1006GKiKi的备考日记--努力不一定会成功，但不努力一定不会

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

小组第一次作业 写了I130和A112 找到很好的130破题~~真的写得很好~~

0506G同主题写作第五期－－issue130
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=256227

另一个破题，是imong的帖子里的~~

我曾经用一个issue去请教他：How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. 结果他给我回了满篇的问题，看得我目瞪口呆：

What is a society? How is it determined? Are there shared characteristcs between societies? Who determines or controls the major institutions in a society and why? What about minority society?

What is socialization? What does it consist of? Why? When does socilization start? Or end? Why?

What does destiny have to do with anything? Using 'destiny' in this passages assumes what?

Who is the 'we'? In any society there are multiple kinds of groups of different peoples. Does the 'we' include voices from all of them? Why or why not? Who controls or suppresses those other voices? Why?

What does 'better society' mean - democray, equality between men and women, voting, free press, freedom of association? When the concept 'better society' is used, if it is not to be empty, includes discussion of all these other concepts and others. How are children taught those? How are adults taught those?

他说这只不过是培养良好逻辑思维方式的一种方法。如果娴熟了，这些问题就会自然而然的在脑海里冒出来。看来，准备issues不是非要一篇篇的去练习，而是培养一种思维，以不变应万变。

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

昨天怎样都憋不出来作文，今天就好多啦~~昨天是issue48和A4

issue48的破题
0510G同主题写作第五期——Issue48  https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=300690&extra=page%3D1
0706G同主题写作第七期——Issue48  https://bbs.gter.net/thread-618074-1-1.html

今天是I 144和 A 101&167

issue 144---传说中的艺术类第一高频啊~~
0910AW SPECTACULAR之【同主题写作】第四期ISSUE144 艺术家和批评家间的爱恨情仇 https://bbs.gter.net/thread-960664-1-1.html
同主题写作第四期issue144 artists&critics  https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=255061
0610G同主题写作第一期——Issue144  https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=491556&extra=page%3D1
0706G同主题写作第九期——Issue144  https://bbs.gter.net/thread-622910-1-1.html

A--167（传说中的薰衣草啊~~）
0910AW SPECTACULAR之【同主题写作】第七期－－ARGUMENT101&167 君子之辩 https://bbs.gter.net/thread-968841-1-1.html
0710G同主题写作第三期——Argument167   https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=714914&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D103

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

名词grammar 继续~~

1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
　　advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计
　　equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
　　furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色
　　information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
　　knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量
　　baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
　　cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声
　　apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
　　clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动
　　paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
　　technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
　　2．
复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
　　economics 经济学 measles 麻疹

　　physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
　　mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病，佝偻病
　　dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
　　The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报

2．
就近原则：
由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引导的主语，
谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
　　Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
　　3．
就远原则：主语，＋ as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
　　My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
　　我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
　　同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等

　　5． and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
　　War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
　　战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
　　同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
　　law and order
       bread and butter
　　apple pie and ice cream
       folk and knife
　　wheel and axle 轮轴
       needle and thread
　   love and hate
      egg and rice 蛋炒饭
8．
由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a …
等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
　　Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
　　No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

I--17 和A--17的破题~~

0606G同主题写作第十七期——argument17

0606G同主题写作第十八期——issue17

kiki今天又写不出issue了~~伤心~~~恩 明天一定要全补上~~kiki加油~~

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

Grammar

13. Tables are made of ______
A. wood
B. woods
C. wooden
D. some woods

19. You should do more _____. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your ____
A. exercise; exercises B, exercises; exercise C. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise

20. What____! Where did you get them?
A. big fish B. a big fish C a piece of big fish D. big a fish

21. Have you received ______ of his coming ?
A. a word
B. words
C, the word
D. word


13 B 19 A(exercise在含义为运动时不可数，含义为作业时可数) 20 A (fish是不可数名词)21 D（消息 不可数）

4. The teacher from American gave us ________ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice
B. some advices
C. some advice
D. a piece of advices


C

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

grammar~


代词
五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。
如： They love each other.他们彼此相爱。

不定代词中，none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。

3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1)
宾格代替主格
a.
在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。
---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me.--我可不要了。

注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

3.3 代词的指代问题
3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。

3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －> 第二人称 －> 第三人称
we－>you －>They
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

3.7 反身代词

2）做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。
Please sit down.请坐。

3） 作表语； 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.

5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。

3.8 相互代词
1）相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。

说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多

3.9 指示代词
说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
(错)He is going to marry this.（this作宾语时不能指人）

说明2：
That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
(错) He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）

3.10 疑问代词
说明2：
Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）

3.11 关系代词

3） 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

economist~

The 44th president

Renewing America

George Bush has left a dismal(令人忧郁的)legacy（遗留物）（留下了个烂摊子）, but Barack Obama can do much to repair the damage.

