其实就是TODO的储存版。很好~~

Add notes
通常我先记进TODO里，回头放电脑提纲中或INBOX中。
对于提纲或文章内暂时多余的内容，通常我都将它放到提纲最下面，名叫【素材】之下，将来可能用到。

splitting screens
以前我也经常这样做，但现在觉得对模考不适合。我的做法通常是事前会看看提纲，留个印象。第二天早上起来模考时拿出纸笔，模拟考试时列提纲的情形，通常先BRAINSTOME把想法写下，然后按破题思路再想一次，然后把所有想法按THESIS,MAINIDEAS,REASONS AND EVIDENCE一层一层往外扩，连接。把有用的想法圈出来。避免看着提纲写作文，有助于培养考试感觉

staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
TOPIC SENTENCE非常重要，我明白。可惜ARGUMENT的TS我总是写不好，如何抽象出来，又不同于首段提到的情况，有待练习，这里记下一下笔。以后注意（记下一笔） 查看EW(7)段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词

saving copies of material to cut and paste
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
哇~这个重要，大规模内容移动时，记得备份一下。模考时，应注意 CUT 后 PASTE到最下面备份一个，然后再PASTE到所需地方。 发生什么意外时及时按撤销，好像撤销只能撤销上次动作，所以控制出错时要谨慎，马上停手，思索一下再决定下一步动作，不然撤销都没办法用！ 我就试过不小心弄错，欲哭无泪，大段大段的文章没了。。。（记下一笔）

highlighting sentence length （记下一笔）Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
大赞！！！！句子可以通过这个技巧来“发现”并“变化”，激动。。轻易看出句子是否需要做变化，一段话中的每个句子长短不一、形式不同，能够缓解考官的视觉疲劳。
比如说，一直都是Sb. does something.每一句都是这样很闷。
句子变化有很多种，除了正常的主谓宾外，可以尝试作以下句式变化。
It is adj. that…(强调某个形容词)
There is/are something that （强调某事/物）
As```, begin with, When..,if （一些状语从句提前）
（以上为随笔，稍迟会总结句式，这可能是个弱项，记下一笔。。。以后再补充句式变化的手法

using online tools （我有好建议）
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
关于语法拼写检查，每次模考留3~5分钟，再黏到WORD里。程式化的动作。。留意拼写错误，改习惯
关于词语变化，每次模考时我都会注意将重复较多的词打在文章最下部，模考结束后通过Ctrl+F查看这个词是否用得较多，然后通过同义词词典查词替换，并将同义词另开一个EXCEL收集起来，已经小有规模。可惜，还没背过，这里记下一笔，安排到复习形成力。写作的同义词也是要背的，不然查了也会忘。
即，建立两个EXCEL表， 一个存放拼写错误，一个存放同义词

changing the appearance of key features of your writing(记下一笔)
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
不错，不过这个方法修改作文也蛮累人的，试试。
“动词大写，被动斜体，形容词大字号，主题下划线”
通过这种方法，概观全文样貌，能够具体到句子提醒自己哪里做的不好，值得一试。估计我是描述性的词语做的不好，那么实操中可以通过补充的方式，体会到修饰的方法。记下一笔，值得一试。

editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.
利用WORD 2007的批注、修改功能可以轻易实现，话说2007真是好。
因为可以清楚统计出自己范了什么错误、哪些词语可以换成同义词。也是一种好的总结方法。
可是我只有头几篇有这个耐心，后面得文章都直接改了。
通常在互改时会用到，能让对方容易看出哪里修改并对照原文。但自己改自己的就不考虑那么多，决定了改大多数情况是改后的内容较好，似乎就不需要弄得文章七零八乱。而在修改时将同义词、或拼写错误统一集中到不同的EXCEL中，方便查看。
（不过收集了那么多，我也还没看这些拼写错误和同义词。要安排进复习进程中，记下一笔。）

海王泪UID: 2673613

6)文章的主题－Thesis：

结合AW INTRO 1~6分 摘抄THESIS句。

对照着“identify key or essential questions”“ what you believe and what you intend to prove”，结合AW INTRO中看了各分数段的ISSUE和ARGUMENT，现摘抄如下并作简略说明，希望能帮到大家！
(忍不住把AW INTRO的范文再看了一次，这次结合THESIS句，体会其功能，横向比较，体会其在文中的细微之处，COOL～～)


