【备考日志】草莓酱拌饭小组 by Napery—小手札记：世界是我们想象的画布。

123runfordreamUID: 2697608

101# Napery


没什么意思。某日灵感突降。O(∩_∩)O哈哈~

喜欢简单点的。貌似不怎么响亮...

不过你为什么选X。？....

不问这种问题了...就像你可能会问我为什么选C。一样...

很多事情不需要答案。开心地去努力就好！

上课去...

123runfordreamUID: 2697608

草木是mm，66是loli，无可置疑~~:lol
cinderella1016 发表于 2009-11-11 20:59

草木是MM？...
这么强大的MM...

NaperyUID: 2710990

小爪子临睡前我来看你咯。。。哈哈  看着你我很有压力啊··哇咔咔。。。

我也要认真，我也要认真起来。。。。我时日无多了····

话说回来。。。有点想把专业课丢掉的冲动。。。那么多作业还让不让人活。。 ...
海王泪 发表于 2009-11-13 00:52

呃 某爪比较想扔个炸药包把学校给炸了 这样比较实在

哎 不要有压力

我最近都没怎么学

因为专业课作业很纠结 sigh。。。

但是啊 专业课千万别丢掉啊 他会阴魂不散啊。。。

NaperyUID: 2710990

其实在和G友讨论的时候，也可以有些小收获，顺带着考验下自己是否到底学到了啥没有。。。

C。的帖子
问题来了：
1.关于写作的开头，上一周effective writing里草木是这么教导我们的——“主题句一般出现在开头的最后一两句．这个规定我搜索了不下２０个网站，都是这样要求的，可见，这个规定大家最后遵守，我想，阅卷 ...
123runfordream 发表于 2009-11-12 22:58

偶的回帖~~
关于66叔的那篇文章，我觉得他主要的目的是想告诉我们，不过过多的依赖于那种模板式的开头，
而且提醒我们像这样重述或者有点类似废话的开头，在考试的过程中是不讨喜的。
66叔给的那篇自己写的范例，也只是想要给大家个示范，以实例的形式告诉大家或许这样写会比所谓的模板要更恰当一些，
这样写更能体现作者比一般那些模板追随者更有逻辑性，嘿嘿。

他在最后一段也说了，

我没有想过提供更多可借鉴的东西，更不希望大家把我给的那个开头的例子总结成某个新的模板，我更希望通过这篇不算太长的文章传递一种新的，有别于XDF的思想，模板是我一直痛恨的东西，机缘巧合之下我也没有去成XDF，算是我的不幸，因为我必须用比别人更长的时间来入门，也算我的幸运，因为我的内心深处的思想是自由的，没有受到任何拘束。当我写的文章多了，我自己也有了固定的表达方式，我不知道这算不算是我的模板，会不会阻碍我的进步，但我知道自己在不停的思考，不停的试图从每一微小的方面提高，满足ETS那变态的要求。常言道：“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”，不可否认，新东方和一些其他的陈旧思维在速成和入门方面，的确是做出了不可磨灭的贡献。然而，写作是一门艺术，端正写作的态度更是一种财富，当大家都开始蜂拥的追求更快更方便的途径的时候，ETS关闭了高分的大门，唯有不停的思考，不停的总结，才能够返璞归真，真正懂得：考试的目的不是折磨人，而是一种化蝶前的蜕变。

66叔写这个帖子，无非是向大家传递他自己在备考在思索的过程中的一些想法。
正如C。也说啦，有思考就好。
我觉得看66叔这个帖子，有不少收获，其中之一就是关于一个好的ARGUE开头实际上是和ISSUE开头有相似的功能的。
另外就是审题的那个方法，分清事实和推论，
简化脉络，或许在写开头的时候就有一个整体的框架。
而66叔给的那个首段的范例，我觉得可以再开始的时候稍微模仿一下，体会一下66叔在帖子里所传达的阵阵含义——对模板弃之，自己思考+总结

