有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

sunshineatnoon 发表于 2015-5-6 20:15
请问你的作文是怎么准备呢？我也是6月份考试，作文还没有开始准备

我也没准备，肯定要先看一下论坛里的经验贴吧，我准备今天就开始看~看完了我们可以讨论~

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.7 comprehension note!

About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However, recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can “tunnel” through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.

When I see a time mark which represents the past like "a century ago" in this situation, I should have an expectation that the thing following it is what the author will argue. However and recent substantiate it.

The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

21.        The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed
not developed classical chemistry, but proposed another theory ----- quantum mechanics ---- to explain the phenomenon
(B) initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the development of life
the author does not mean to initiate a debate
(C) explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns
right, the first and second paragraphs actually served as fundamental explanation. The main point of the author is to propose his hypothesis stated in the third paragraph. Since to comprehend his hypothesis, readers need firstly understand how can chemical reaction happen under cold condition. The author talked about the possibility firstly.  
(D) reconciling opposing theories about chemical reactions
no reconciling
(E) clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry
no inherent ambiguities

22.        According to the passage, classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the following ways?
(A) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.
tunneling reaction tunnel from the bottom of one to another.
(B) In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.
right, only the methods are different, the aim or result is the same
(C) In neither type of reaction does the height of the barrier between the wells remain constant.
classical chemical does
(D) In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.
classical chemical does
(E) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.
only tunneling reactions are capable of this.

23.        According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the passage, which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?
(A) Chemical reactions are less likely to occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.
right relative sentence: According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero
(B) In some cases the rate of a chemical reaction is related to temperature and in other cases it is not.
not mentioned this difference
(C) Chemical reactions frequently occur at a few degrees above absolute zero, but they are very unpredictable.
not mentioned the predictability
(D) The rate of a chemical reaction depends on many other factors besides temperature.
not mentioned other factors. Don't use my knowledge related to this topic but not mentioned in the passage to choose answer!!
(E) Chemical reaction rate and temperature are not related.
contradict

24.        The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-history of life can best be described as
this is the writer's hypothesis, so negative or neutral attitude must be wrong. eliminate A B E
while, he mentioned some argument and admitted the conclusion was tentative. So D is wrong
(A) neutral
(B) skeptical
(C) mildly positive
(D) very supportive
(E) pointedly critical

25.        The author’s hypothesis concerning the cold prehistory of life would be most weakened if which of the following were true?
(A) Cosmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of simple molecules.
relative sentence: Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules,
(B) Tunneling occurs only in a narrow band of temperatures around zero degrees Kelvin.
substantiate
(C) The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be activated by means other than cosmic rays.
strengthen
(D) Simple molecules can be synthesized by means of tunneling.
substantiate
(E) Classical chemical reactions do not occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.
not relevant

26.        Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the passage?
the logic: author suggests the synthesis of simple molecules(IF) happened in could of dust
H & W argues that IF could evolve into compounds( cellulose and starch)
so it means the process of the evolution of compounds could happened in cloud of dust

(A) Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.
not mentioned
(B) The galactic clouds are the places where prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
right
(C) Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.
not related to H & W
(D) Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.
the direct conclusion of H & W, not the purpose the author put their theory here
(E) Complex organic molecules can be synthesized from stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch.
not mentioned this far, leap in logic

27.        Which of the following best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?
like question 21
the first and second paragraphs actually served as fundamental explanation. The main point（motif) of the author is to propose his hypothesis stated in the third paragraph. Since to comprehend his hypothesis, readers need firstly understand how can chemical reaction happen under cold condition. The author talked about the possibility firstly.
(A) The author cites a basic principle of classical chemistry and then describes the research from which that principle was developed.
not developed, but proposed another theory
(B) The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical chemistry and then explains the process of a chemical reaction to show there is in fact no contradiction.
there is differences or contradiction
(C) The author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed explanation of its function.
not the main point, the point is how chemical reactions happen when there is no heat
(D) The author presents a law of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essential difference between the two.
introduce another reaction is the key
(E) The author presents the fundamental rules of classical chemistry in order to introduce an explanation of a specific chemical reaction.
not a specific one, but of another theory

sunshineatnoonUID: 3584816

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-5-7 09:33
我也没准备，肯定要先看一下论坛里的经验贴吧，我准备今天就开始看~看完了我们可以讨论~

好呀:handshake

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.7 summary!