ISSUE

（6分）Both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists. （平衡观点）

（5分）But specialists are necessary to gain a better understanding of more in depth methods to solve problems or fixing things.（倾向于专才，并且后文TS都以Specialists开头，并且每个BUT后都是Specialists）

（4分）Isn't it better to really know something well, than to know everything half-way.（强调专才，反问句。然而后文却又将专才和通才放在平等位置，所以Reader Commentary for Essay Response中才说一开始Confusing attempt to define，然后第二段才定义好专才，直到最后一段才Become Clear。这间接说明了这篇4分作文并没有很好地利用Thesis句。吸取教训，我们应当力求Thesis句写清楚。）

（3分）Clearly a specialist would do the better job and give the patient a chance at a better life.（ETS评语中说道The writer's position is clear: specialists are important and necessary.即肯定了这个THESIS句的作用。只可惜这篇文章没有很好地REASON和EXAMPLE来支撑这个POSITION）

这里我们发现，ETS做了一个定义，THESIS的意思还包括Position,即本篇Effective Writing中提到的what you believe and what you intend to prove

(2,1分)没有区分THESIS句的意识，只是整一段都表述POSITION而已。ETS也提底呕埃了。

综上所述，ETS很重视POSITION,而POSITION则在THESIS句中体现。5分作文是好范例，尽管2/3的篇幅都在讲GENERALISTS，不过一个“BUT”，一个显眼的位置（第一段最后一句），就告诉了阅卷人，What I believe and what I intend to prove is specialists.

Argument

(6分)However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured inan accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear.（提及了题目的结论，然后直接说出装备不是唯一受伤的原因，存在平行的或更为重要的他因；同时顺水推舟说万一大家相信了、接受了（Adoping）这个结论作将有一个不好的后果——人民可能会背鼓动去过度投资和过度信赖保护性装备。这句THESIS需结合全文好好体会，好好体会文中的“他因”、“替代方案”、“恶劣后果”。这~~就是传说中的“内牛满面”~~太感动了。。文章牛，还要连带分析过程都体现在最重要的THESIS里一个不漏，直接告诉别人我就是个牛人！这概括性~~感动~~泪流满面！记下一笔，好好体会！！！）

（5分）The argument presented is limited but useful.（这篇5分作文段落有点奇怪，不过第一句直接表明立场，明显这句就是THESIS句。直接也不是不好，不过就显得没那么漂亮。）

（4分）The statistics quoted are vague and inconclusive。（ETS评语就是根据这句话说“This adequate response targets the argument's vague and inconclusive "statistics."” ETS居然头也不回直接COPY下来，看得出，ETS有多么看重THESIS句。。。）

（3分）The arguement is well presented and supported, but not completely well reasoned. It is clear and conciselywritten. The content is logically and smoothly presented. Statistics cited are used to develop support for the recommendation, that roller skaters who invest in protective gear and reflective equipment can reduce their risk of severe, accidental injuries.

（并而来想忽略掉这么模板化的THESIS，不过马上发现ETS的评语，“but limited response merely describes the argument.”
请参照6分作文，我们所要学的是如何fully describes the argument）

（2分，1分）此两篇请允许我忽略。。。I do not think they are writing an argument.

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(举手发问)ISSUE的THESIS中要不要罗列下文的MAIN REASONS （IN ORDER）？

Questions to ask yourself when writing an argumentative thesis statement:
·
What is my claim or assertion?
·
What are the reasons I have to support my claim or assertion?
·
In what order should I present my reasons?

对于ARGUMENT而言，可具体参照6分的例子是如何Claim（同意还是不同意）、如何Main reasons（他因、替代方案、恶劣后果）并Put In Order.

对于ISSUE而言，就AW INTRO的范文而言，THESIS句并没有直接提到Main Reasons. 除了6分作文稍微提到Positive and negative effects稍微暗示下文将正反论述外，其余THESIS句均没提及Main reasons.
在我看来一篇文章支撑THESIS的Main Reasons就是下文的Topic Sentence，似乎没有特意在手段中撰写Main reasons。

P.S.  College writing skills with reading 范文THESIS句

Thesis: While I love movies as much as ever, the inconvenience of going out, the temptations of the theater, and the behavior of some patrons are reasons for me to wait and rent the vedio.

TS1 To begin with, I just don't enjoy the general hassle of the evening.

TS2 Second, the theater offers tempting snacks that I really don't need.

TS3 Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand.