嘿嘿  个人己见。

NaperyUID: 2710990

66叔亲身说法！！！！

恩，既然讨论到这个了我就来回一下
很多不同看法都是在于我给出的那个例子，不少人认为我就是推荐这么写，其实不是的。
每个人看问题有自己的角度，这才是构成这个世界如此多样性的基础，即使写AW这种文章也是一样的。
我在introduce to heavens of flowers那个汇总贴里面就提到过：这些文章，仅仅是我个人的心得，目的是让后来者少走一点弯路，不保证适合每个人，更不保证符合ets的胃口。因此如果是仅仅想学我的这种写法，那不是一个明智之举。
这些文章，更像是我对泛滥aw版面的模板提出的一个檄文，战斗的口号。当大家用简易的方式无法达到目的，却仍然被那种方法迷惑的时候，我希望能做一个推陈出新的模范，让大家有机会从另一个角度看待这个问题。
我希望的是在大家读完我的文章以后，有两个想法：1.文章原来可以这么写。 2.其实我有更好的想法xxx
这样我就没有白写那些东西了~

NaperyUID: 2710990

ARGUE112 下午搞定

感觉比入组之前写的第一篇比较顺手。

接着写作业去。

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1028752-1-1.html

NaperyUID: 2710990

晚上动工185 争取写完
某爪子果真是效率出奇的低啊。。。。

185动工之前先去做I50 A4的审题工作。。。。。
审题很重要！

爪子加油！！！！

NaperyUID: 2710990

I don't want life to imitate art,I want life to be art.------Carrie Fisher
我不要生活模仿艺术，我要生活就是艺术。——C.费希尔

To think is to live.  ----Cicero
能思考意味着人还活着。------西塞罗

NaperyUID: 2710990

What I have lived for?

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge,
and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither,
in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.

对爱情的渴望，对知识的追求，对人类苦难不可遏制的同情，是支配我一生的单纯而强烈的三种感情。
这些感情如阵阵巨风，吹拂在我动荡不定的生涯中，有时甚至吹过深沉痛苦的海洋，直抵绝望的边缘。

I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed
all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible
loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.
I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature,
the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.
This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found.

我所以追求爱情，有三方面的原因。首先，爱情有时给我带来狂喜，这种狂喜竟如此有力，以致使我常常会为了体验几小时爱的喜悦，
而宁愿牺牲生命中其他一切。其次， 爱情可以摆脱孤寂——身历那种可怕孤寂的人的战栗意识，有时会由世界的边缘，观察到冷酷无生命的无底深渊。
最后，在爱的结合中，我看到了古今圣贤以及诗人们所梦想的天堂的缩影，这正是我所追寻的人生境界。虽然它对一般的人类生活也许太美好了，
但这正是我透过爱情所得到场最终发现。

With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men.
I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power
by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.

我曾以同样的感情追求知识，我渴望去了解人类的。也渴望知道星星为什么会发光，同时我还想理解毕达哥拉斯的力量。
[我还试图弄懂毕达哥拉斯学说的力量，是这种力量使我在无常之上高踞主宰地位。我在这方面略有成就，但不多。]

Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens.
But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.
Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons,
and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.
I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

爱情与知识的可能领域，总是引领我到天堂的境界，可对人类苦难的同情经常把我带回现实世界。
那些痛苦的呼唤经常在我内心深处引起回响。饥饿中的孩子，被压迫被折磨者，给子女造成重担的孤苦无依的老人，
以及全球性的孤独、贫穷和痛苦的存在，是对人类生活理想的无视和讽刺。我常常希望能尽自己的微薄之力去减轻这不必要的痛苦，
但我发现我完全失败了，因此我自己也感到很痛苦。