SHORTLY after midday on January 20th, Barack Obama will sit for the first time at the desk where the buck（雄鹿） stops. The American presidency is always the world’s hardest and most consequential job, but it seems particularly so this month. A global recession of a severity（艰苦环境） not seen for perhaps 80 years; a new war in the Middle East and old ones in Africa; missions very far from accomplished in Iraq and Afghanistan; a prickly（棘手的）Russia and a rising China. These international challenges must jostle（挤，推） for the president’s attention alongside noisy domestic concerns like rocketing（急速上升的） unemployment, the desperate need for a better health-care system, exploding deficits（迅速增加的亏空） and failing cities. The burdens, surely, are too many for one man to bear.

xYet neither America nor the world seems to see it that way. A crowd of 2m or more is making its way to Washington, DC, to witness the inauguration（就职典礼） of Mr Obama. Billions more will watch it on television. All will do so in a spirit that has been missing for a while—one of optimism.

This is not just because a presidency knocked（批评，非难） sideways（斜向一边） by the events of September 11th 2001, is ending. Next week’s inauguration(就职典礼) also bears witness to America’s awesome（令人敬畏的） power of self-renewal（自行更新）. Because he is young, handsome and intelligent, and also because as the child of a Kansan and a Kenyan he reconciles使和谐 in his own person one of the world’s most hateful divisions（界限）, Mr Obama carries with him the hopes of the planet. Too much so, for sure. But what might the world realistically hope for from Mr Obama’s presidency? Many would argue, after the disaster that surrounded George Bush’s Iraq adventure, that to rebuild its foreign relationships America must become a more modest giant, more obviously constrained（束缚） by international law ' R0 S' L/ W( pand more committed to working even-handedly for peace in the Middle East and elsewhere. In some ways, that is surely right. Less of Mr Bush’s Manichaean（摩尼教的） arrogance would be welcome.

With us, not withdrawn

This does not mean that America should become more isolationist. Most of the world’s biggest problems still cry out for its leadership; and an America that withdraws to heal its domestic wounds will not serve the world well. No one seriously imagines that peace can come to the Middle East without America. Neither Russia, nor China, nor the EU has any appetite to lead efforts to confront nuclear proliferation核扩散 by Iran or North Korea. Sometimes, as with Kosovo in the 1990s, America needs to act even when the UN hesitates. Above all, America must lead efforts to grapple with（抓住） the global recession, through its dominant position at the IMF, its vital（必不可少的） role in resisting the siren（警报器） call of protectionism and the stimulative effect of the vast government outlays（费用） Mr Obama is planning. Yet a president who understands, as Mr Bush did not, that America is not the uncontested hyperpower of the 1990s—one who values “soft power” more than the hard version—will be a change for the better. An America led by such a man will listen more carefully to and work more closely with allies and rivals（竞争对手）, will strive（力求） harder to respect the laws it has signed up to and might enter into new commitments, for instance to tackle解决，应对 climate change. A renewal of America’s respect for constitution and law would be welcome at home as well as abroad. George the Second disdained（轻视） the rules of governance established by his forefathers. He wiretapped（窃听） citizens without authority, secretly permitted the use of torture and dismissed prosecutors（检举人） on political grounds. Mr Obama seems determined not to follow his example. He has appointed a liberal（开放的） outsider to run the CIA and a noted academic to head his office of legal counsel法律顾问. America’s, said one of its founders, should be “a government of laws and not of men”. Under Mr Bush and Dick Cheney, it often seemed the opposite.

But it is the domestic economy which will consume most of Mr Obama’s time. And here American renewal must take two opposite forms. In some ways, the times cry out for more active government: for stronger regulation of banks and near-banks, for much more short-term government spending to counteract（抵消） the contraction（缩紧） elsewhere in the economy, and for the establishment of a basic health-care system for everyone. But Mr Obama also needs a plan to shrink（退缩） other aspects of government over the longer term. Without reform of expensive entitlements（授权，有资格）, the federal government faces bankruptcy. Cutting entitlements at the same time as buying hundreds of billions of dollars-worth of bad loans from Wall Street is difficult politics, to say the least. But at least Mr Obama has acknowledged that he will have to do it. A more equitable（合理的） health system coupled with a path towards budget reform would, on their own, make Mr Obama’s presidency a remarkable one. And at least he has the votes in Congress to make it happen.

What chance success?