Conclusion Review

I was tired of the problems involved in getting to the theater, resisting, unhealthy snacks, and dealing with the patrons.

但是这篇College writing skills with reading的范文中，发现首段Introduction都会抽象出几个词概括Main Reasons，下文则是对这几个词的重述细说，范文结构异常漂亮。
那对于ISSUE而言THESIS句究竟是否需要囊括Main reasons呢?
疑问ing,恳切希望草木斑解答一下




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·         So what? or Who cares? test

It It should pass the So what? or Who cares? test (Would your most honest friend ask why he should care or respond with "but everyone knows that"?) For instance, "people should avoid driving under the influence of alcohol," would be unlikely to evoke any opposition. （不要说那些大家都知道的废话，要有可质疑性，可辩论性．）

·
写ISSUE的我们很容易走进一个极端，即尽量去说服别人，以至于很可能提出一些人尽皆知的情况并认为自己很具说服力。大家都公认的理由、情况，提一提也就罢了。

·
【提醒】每提一个Reasons或特殊情况，反问自己，So what? Who cares?
·
如果脑袋有声音回应了，哦，You know? 很多人不知道呢~ 或者 很多人很Care这个东西了。那就成功了！ （记下一笔，回头补写作流程）



Bar
Barbara Frum : "Tell me something new about something I care about."

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Try these five tests:(记下一笔)

·
Does the thesis  inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考
·
Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题
·
Does the thesis  avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调
·
Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？
·
Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？
If you cannot answer "YES" to these questions, what changes must you make in order for your thesis to pass these tests?

记下一笔，精华。。。。。补进写作流程里。。目前缺陷即第一点、第五点 模考时注意联系体会，再补感想！

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如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤） （记下一笔，重复看）


１．Rank with justification　考虑重要性
·

2.Contrasts (of perspectives of sources) 对比，考虑流行和反对观点
·
Although newspapers at the time claimed ……, the most significant cause/explanation/reason, etc. is ……
·
While Sb. and Sb. maintains that  ................, more accurately/importantly, etc, # 2's position is the stronger one. (Substitute "most historians" for  So and So and the appropriate person or view or source for #2.)

自己试着随便造几句~熟悉一下这种感觉。。
1）Although popular affective movies like Terminators and other Hollywood makes claimed that machines could catch up with human mind, the definition of machines as tools makes them be under control.
2）Although much people beside the television claimed that experts isn’t worth trusting, the real specialists in economics, law, medicine really promote our social development.
3）While some artists like movie directors, novelists and painters claimed that machines could catch up with human mind or even counter-control our life, the definition of machines as tools makes their development slower than us.
4）While people who was cheated by advertisement maintains that experts isn’t worth trusting, in fact, it is the fake signal they often mistake makes the innocent specialists lose faith.


引用cicialice一句话
“（前面5点的总体感觉就是：对比实在是种太好不过的写主题句的方法了~重要性强弱的对比，新老观点的对比，感觉与现实的对比，好与不好的对比，原因与结果关系紧密度的对比~在对比中全面的看待问题，得出不以偏概全的主题。）”

谢谢～无意中刚刚瞄到，很受用。。。特别是新老观点对比型，感觉与现实的对比。。。好GRE阅读的感觉·呵呵

3.Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实
l  44.Good versus bad reasons:
l  ５． Cause and Effect: 因果关系
·
６．Challenge:质疑，否定

７．提出系列问题：

P.S.

六、主题示例

（重复看！！记下一笔） 回想“如何写出好的主题句？”

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————

海王泪UID: 2673613

今天到此结束，明天再接再厉。。。期待啊··我最不懂的TS～～

一定要努力··KON KON。。。你妈妈给你制造了那么好的学习条件，让你无忧无虑不必担心工作、食宿，你还不发奋图强就对不起妈妈啦～～～加油啊！！！！

555···没能在12点半前睡。。神啊··我明天能不能不要6:30起床。。。睡到7点吧··咔咔。。。
天气转冷，偷懒一下。。

海王泪UID: 2673613

8# 海王泪
回复自己昨天的贴子，懊悔一下。。。 白天全天上课，晚上羽毛球小训到8点，晚饭到9点，然后查资料，认识了一个师兄。。
嘿嘿 希望我和他水平不会差太远 接近才能改出效果。。。否则，水平差太远可能改几次就要分了。。呵呵

补作业时间～～（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词

Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.