I now can completely find out the idea and its tricky intention in the questions of old tests. But I can't be complacent as I used to do!
first, stop practicing will weaken my current ability. I need to keep practicing to maintain the feeling of dealing these questions.
second, the revised GRE test is far more difficult than the original one for it added some multiple choices questions that have one or more right answers. This kind of questions are the most difficult ones which will increasing appear in the hard mode! So I must do more exercises

Keep in mind, always keep in mind! only continuous practicing will lead to high score in GRE!

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1493099-7-1.html

other than robin, 况常见 is also awesome!! Her mind status was very similar to mine, so learn form her!
Though I don't know her final score. But what regret will I feel after I worked so hard? Every result from tremendous effort I could accept!

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

from robin
熟词避义.PNG

明显空格里面应该是填carefree careless这种词
我是用排除法选出 blase和cavalier
背过红宝书的都知道 blase是厌倦享乐，但是如果查字典的话，其实blase有多种意思

blase
adjective – very sophisticated especially because of surfeit; versed in the ways of the world

adjective – nonchalantly unconcerned

adjective – uninterested because of frequent exposure or indulgence
琦叔 3000上给的解释也是 apathetic to pleasure or excitement as a result of excessive indulgent.

cavalier
红宝上的解释是骑士
琦叔 3000上没有收录，在同反里面给出两个解释 1, civility 2, haughty
如果查字典发现 cavalier有一个重要意思是 disregard

cavalier
noun – a royalist supporter of Charles I during the English Civil War

adjective – given to haughty disregard of others

noun – a gallant or courtly gentleman

另外还有一个词很想说 chauvinism，红宝和琦叔3000给的解释都是 jingoist
但是 chauvinism有一个很重要的意思是
n. Unwarranted bias, favoritism, or devotion to one's own particular group, cause, or idea.

只能感慨英语语言真是博大精深……最近看3000感觉总是有着一种强烈的质疑的感觉

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.7 comprehension note!

For many years, Benjamin Quarles’ seminal account of the participation of African Americans in the American Revolution has remained the standard work in the field. According to Quarles, the outcome of this conflict was mixed for African American slaves who enlisted in Britain’s fight against its rebellious American colonies in return for the promise of freedom: the British treacherously resold many into slavery in the West Indies, while others obtained freedom in Canada and Africa. Building on Quarles’ analysis of the latter group, Sylvia Frey studied the former slaves who emigrated to British colonies in Canada. According to Frey, these refugees—the most successful of the African American Revolutionary War participants—viewed themselves as the ideological heirs of the American Revolution. Frey sees this inheritances reflected in their demands for the same rights that the American revolutionaries had demanded from the British: land ownership, limits to arbitrary authority and burdensome taxes, and freedom of religion.

17.        According to the passage, which of the following is true about the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution?
(A) Although they were politically unaligned with either side, they identified more with British ideology than with American ideology.
not mentioned ideology
(B) While they were not immediately betrayed by the British, they ultimately suffered the same fate as did African American Revolutionary War participants who were resold into slavery in the West Indies.\
they were not betrayed, those who resold by british were betrayed.
(C) They settled in Canada rather than in Africa because of the greater religious freedom available in Canada.
no such comparison
(D) They were more politically active than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Africa.
no such comparison about political motivation
(E) They were more successful than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled Africa.
relative sentence: these refugees—the most successful of the African American Revolutionary War participants
and these refugees: Frey studied the former slaves who emigrated to British colonies in Canada.
so slaves in Canada is more successful than those in Africa.
The author mentioned the comparison directly

18.        Which of the following is most analogous to the relationship between the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution and the American revolutionaries, as that relationship is described in the passage?
the relationship in the passage is: slaves first combined with British to quash Americans.
Then slave realize that what they want was the same with those Americans' desire.