Mr Bush (see article) had a simplistic tendency to see the world through ideological and partisan（党派性的）spectacles（眼镜）. He hung on to bad advisers for longer than he should have; he divided the world too often into good and evil; and he plotted（密谋） to establish a Republican hegemony（统治） although he had sold himself to the electorate（全体选民） as bipartisan（两党的）. In economic matters, he was too prone（易于…的） to sacrifice the long-term good for short-term gain. He seemed curiously（奇妙地） incurious about vital details, such as the conduct of the war in Iraq.

Mr Obama seems to be different. By offering the most prized cabinet（内阁） job to his rival, Hillary Clinton, and by keeping on Robert Gates, the defence secretary, who has done a good job, Mr Obama has shown a determination not to surround himself with cronies. He has put together a team which has impressed almost everyone with its calibre能力 and its centrism中间派政策. He has been tough already, dispatching（派遣） blunderers（错误的人） and being prepared to admit to mistakes. He has repeatedly warned Americans that he will have to do unpleasant things.

The next four, or eight, years may be a disappointment, a triumphant（成功的）
renewal（重生） or something in between. Mr Obama is inexperienced, and right now the world looks especially forbidding（可怕的）. But he is a respectful and thoughtful man, and that is a good start.

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

Effective writing 4

Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.

you need to narrow down your choices, ask yourself “Why should you write about this, and why should anyone read it?”

Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.

Jot down everything that comes to mind

to give yourself the opportunity of considering a subject from several different points of view， What questions would the other person ask?

See if you can find a fresh analogy（类推法） that opens up a new set of ideas.

Make a tree, outline, or whatever helps you to see a schematic（纲要的）representation of what you have. You may discover the need for more material in some places.

Write a first draft.

Watch especially for the need to clarify or add more information.


5
Writing with computers

Free-writing

Writing a email message

making an outline

planning visually
To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas.

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

Grammar

3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor


b. all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well.一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night， all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the way
2) 当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。（some= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。

3.17 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each
1．anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a)none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b)none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。

3．every 和each
1)every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。

Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。

Each student may have one book..每个学生都可有一本书。
2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3)every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

Every student has to take one.

Each boy has to take one.

Each of the boys has to take one.

4)every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
5)every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。
6)every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

固定搭配:
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。

动词的时态

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.


7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.

2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
8 用现在进行时表示将来

意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?

过去时与现在完成时比较
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

今天一下子忽然很难过很难过 六级成绩出来 好差 不上600 不开心

草木也知愁UID: 2487572

做的很用心

很好啊~ 加油！

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

41# 草木也知愁

谢谢草木版主~~kiki一直是照你的组做的日志呢~~很是感激呢~~版主10G加油哦~~

恩~~小小声问一句~~版主考完10G后有空帮kiki看下作文么~~kiki是11月的机考呢~~

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

最近kiki都没上坛子~~~不过作业可没有落下呢~~

Grammar~~

11 用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

15 过去完成时
2） 用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, leftB，were writing, has leftC. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中 when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意：had no … when还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
19 不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.

2) 心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.

3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.

4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.

22 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately


(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)

23 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
24 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
25 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
Look, here comes Mr. Li.

26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
He is dying.


连词

连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence（因此，所以）, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。

Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.


注意： not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.


2 比较and和or
1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。

2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：

There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错：
(错) We will die without air and water.
(错) We can't live without air or water.
(对) We will die without air or water.
(对) We can't live without air and water.


5 表原因关系
注意：
a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

b. although… yet…，但although不与 but连用。
(错)Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(对)Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

effective writing~~

Conciseness（简明）: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness（多嘴）
1. Eliminate unnecessary determiners and modifiers（修饰语）
Here's a list of some words and phrases that can often be pruned away（删除） to make sentences clearer:

kind of sort of type of really basically for all intents and purposes

definitely actually generally individual specific particular

2. Change phrases into single words

3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases

4. Avoid overusing expletives（感叹词） at the beginning of sentences
Expletives are phrases of the form it + be-verb or there + be-verb. Using the expletive construction allows the writer to emphasize the urgency of the situation by placing the word imperative near the beginning of the sentence. The most common kind of unnecessary expletive construction involves an expletive followed by a noun and a relative clause beginning with that, which, or who. In most cases, you can create a more concise sentence by making the noun the subject of the sentence, and eliminating the relative pronoun.