Topic Sentence在我看来其实就是支持Thesis的Reasons. （ISSUE而言）

注意TOPIC SENTENCE必须要有变化…

案例分析时间！！ :)   下划线部分为Signposts，粗体部分为TS关键内容。

仅供参考，如有错误疏漏，小弟跪求指导～～最怕是想歪了理解错了

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下面引用College Writing Skills with Readings第一篇范文的Thesis和TS

【Thesis】 While I love movies as much as ever, the inconvenience of going out, the temptations of the theater, and the behavior of some patrons are reasons for me to wait and rent the vedio.

【TS1】To begin with, I just don't enjoy the general hassle of the evening.

【TS2】Second, the theater offers tempting snacks that I really don't need.

【TS3】Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand.

【Conclusion】I was tired of the problems involved in getting to the theater, resistingunhealthy snacks, and dealing with the patrons.

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下面，我们看看官方6分作文 论专才与通才。

【Thesis】

Both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists (Position平衡观点)

【TS1】Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media.

           {S+}（专才是必须的）

【TS2】Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload.

           {S+}（Signposts，simply put这里说明了和第一段是同一个内容，作了一个反证，如果没有专才会如何恶劣）

【TS3】On the other hand, Over specialization means narrow foci in which people can lose the larger picture.

         {OS-}（Signposts，on the other hand,这里说明了和第一二段形成补充，说明了尽管专才是必须的，但是过分强调也会有坏处。）

【TS4】Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universal issues.
Generalists and only generalists can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment.

         {OS-G+}（第一句是过渡也就是Bridge Sentence第二句才是Main ideas. 第一句是再次否定过分专才的坏处，突然笔锋一转

                     说通才能够解决过分专才不能解决的问题，也因此回应了TS3。漂亮。。。）

【TS5】Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological compartmentalization.

       {OS-}（Signposts，finally,最后提及过度专才不仅在解决问题上没有大局观，还可能在个人层面上出现心理问题）

【TS6 & Conclusion】Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recognizes the importance of broad-mindedness and for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important.

       {G+}(没有了通才，就会出现OS的恶劣情况。结论Thus，S和G一样重要)

可以看出，一个平衡的观点是如何通过TS做连接的。。。

Specialist(1)à Without specialist(2)à Over-specialization(3)(4)à Generalist(4)à Over-specialization(5)à Without generalist(6C)

好好体会。。。记下一笔

海王泪UID: 2673613

不用给自己理由了。。没按时完成就是没按时完成。。。
管你什么羽毛球赛、什么破考试。。

继续努力

留第一次ISSUE AREGUMENT作业的链接在这：
Issue
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1030914-1-1.html
Argument
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029616-1-1.html

College Writing skills with reading还是没能看完。。。赶紧回归Effective Writing
开始AW INTRO的阅读。。

记得AW INTRO其实也已经看过三遍了，看EFFECTIVE WRITING时也结合着看的说。。

海王泪UID: 2673613

AW INTRO（初步）个人体会
以下Pratice Book (等同AW INTRO吧？来自ETS寄送材料)

资料中提到了一句我认为很重要的话：
“The topic elicited the kinds of complex thinking and persuasive writing that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.“

一、Complex thinking个人解读
1）ISSUE的Complex Thinking可分为题目和思考角度
题目复杂性在于题目都是可辨的，即INTRO中说到的“无论你是同意还是反对还是部分同意或反对”。原因和在？在于题目中的一些程度指示词，比如说"only, all等等"，在解题是千万要留意此类指示词，考虑到了，才写对题了。
思考角度即所谓的考虑全面，包括"As you build your argument, keep in mind the other points which you could argue against."
(此处Argument似乎是指回应ISSUE题目时你所写的文章)

2）Argument的Complex Thinking则在于文章中要求的"Understand, analyse, evaluate“
Understand即明白全文逻辑链(a line of resoning)
Analyse即分析逻辑链中的断层（Reason和Assumption的发现，姑且称为各种他因，否定）
Evaluate即评价论据是否成立（Evidence的考察）

二、Persuasive writing个人解读
何为Persuasive writing?个人在INTRO中的启发分为两部分：论证过程和语言控制
论证过程针对ISSUE而言即为巩固Position而使用的各种手段，intro中已详细列举诸如质疑假设、提出条件、分情况讨论、例证等等，下回再做分析
语言控制则是。。。中国学生的弱项。。。好的思想也要有好的语言才能表达出来，对于像我这种基础不好的同学，只能谋求减少各种错误不让考官阅读过程中感到异常不通顺非常不爽即可。。当然，词和句子的变化也要保证。

海王泪UID: 2673613

ISSUE例证部分--读专才与通才654分范文小结

回顾“Understanding the Issue Task”方法论的部分，有这么一句关于例证的方法
“Develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example.”