(A) A brilliant pupil of a great musician rebels against the teacher, but adopts the teacher’s musical style after the teacher’s unexpected death.
(B) Two warring rulers finally make peace after a lifetime of strife when they realize that they have been duped by a common enemy.
(C) A child who has sided with a domineering parent against a defiant sibling later makes demands of the parent similar to those once made by the sibling.
right: child (slave) first combined with parents(British) to fight against a sibling. Then child realize that his demands was similar to those once made by the sibling(America)
(D) A writer spends much of her life popularizing the work of her mentor, only to discover late in life that much of the older writer’s work is plagiarized from the writings of a foreign contemporary.
(E) Two research scientists spend much of their careers working together toward a common goal, but later quarrel over which of them should receive credit for the training of a promising student.
other choices are not analogous

19.        The author of the passage suggests that which of the following is true of Benjamin Quarles’ work?
(A) It introduced a new and untried research methodology.
not mentioned methodology
(B) It contained theories so controversial that they gave rise to an entire generation of scholarship.
not mentioned entire
(C) It was a pioneering work that has not yet been displaced by subsequent scholarship.
relative sentence: Benjamin Quarles’ seminal account of the participation of African Americans in the American Revolution has remained the standard work in the field
(D) It launched the career of a scholar who later wrote even more important works.
no comparison
(E) At the time it appeared, its author already enjoyed a well-established reputation in the field.
not mentioned enjoying or not

20.        Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning Britain’s rule in its Canadian colonies after the American Revolution?
this one is so tough!
The only clue is this sentence: viewed themselves as the ideological heirs of the American Revolution. Frey sees this inheritances reflected in their demands for the same rights that the American revolutionaries had demanded from the British: land ownership, limits to arbitrary authority and burdensome taxes, and freedom of religion.
It indicates that slaves lived in Canada may suffered the same experience with Americans thus struggled for the same rights.

(A) Humiliated by their defeat by the Americans, the British sharply curtailed civil rights in their Canadian colonies.
not mentioned humiliated or not
(B) The British largely ignored their Canadian colonies.
contradict, if British ignore Canadian colonies, then slaves wouldn't ask for the same right
(C) The British encouraged the colonization of Canada by those African Americans who had served on the American side as well as by those who had served on the British side.
not mentioned encouragement
(D) Some of Britain’s policies in its Canadian colonies were similar to its policies in its American colonies before the American Revolution.
right, similar is the key
(E) To reduce the debt incurred during the war, the British imposed even higher taxes on the Canadian colonists than they had on the American colonists.
contradict, these policies would reduce the conflict in Canada

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.7 comprehension note!

The black experience, one might automatically assume, is known to every Black author. Henry James was pondering a similar assumption when he said: “You were to suffer your fate. That was not necessarily to know it.” This disparity between an experience and knowledge of that experience is the longest bridge an artist must cross. Don L. Lee, in his picture of the Black poet, “studying his own poetry and the poetry of other Black poets,” touches on the crucial point. In order to transform his own sufferings—or joys—as a Black person into usable knowledge for his readers, the author must first order his experiences in his mind. Only then can he create feelingly and coherently the combination of fact and meaning that Black audiences require for the reexploration of their lives. A cultural community of Black authors studying one another’s best works systematically would represent a dynamic interchange of the spirit—corrective and instructive and increasingly beautiful in its recorded expression.

25.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers poetry to be which of the following?
(A) A means of diversion in which suffering is transformed into joy
wrong mixed, relative sentence: In order to transform his own sufferings—or joys
the relationship is one or the other, not one transformed into another
(B) An art form that sometimes stifles creative energy
not mentioned stifling
(C) A bridge between the mundane and the unreal
not mentioned unreal and mundane
(D) A medium for conveying important information
relative sentence: A cultural community of Black authors studying one another’s best works systematically would represent a dynamic interchange of the spirit
dynamic interchange of the spirit = important information
(E) An area where beauty must be sacrificed for accuracy
not mentioned

26.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?
(A) Courses that promote cultural awareness through the study of contemporary art
(B) The development of creative writing courses that encourage mutual criticism of student work
(C) Growing interest in extemporaneous writing that records experiences as they occur
relative sentence: the author must first order his experiences in his mind.
one must think about what they want to write, so extemporaneous writing will be least likely approved by the author
(D) A shift in interest from abstract philosophical poetry to concrete autobiographical poetry
(E) Workshops and newsletters designed to promote dialogues between poets
C is obviously contradicted to the passage, so there is no need to waste time to read the other two choices