5. Use active rather than passive verbs

6. Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs

7. Reword unnecessary infinitive phrases（不定短语）

8. Replace circumlocutions with direct expressions

Here are some other common circumlocutions that can be compressed into just one word:

the reason for for the reason that owing/due to the fact that in light of the fact that considering the fact that on the grounds that this is why	=because, since, why
on the occasion of in a situation in which under circumstances in which	=when
as regards in reference to with regard to concerning the matter of where ________ is concerned	=about
it is crucial that it is necessary that there is a need/necessity for it is important that cannot be avoided	=must, should
is able to has the opportunity to has the capacity for has the ability to	=can
it is possible that there is a chance that it could happen that the possibility exists for	=may, might, could

9. Omit（省略） words that explain the obvious or provide excessive（过分的） detail

10. Omit repetitive（重复） wording

KiKi~淇水滺滺UID: 2679824

还看了efficetive里的TS和signposting~~~还有主题句~~

然后是一篇素材~~什么是历史~~作者黎鸣~~真的是灰常灰常的犀利~~

以下是摘抄~~

什么是历史呢？历史就是光阴之度者的连续或断续之中的记录。但这里所讲的历史，并不只是人类的历史，而是万物的历史。人类的历史还需要有更进一步的限定。
人类的历史至少还必须分有如下的三个部分：
第一个部分是人类的生物史，或生命史；
第二个部分是人类的社会史；
第三个部分是人类的精神史。
人类的生物史或生命史，是目前人类已获得初步认识的人类的全部生命基因密码子。按照人类的共同属性而言，这样的密码子总共有十万组，而超出这十万之数的其他的密码子只能被称作“乱码”。换言之，这十万之数的生命基因密码即决定了人类全部生命的历史特征。再换言之，这十万之数的生命基因密码子中所蕴含的信息，即人类到今天为止的基本上已经终结的生命的全部记录——人类的生物史，或生命史。尽管人类还将继续生存下去不知多少万年，甚至上亿年，但作为人类生命历史的生命基因密码子的信息数量的记录却基本上已趋于饱和，或者说即使有新的增加，数量上也极其微略。即是说，人类生命基因密码子所含信息量的历史记录不必随着时间的累积而无限地增加。说到底，人类的生物史或生命史，几乎已经终结了。
人类的社会史是到目前为止人类已经创造出来的所有文化基因所含信息量的记录。人类中的民族或国家不同，他们所拥有的文化基因的信息的数量级也将不同。如果说上述的人类生物史或生命史是由人类的生命基因的信息量来决定的话，那么人类不同民族或国家的社会史，则将由他们各自所拥有的文化基因的信息量来决定。


很显然，在接触到西方文化之前，中国的文化基因的信息量早就已经停止了有效的增长。从秦汉到明清，中国的历史几乎全都只在作“分久必合，合久必分”的重重复复的拷贝运动。按照日裔美国人富兰克林．福山的说法，到２０世纪末，西方的历史也同样进入了终结的阶段；现在还有历史（文化基因信息增量）变化的民族或国家，基本上已不再在西欧和北美，而更多集中在亚、非、拉美等洲的民族或国家，它们正在以飞快的速度吸取西欧、北美人类的信息（作为他们固有历史的新的信息增量），并迅速向已经终结的西欧、北美人类社会的历史模型靠拢，实质上是被西欧、北美的“历史模型”飞快地同化，一旦完全被同化，他们也将立即进入历史的“终结”。这就不能不讲到人类历史的最重要的第三部分了。
第三部分是人类的精神史。如果说西方人的历史“终结”了，那是因为西方人类的精神史，也即他们的哲学史在２０世纪中期就已经处于停顿状态了。什么是人类的精神史？人类的精神史其实就是人类文化基因的“自由”创新史，增量史，或人类文化发展和创新的“自由”的运动史。在我看来，因为《西方哲学死了》，所以西方人类的精神史也已到顶了，再也难以前进了。而在过去，西方人的文化基因的信息量之所以能够远远高于其他人类，特别是高于中国人，那是因为他们的哲学具有着强大的创造新文化基因的“自由”的动力（能量），而中国人的精神，却几乎早在两千多年前开始确立“独尊儒术”的汉代以来，就已经变得完全僵死了，文化基因“自由”创新的动力源泉事实上早就枯竭了；然而到了现在，西方哲学的“自由”动力也同样进入了强弩之末，所以，西方人的总的历史，也正如福山所言：“终结了”。虽然亚、非、拉美等洲民族或国家的历史暂时还没有“终结”，但它们也只不过是在加速被“同化”地走向欧、美式的“终结”而已，它们自己内部甚至更缺乏创造新文化基因的“自由”能量，或者如同中国，他们固有的历史在若干个世纪之前早就已经“终结”了。

中国人必须清醒地认识到，两千多年来中国的历史，之所以被“终结”地停顿，其最重大的根源即在两千多年前确立的“独尊儒术”，以及孔夫子及其儒家长期以来对中华民族精神的几乎绝对的垄断。在这种绝对的精神垄断之中，中国人之中根本就产生不了哲学和哲学家，中国人的有价值的文化基因早在两千多年前就已经进入了无力增进的“饱和”状态。