范文读后感：
6分范文中可以看出，例证也只是方法的一种，没有人规定不能单纯说理，。但可以肯定的是例子用好了，自然比抽象说理更具说服力，举例本身易于操作，而雄辩能力并不是人人均有。HOWEVER，这并不意味着每一段非要想个例子出来交差。
5分作文特别提到“EXTENDED EXAMPLE”概念，与之相对应是“SEVERAL RELEVANT EXAMPLES”

“通才与专才”例文文中，分别比较65分作文

6分：全文主要分为两大意群
第一意群说明专才是必然结果，原因为个人局限性（学的角度）
1）“Expert testimony(quotation from a prominent medical researcher)”
     来源于生活 正常说理
第二意群说明过度专业化会产生的不良后果，分为三部分原因：LOGICAL,MORAL,PERSONAL
其中仅第一部分LOGICAL作了例证,其余两部分仅是说理
2）“Vivid metaphor(to inspect only one's toenails is to ignore the whole body).”
     来源于专业 形象的比喻
感想：时间有限，真正满足“The use of examples“仅用在最关键的部分，甚至是第一个例证也仅仅是引用教授的话并未有具体实例。这篇6分作文说明单纯REASON只要言之成理自圆其说，仍然是ETS的接受范围。但重要部分最好还是有出色的论证。

5分：全文主要举例论证，直接用两个不同领域的例子，医生和教师
范文评语中“The argument is rooted in two extended examples, both well chosen.”
何为“EXTENDED”?即这种例子可推广至于大多数人生活经验，说白了，就是其“群众性”妙就妙在它来源于生活常识。

与之相对应是“SEVERAL RELEVANT EXAMPLES”，比如说我们中国学子最爱的“名人”例子，因为“个人性”味道太浓，除非你举出“SEVERAL几个”类似的个体例子，不然读者就绝对有理由怀疑你这个例子要么是巧合、要么有其特殊性不适于推广到全体。

评语还有这么一句“This extension from the general to the specific characterizes the example in the next paragraph as well.”
EXTENDED EXAMPLE最终也还具体到某个疾病，或某个学科，这种技巧也应时刻提醒自己。

海王泪UID: 2673613

ISSUE转折词

鉴于ISSUE5分有这么一句话，特分析其行文中如何进行转折。
ETS:"The smooth development is aided by the use of appropriate transitions: "but," "usually," and "for instance,"
among others. The essay ends by revisiting the writer's thesis."

以下为简要分析:

Specialists are not overrated today. More generalists may be needed, but not to overshadow the specialists. Generalists can provide a great deal of information on many topics of interest with a broad range of ideas. People who look at the overall view of things can help with some of the large problems our society faces today. But specialists are necessary to gain a better understanding of more in depth methods to solve problems or fixing things. 两次BUT实际是强调专才的重要性，虽然中间解释的是通才。通常BUT的作用在于突出BUT后面的内容，

One good example of why specialists are not overrated is in the medical field. Doctors are necessary for people to live healthy lives. When (第一当说通才) a person is sick, he may go to a general practitioner to find out the cause of his problems. Usually (通常情况引出通才作用), this kind of "generalized" doctor can help most ailments with simple and effective treatments. Sometimes (过渡句并点出专才作用), though, a sickness may go beyond a family doctor's knowledge or the prescribed treatments don't work the way they should. When (第二当说专才) a sickness progresses or becomes diagnosed as a disease that requires more care than a family doctor can provide, he may be referred to a specialist. For instance (前面说完REASON现在开始USE EXAMPLE), a person with constant breathing problems that require hospitalization may be suggested to visit an asthma specialist. Since (说通才重要的原因) a family doctor has a great deal of knowledge of medicine, he can decide when his methods are not effective and the patient needs to see someone who knows more about the specific problem; (说专才重要的原因) someone who knows how it begins, progresses, and specified treatments. This is an excellent example of how a generalized person may not be equipped enough to handle something as well as a specialized one can.