27.        The author refers to Henry James primarily in order to
(A) support his own perception of the “longest bridge” (lines 6-7)
this concept closely next to Henry James and they talked about the same subject.
(B) illustrate a coherent “combination of fact and meaning” (lines 14-15)
(C) provide an example of “dynamic interchange of the spirit” (line 19)
(D) establish the pervasiveness of lack of self-knowledge
(E) contrast James’s ideas about poetry with those of Don L. Lee
other choice has no close relationship with HJ

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.7 comprehension note!

Many philosophers disagree over the definition of morality, but most disputants fall into one of two categories: egocentrics, who define morality as the pursuit of self-fulfillment, and sociocentrics, who define morality as an individual’s obligations to society. Where does the truth lie? Fortunately, the stem of the word “morality” provides some clues. The word “mores” originally referred to the customs of preliterate cultures. Mores, which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. These mores were concerned with such skills as food-gathering and warfare as well as an individual’s relationships with others. Thus, I submit, “morality” must be concerned with what is honored by the community at large. However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous, cannot perform the duties morality assigns them.

17.        The primary purpose of this passage is to
(A) summarize an argument
(B) resolve a dispute
right, the dispute between egocentrics and sociocentrics
(C) trace a word’s origin
not the motif
(D) prove a hypothesis
no hypothesis
(E) initiate a debate
contradict

18.        According to the passage, mores in preliterate cultures concerned such skills as warfare and food-gathering because these skills were
(A) characteristic of an individual’s self-fulfillment
(B) examples of a culture’s traditions
(C) manifestations of an individual’s ideals
(D) demonstrations of an individual’s contributions to the community
relative sentence: the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.
in service to = contributions
(E) examples of a community’s governing principles

19.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding sociocentrics and egocentrics?
(A) The position of the sociocentrics is stronger than that of the egocentrics.
relative sentence: Thus, I submit, “morality” must be concerned with what is honored by the community at large.
at large basically equals to most.
(B) The positions of the egocentrics and sociocentrics are of equal merit.
(C) There is no merit in the position of the egocentrics.
(D) Neither position contributes very much to an understanding of the definition of morality.
(E) The dispute between the egocentrics and sociocentrics is based on trivial issues.

I did this one wrong because I ignore the one phrase which is the key to this question. So nothing could be ignored in GRE!

20.        With which of the following statements regarding the relationship between the individual and morality would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) Failure in social obligations is the price of success in individual endeavors.
logic leap
(B) The unfulfilled citizen cannot fulfill his moral obligations to the community.
relative sentence: self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous, cannot perform the duties morality assigns them.
(C) Morality is unconcerned with conflicts among citizens.
contradict, self-fulfillment including conflicts among citizens
(D) The unfulfilled citizen is without virtue.
wrong: unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous,
(E) Wealth harms a citizen’s moral standing in the community.
logic leap: not mentioned this far

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

sunshineatnoon 发表于 2015-5-7 10:54
好呀

你有看吗~~你的目标是几分呀？
看了一下王老师的argue step 1看完之后变得完全手足无措了。。。

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.9 comprehension note!

Notable as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.

17.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) defend a controversial interpretation of two novels
no interpretation
(B) explain the source of widely recognized responses to two novels
no source
(C) delineate broad differences between two novels
only part of the passage, narrow the scales
(D) compare and contrast two novels
right! contrast is the first part, compare which is showing the similarity is the second part
(E) criticize and evaluate two novels
no criticize

18.        According the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its
(the subject is Frankenstein)
(A) use of multiple narrators
not mentioned
(B) method of disguising the author’s real purposes
they both
(C) portrayal of men as determiners of the novel’s action
exactly, relative sentence: subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes
(D) creation of a realistic story
they both
(E) controversial effect on readers
not mentioned