This had been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

这就是我的一生，我发现人是值得活的。如果有谁再给我一次生活的机会，我将欣然接受这难得的赐予。

“我为何而生？”这是一个难参的人生之题，但是任何人都无法回避。
罗素的回答是：爱、知识和怜悯，这三者囊括了西方文化的精髓。
纵观罗素的一生，可以说痛苦与欢欣并存，不过自始至终，痛苦也是他生活的动力，
在心底里，他还是像雪莱的诗里写的那样：“爱波涛暴风狂和狂澜，——几乎任何事物”，
深沉的爱和痛苦汇成一股崇高的悲悯的力量，指引他去追求人类更为理想的生活。

NaperyUID: 2710990

学习
1、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."
我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多；意见分歧阻碍了学习。
[Study from contradiction/学习方法、态度/ agreement V.S. disagreement]

4. "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。
[Study from contradiction/发展与发展的关系/ academic specialism V.S. generalist and intersection/闭门造车，旁观者清]

18. "Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."
只有被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳，并把它与其他观点进行比较，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。
[分歧与统一（教育-学习类）/行为：质疑/ agreement V.S. disagreement]

28. "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的/学生们只有在学习了事实的来龙去脉后才有必要记住这些事实。只学习事实本身的学生是学不到多少东西的。
[Study methods/学习态度/局部和整体之触类旁通]

42. "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."
因为学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，因此所有年龄的学生如果经常以群体的方式工作，他们会在学术上获益非浅。
[学习方法、态度/少数和多数之学习小组]

57. "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
57=117=204
通过书本获得的知识要比通过直接体验获得的知识要更加丰富和广泛。
[学习方法、态度/直接经验和间接经验]

59. "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
人们把太多的精力放在模型和范例上。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最好的选择。
[学习和创造力/模式化和独立思考]

73. "In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge."
在大多数职业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识更加重要。
[Imagination想象力和知识/想象的力量/创造力与知识]

92. "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."
在任何学术或者职业领域中，承认我们知识和理解的不足同获取新的知识同等重要。
[自我批评/学术界/科研/Philosophy]

117. "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
57=117=204
从书本中获得的知识要比通过直接经验获得的知识内容更加丰富，范围更加广阔。
[直接经验和间接经验]

122. "We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed."
Similar to No.1
我们所掌握的知识差不多都是源于持不同意见者而非意见相同者。
[Study from contradiction/统一和分歧之知识/学习方法、态度/ agreement V.S. disagreement]

138. "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."
不犯错误就不会有发现和进步。
失败乃成功之母。
[Personal success 个人成功/发展/Philosophy]

164. "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."
有时候想象力是比经验更有价值的财富。缺少经验的人得以自由的想象任何可能性，并且由此可以达成一个目标而不受既定习惯和态度的限制。
[Imagination想象力和经验/想象的力量/创造力与经验]

177. "The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."
一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。
[知识对于人类的影响/联系历史类，科技-历史/科技与人/ Scientific research, learning, subjects/教育的目的]

179. "What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open--but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."
大多人真正想要得到的不是知识而是结论。获得真正的知识需要冒险和不停歇的思考----但是大多数人更愿意获得确定的答案而不是去学习复杂而不确定的真理。
[独立思考/个人学习/ Philosophy]

181. "The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things."
127=157=181=239
学生和学者们在诠释学术研究对象时使用的方法更多的是一种个性化（因人而异）而非一种培训（模式化）。不同的诠释来自于具有不同个性的人在看待相同的目标、事实、数据或者事件的时候以及他们在看待不同事情的时候。
/学生和学者们解释他们研究领域物质的方式更多与个性而不是训练有关。不同的解释来自不同人对同样物体，事实，数据或者时间时所看见的不同。
[个体和整体之学术方法论/人的认识观价值观/科研与个性/fact: Objectivity V.S. subjectivity]

183. "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
随着我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。
[学习和认知/ Individual study and technological advancement]

200. "The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."
最艰深难懂的学问都是自知之明的，这些学问通常都是独立发展起来的而不是通过和其他人的交流。
[少数和多数之自知之明的学问/人在社会的反思（联系区别与相似）/ Behaviors: Individuals &group、society/Philosophy]