通才à通才作用à(过渡句)专才作用à专才à例证à通才与专才重要的原因
值得学习的是在同一段里这样搅来搅去，难得的是每一句居然讲的内容不一样！
为什么呢？这种写法的思想如何产生？值得我们去学习！

说到底，就是想说明专才和通才没有可比性，是因为两者功能不同、或是说阶段性的功能不同。只可惜作者最后并没明白点出，尽管全文说的就是这个问题。难道牛人就不用点明了吗？ 感觉最好在最后一段点明总不是件坏事。

海王泪UID: 2673613

时间控制
ETS寄来的Practice Book有这么一段话：
“Save a few minutes at the end of each timed task to check for obvious errors. Although an occasional spelling or grammatical error will not affect your score, severe and persistent errors will detract from the overall effectiveness of your writing and thus lower your score”
我们都知道Although不是关键内容，关键内容是后面所说得不要犯“严重而持续不断的错误”。

因此我建议其实模考时可以强制把ISSUE和ARGUMENT压缩5分钟。
2分钟用来当实地考试时紧张想不出东西的时间，3分钟可以用来Checking。

意味着ISSUE40分钟， ARGUMENT25分钟。时间紧迫，那么如何让自己有更好的时间概念呢？

1）
熟能生巧是毋庸置疑的，对时间的感觉通过练习可以强化。ETS也在资料中说明了希望考生能多多练习以便在时间控制方面更娴熟。
2）
Indicator….自己根据个人习惯定几个时间界限，看到模考软件到某个时间就最好赶快结束该段内容。（前提，写作时有大局观知道自己写几段内容又习惯大概写多长）
本人具体操作方法，但尚未熟练，仍在试验中。

ISSUE600字，按三个意群分且算上头尾，有
动作 字数 显示时间      意思
审题       45min      
开头  75       40min           5分钟结束审题、思考和开头
一        150      30min         1 0分钟结束第一意群
二        150      20min         10分钟结束第二意群
三        150      10min         10分钟结束第三意群
结尾  75         5min           5分钟写完结尾
Check                 5min          最后留5分钟检查（实际总是会拖）

P.S. 意群不等于段落，而且文章也应重点不同字数可以有所倾向于某个意群，不需特别留意，但需对时间有个概念即在哪几个时间点心里要紧一下赶紧结束。

ARGUT480字
动作 字数 显示时间      意思
审题       30 min     
开头  60       25min          5分钟结束审题、思考和开头
一       120       20 min           5分钟结束第一意群
二       120       15min            5分钟结束第二意群
三       120       10min            5分钟结束第三意群
结尾  60         5min            2分钟写完结尾
Check                3 min            最后留3分钟检查（实际总是会拖）

p.s.可以看出ARGU的时间相对来说非常紧张，也正因如此务必在考前对ARGU题库非常熟悉才能尽量压缩开头5分钟的审题、思考，另外开头也很可能需要一个习惯性的个人模板展开行文，否则，最后结尾和检查只能干着急写不完。。

以上的时间控制个人尚在实验中且所谓字数等等亦个人情况而言，希望大家指导一下哪里不太合理。
不过这时间控制并非绝对，只是利用考试界面中的时钟即我说的“Indicator”作习惯性提醒。

比如到第N分钟自己就得知道要赶紧结束本意群，否则后面行文时间就不足。。。
恳切盼望指教！

海王泪UID: 2673613

面对ISSUE时应该思考的问题

英文字符为“分析”，中文字符为“产生想法”

Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:

• What, precisely, is the central issue? Topic, Thesis

• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not? Conclusion 对比 （题中建议产生的结果：好的方面，坏的方面）

• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable? Assumptions 质疑假设

• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they? 分情况讨论

• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim? Keywords 解释

• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position? 支持自己立场的原因

• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling? 举例

Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:

• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position? 反方意见。

• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay? 如何加条件承认或反驳。

最最终能够要的是思考的结果会产生两类想法，要么同意，要么不同意；不要忽视各种想法。
If you find one view clearly more persuasive than the other, consider developing an argument from that perspective. As you build your argument, keep in mind the other points, which you could argue against. If both groups have compelling points, consider developing a position supporting, not the stated claim, but a more limited or more complex claim. Then you can use reasons and examples from both sides to justify your position. 1）假想敌 2）加条件，复合型的论证


以上中文部分“产生想法”的内容来源于此The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important
that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might
• agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others 立场
• question the assumptions the statement seems to be making 质疑假设
• qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue 定义
• point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others 分情况讨论
• evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective 考虑反方
• develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example 举例