19.        Which of the following narrative strategies best exemplifies the “evidentiary narrative technique” mentioned in line 24?
relative sentence: Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.
(A) Telling a story in such a way that the author’s real intentions are discernible only through interpretations of allusions to a world outside that of the story
contradict, the author's intentions are concealee
(B) Telling a story in such a way that the reader is aware as events unfold of the author’s underlying purposes and the ways these purposes conflict with the drama of the plot
contradict, not unfold the author's purposes because it is concealed
(C) Telling a story in a way that both directs attention to the incongruities among the points of view of several characters and hints that the plot has a significance other than that suggested by its mere events
right, incongruities = disjunctions, the inherent tensions = significance
(D) Telling a story as a mystery in which the reader must deduce, from the conflicting evidence presented by several narrators, the moral and philosophical significance of character and event
not mentioned about deducing and philosophical significance of character
(E) Telling a story from the author’s point of view in a way that implies both the author’s and the reader’s ironic distance from the dramatic unfolding of events
contradict, not from the author's point but to  conceal it

20.        According to the passage, the plots of Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein are notable for their elements of
the sentences after the topic sentence, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways, introduce two objects which I marked blue in the passage correspond the choice D
(A) drama and secrecy
(B) heroism and tension
(C) realism and ambition
(D) mystery and irony
(E) morality and metaphysics

I answered this question wrong because I failed to see a paragraph in the perspective of considering the structure instead of details and thus failed to see the two main objects of each sentence and erroneously focused on the specific aspects described after the first main object.

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.9 comprehension note!

The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic. Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea. Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order. This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists’ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.

17.        The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?
relative sentence: When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists’ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.
it means, if the law which is the skills of craftsmanship under the condition of building cathedrals stopped to dominate, other kind of law which was LP should come into superseding.
(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists’ outlooks.
it has ceased to dominate when LP substituting its place.
(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.
right, under the view of philosophers, there must be law and rational control over intuition. So if LP couldn't do this job, then other technical elements would take its place.
(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.
not mentioned about painting
(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.
contradict, it has be rejected that intuitive inspiration was the fundamental element
(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.
not related

I did this wrong because I completely misunderstood the meaning of the last sentence

18.        The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
(A) Does Romantic art exhibit the triumph of intuition over intellect?
contradict. exhibit means actually substantiate. but the passage only suggested that Romantic art believes intuition is the fundamental element, while this view is rejected in the passage. so no demonstration.
(B) Did an emphasis on linear perspective and anatomy dominate Romantic art?
not mentioned about emphasis. only suggests that there should be an alternative for intellectual element which could be LP
(C) Are the intellectual and intuitive faculties harmoniously balanced in post-Romantic art?
not balanced, instead, intellectual and law elements got ascendancy
(D) Are the effects of the rational control of artistic inspiration evident in the great works of pre-Romantic eras?
relative sentence: backcolor=LemonChiffon]Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but ..., This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals
so the answer is yes, in the great works (Gothic cathedrals) indicates the rational control

(E) Was the artistic craftsmanship displayed in Gothic cathedrals also an element in paintings of this period?
not mentioned painting

19.        The passage implies that which of the following was a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers?
(A) Intellectual elements in art exert a necessary control over artistic inspiration.
right
(B) Architecture has never again reached the artistic greatness of the Gothic cathedrals.
not mentioned
(C) Aesthetic philosophy is determined by the technical necessities of art.
not determined but substantiated
(D) Artistic craftsmanship is more important in architectural art than in pictorial art.
not mentioned such comparison
(E) Paintings lacked the intellectual element before the invention of linear perspective and anatomy.
not mentioned paintings

20.        The author mentions “linear perspective and anatomy” in the last sentence in order to do which of the following?
(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture
not mentioned besides under the logic, the author may not talk about painting next
(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce’s theory of the origins of art
no disagreement
(C) Support his point that rational order of some kind has often seemed to discipline artistic inspiration
right
(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture
contradict, LP has no relation with the skills corresponded to craftsmanship
(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period
no sophistication

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.9 comprehension note!