204. "We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."
57=117=204
我们通过直接经验来学习，如果没有通过体验来接受一个理论就等于根本没学。
[直接经验和间接经验/学习方法，态度]

217. "In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."
为了创作出成功的原创著作，学者和科学家们必须研究别人的著作以了解这些著作仍然保持着哪些贡献。
[他山之石可以攻玉，科学是承前继后的过程/学术界：历史/ traditional maintenance V.S. innovative development (inheritance V.S. breakthrough)/创新与传统]

229. "The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole."
学习一门新学科或者新技术的最好方法是深入的学习某一个小的部分或者细节，而不是一开始就试图去从整体来把握。
[整体和局部的关系/个人学习/ 学习方法、态度/ Scientific research, learning, subjects]

NaperyUID: 2710990

政治
3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
3=56
与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。
[当务之急和百年大计的关系/社会]

8."It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."
政治领导们在公众面前有所保留是必要的，甚至是必须的。
[隐私权与知情权/政府与人民]


17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
有两种法律：公正的和不公正的。每个社会成员都有责任遵守公正的法律，但是更重要的是，更应该不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。
[社会和个人之法律公正么？/政府—法律]

20. "National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."
任何一个国家的政府都应该为孩子而不是为成人建设更多的社会项目和服务。
[孩子和成人之社会建设,social phenomenon/未来教育/政府的作为]

24. "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."
当权者谨慎并有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作最有效。
[效率与道德/Leader政治家]

43. "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
43/169
一个官员要想成为一个好的领导，他必须有极高的伦理和道德标准。
[效率与道德/Leader政治家]

44. "Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear."
44/119
44=69 但与31观点相反
政府不应该去资助一个预期结果不明确的科学研究，不管它是医学还是道德伦理。
[政治与科研/ investment on science科技]

45. "Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."
45=79=195=202=160≈145
政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该被群众的愿望所左右。
[判断标准—（社会分歧与统一）/政府与人民ego principle, judgment V.S, mass inclination]


56. "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
政府应该把更多的精力放到解决眼前实际的问题中，而不要放到未来可能会产生的问题中。
[Similar to 211/分配 长短期]

69. "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
44/119
44=69 但与31观点相反
政府应该对科学研究和发展尽量少地加以限制。
[政治与科研/ investment on science科技]


79. "Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."
45=79=195=202=160≈145
重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓更熟悉这些东西，因此能有更好的判断力和远见。
[政治的专业化/判断标准—（社会分歧与统一）]

82. "Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit."
政府绝对不应该审查博物馆要展览的艺术品和历史陈列。
[艺术/政府的作为/social phenomenon]

83. "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people."
政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地区，尽管这些地区人烟稀少。
[环保/政府的作为]

85. "Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."
政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的完整性。
85/101
[政府与艺术]

97. "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."
尽管很不幸，但是一个事实，政治决定和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
[影响/政治与生活]

101. "Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people."
85/101
政府通过对艺术家资助使艺术更加繁荣,使更多的人能享受到艺术。
[政府与艺术]

105. "The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens."
当政府的意愿要经受民众的挑战时，国家政权才得以淋漓尽致的表现。/ 一个国家真正的力量可以最好体现在他的政府愿意容忍来自于自己国民的挑战。
[政府的目的/政府与人民]

108. "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings -- trials, debates, meetings, etc -- that are televised, the more society will benefit."
8/29/108/167
在很多国家，人们一打开电视就能看到政府人员办公的场景。观看这样的场景有助于人们理解影响他们生活的决议。政府办公的过程，如日常事物、辩论、会议等，向人们开放得越多，人们就越能从中受益。
[政治与媒体/隐私权与知情权]

119"When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"
当考察一些领域的优势时，比如科学、教育等，最需要考虑的问题是：现在的人们有多少会从中获益？
[科技Scientific research, learning, subjects]

160. "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."
45=79=195=202=160≈145
一个好的领导最主要的品质就是对某些特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导，如果他很容易受到大众化观点的影响，那他就一事无成。
[判断标准—（社会分歧与统一）/Leader与道德/政府与人民ego principle, judgment V.S, mass inclination]