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture of rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

21.        The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it

(A) emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction
(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction
(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction
(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
relative sentence: As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards
(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction

22.        The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism
right
(B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject
only compared at the first
(C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism
narrow the scope
(D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism
assessing it is the point
(E) explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism
narrow the scope

23.        The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt
relative sentence: he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.
I can just find out the right answer by looking at the verb which is assess the merit = judge the merit
(A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction
(B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors
(C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history
(D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition
(E) assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically

24.        The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as
(A) pedantic and contentious
(B) critical but admiring
mentioned the shortcoming and admit its worth
(C) ironic and deprecating
(D) argumentative but unfocused
(E) stilted and insincere

25.        It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?
in the first paragraph, assessing black literary by a standard of political issue
(A) An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writes
(B) A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors
(C) A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes
exactly
(D) An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history
(E) A literary study that attempts to isolate aesthetic qualities unique to Black fiction

26.        The author of the passage uses all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT
(A) rhetorical questions
the third paragraph has questions
(B) specific examples
the last paragraph
(C) comparison and contrast
the first paragraph
(D) definition of terms
not mentioned
(E) personal opinion
the last but two and the last paragraph

27.        The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to
(A) point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism
(B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage
(C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage
(D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatt’s literary analysis
(E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work
right: to bring a little-known work in front of attention

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2015.5.9 comprehension note!

Of Homer’s two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers. Its subject (to use Maynard Mack’s categories) is “life-as-spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods’ involvement in human actions, and to the extent that modern readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler scheme of divine justice. Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troy’s siege, the poem raises historical questions that are absent from the Odyssey’s blithely imaginative world.

17.        The author uses Mack’s “categories” (lines 4-5) most probably in order to
don't pay attention why the author qualify other's words, pay attention the content of the phrase which is contrasted to the other phrase used to describe the other poem.
(A) argue that the Iliad should replace the Odyssey as the more popular poem
(B) indicate Mack’s importance as a commentator on the Iliad and the Odyssey
(C) suggest one way in which the Iliad and the Odyssey can be distinguished
(D) point out some of the difficulties faced by readers of the Iliad and the Odyssey
(E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odyssey can best be distinguished by comparing their respective heroes

18.        The author suggests that the variety of incidents in the Odyssey is likely to deter the reader from
(A) concentrating on the poem’s mythological features
contradict, Odyssey is full of mythological features
(B) concentrating on the psychological states of the poem’s central character
right, not mentioned

(C) accepting the explanation that have been offered for the poem’s popularity
contradict, it is popular
(D) accepting the poem’s scheme of divine justice
contradict, its them is divine justice
(E) accepting Maynard Mack’s theory that the poem’s subject is “life-as-spectacle”
contradict, this is its subject

19.        The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) distinguishing arguments
(B) applying classifications
no application
(C) initiating a debate
not debate, just contrast
(D) resolving a dispute
no debate existed
(E) developing a contrast
right

20.        It can be inferred from the passage that a reader of the Iliad is likely to have trouble identifying with the poem’s hero for which of the following reasons?
(A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.
(B) The hero can be observed by the reader only from without.
(C) The hero’s psychology is not historically verifiable.
(D) The hero’s emotions often do not seem appealing to the reader.
relative sentence: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero
not likable = not appealing
(E) The hero’s emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the reader’s attention.

cindyrangUID: 3601069

楼主加油！我也是准备闭关杀G一战！

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2015.5.9 comprehension note!

Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played—exactly as written—on the piano. A strong analogy exists between European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edvard Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States. Composers like Scott Joplin and James Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags.

It has sometimes been charged that ragtime is mechanical. For instance, Wilfred Mellers comments, “rags were transferred to the pianola roll and, even if not played by a machine, should be played like a machine, with meticulous precision.” However, there is no reason to assume that ragtime is inherently mechanical simply because commercial manufacturers applied a mechanical recording method to ragtime, the only way to record pianos at that date. Ragtime’s is not a mechanical precision, and it is not precision limited to the style of performance. It arises from ragtime’s following a well-defined form and obeying simple rules within that form.
The classic formula for the piano rag disposes three to five themes in sixteen-bar strains, often organized with repeats. The rag opens with a bright, memorable strain or theme, followed by a similar theme, leading to a trio of marked lyrical character, with the structure concluded by a lyrical strain that parallels the rhythmic developments of the earlier themes. The aim of the structure is to rise from one theme to another in a stair-step manner, ending on a note of triumph or exhilaration. Typically, each strain is divided into two 8-bar segments that are essentially alike, so the rhythmic-melodic unit of ragtime is only eight bars of 2/4 measure. Therefore, themes must be brief with clear, sharp melodic figures. Not concerned with development of musical themes, the ragtime composer instead sets a theme down intact, in finished form, and links it to various related themes. Tension in ragtime compositions arises from a polarity between two basic ingredients: a continuous bass—called by jazz musicians a boom-chick bass—in the pianist’s left hand, and its melodic, syncopated counterpart in the right hand.

Ragtime remains distinct from jazz both as an instrumental style and as a genre. Ragtime style stresses a pattern of repeated rhythms, not the constant inventions and variations of jazz. As a genre, ragtime requires strict attention to structure, not inventiveness or virtuosity. It exists as a tradition, a set of conventions, a body of written scores, separate from the individual players associated with it. In this sense ragtime is more akin to folk music of the nineteenth century than to jazz.

17.        Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the passage?
(A) To contrast ragtime music and jazz
wrong, jazz a little part of the passage
(B) To acknowledge and counter significant adverse criticisms of ragtime music
no acknowledge
(C) To define ragtime music as an art form and describe its structural characteristics
right, define is in the second paragraph and structure is in the third paragraph
(D) To review the history of ragtime music and analyze ragtime’s effect on listeners
effect on listener is little part
(E) To explore the similarities between ragtime music and certain European musical compositions
wrong, narrow the scope

18.        According to the passage, each of the following is a characteristic of ragtime compositions that follow the classic ragtime formula EXCEPT:
(A) syncopation
(B) well-defined melodic figures
(C) rising rhythmic-melodic intensity
(D) full development of musical themes
relative sentence: Not concerned with development of musical themes, the ragtime composer instead sets a theme down intact
so no full development
(E) a bass line distinct from the melodic line

19.        According to the passage, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Anton Dvorak, and Scott Joplin are similar in that they all
(A) conducted research into musicological history
(B) wrote original compositions based on folk tunes
relative sentence: who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions
(C) collected and recorded abbreviated piano suites
(D) created intricate sonata-like musical structures
(E) explored the relations between Black music and continental folk music

20.        The author rejects the argument that ragtime is a mechanical music because that argument
(A) overlooks the precision required of the ragtime player
(B) does not accurately describe the sound of ragtime pianola music
(C) confuses the means of recording and the essential character of the music
relative sentence: because commercial manufacturers applied a mechanical recording method to ragtime, the only way to record pianos at that date.

(D) exaggerates the influence of the performance style of professional ragtime players on the reputation of the genre
(E) improperly identifies commercial ragtime music with the subtler classic ragtime style

21.        It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that the most important feature of ragtime music is its
(A) commercial success
(B) formal structure
relative sentence: Ragtime style stresses a pattern of repeated rhythms, not the constant inventions and variations of jazz.
so D & E is wrong
(C) emotional range
(D) improvisational opportunities
(E) role as a forerunner of jazz

22.        It can be inferred from the passage that the essential nature of ragtime has been obscured by commentaries based on
(A) the way ragtime music was first recorded
relative sentence: because commercial manufacturers applied a mechanical recording method to ragtime, the only way to record pianos at that date.
(B) interpretations of ragtime by jazz musicians
(C) the dance fashions that were contemporary with ragtime
(D) early reviewers’ accounts of characteristic structure
the site is just an example to substantiate the misapprehension of ragtime music, not evidence shows it is from early reviewers
(E) the musical sources used by Scott Joplin and James Scott

23.        Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime composition as described in the passage?
relative sentence: Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure
so the relationship between Ragtime music and its source should be one derived from another area and further improved it
(A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz motifs
they are in the same area
(B) An experimental novel based on well-known cartoon characters
they are in the same area
(C) A dramatic production in which actors invent scenes and improvise lines
invent, wrong
(D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography is based on folk-dance steps
right
(E) A painting whose abstract shapes evoke familiar objects in a natural landscape
evoke, wrong