167. "It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician."
12/167
一个好的政治领导在任何时候都能告诉大家事实的真相是不可能的。对于政治来说，太诚实并不见得是一个美德。
[隐私权与知情权]

169. "Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other."
43/169
任何认为政治和道德是两码事的人即不能理解政治又不能理解道德的。
[效率与道德/政治和道德]

174. "Laws should not be stationary or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
法律不应该太严格、太固定。他们应该根据实际情况而有伸缩性。
[法律]

178. "It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."
控制限制人们行为的法律可能通过,但立法不能改变人们本性.法律无法改变人们所思所想.
[法律和道德]

180. "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
现代社会的很多问题是法律和立法系统无法解决的，因为道德行为是无法用法律约束的。
[道德和法律/政府-法律/法律Law]

195. "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."
45=79=195=202=160≈145
政治的目标不应该是追求一个理想，而是寻找普遍合理的大多数人的意见。
[政府的目的/ ego principle, judgment V.S, mass inclination]

202. "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."
45=79=195=202=160≈145
和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最好的政治领导应该经常听从民众的意愿，并且愿意为了妥协放弃原则。
[判断标准—（社会分歧与统一）/政府与人民ego principle, judgment V.S, mass inclination]

NaperyUID: 2710990

社会
2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。
2=37
[竞争对于社会的优点和缺点/social phenomenon/社会和竞争/竞争与合作]
9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
4/9/220
近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。除非学者们能拥有影响到大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。
[过分专业化问题 overspecialization/ academic specialism V.S. generalist and intersection/学术界
15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
一个社会的稳定取决于该社会对人们极端行为所做出的反应。
[抽象型题目/分歧与统一/政治（成功）/ Social phenomenon]
16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
尽管许多人认为现代生活的奢华和便利是丝毫没有坏处的，但是这实际上让人们无法成为真正强大和独立的个体。
[社会和个人之发展问题/Impact of technology/社会于人 --- 社会性/个人成功]
19. "If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
如果一个社会要繁荣就必须将社会整体的成败置于单个社会成员的幸福之上。
[社会与个人/少数和多数之成功/ Behaviors: Individuals &group、society]
22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
很多人认为只是一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）促成了他们的思维和行动。其实一直以来不是一些个人而是社会作为一个整体在定义我们和我们的态度。
少数和多数之定义人生
[社会与个人/影响行为因素/媒体/initiative V.S. physical environment; inner V.S. outer cause]
23. "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而很少去注意更大的问题和全局。
[少数和多数之细节信息/ Impact of technology/科技]
29. "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
像演员、政治家和运动员这样的公众人物应该预料到大众会对他们的私生活感兴趣。当他们希望受人瞩目的时候就应该至少预期到会失去一些隐私（被大众得知一些隐私）。
[少数和多数之公众人物的隐私/隐私权与知情权/媒体与名人/行为类]
33. "Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."
16/33/59/161
在当代社会，打造一个引人入胜的外表已经变得比外表下的内容更加重要了。
[外表和内容/社会于人--社会性/外表和内涵]
40. "Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会做出贡献。更重要的是关注他们如何追求实现自己的兴趣，无论那些兴趣显得是多么的非同寻常。
[少数和多数之科学家]
41. "Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。
[少数和多数之非主流学科]
46. "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."
政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成功归因于一种高度的竞争意识，然而一个社会还是应该更好的为那些即将成为领导者的年轻人灌输一种合作的意识。
47. "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect--that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills."
社会对于理性还是重视不够，比如推理和认知的能力。
[独立题目]
58. "The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves."
现代生活越来越快的节奏弊多利少。
[利多弊少题型]
61. "High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."
最高荣誉比如诺贝尔奖实际上是在损害社会，因为这种奖项在暗示只有少数人才配得上这样的荣誉。
[少数和多数，精英和大众]
65. "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups."
人们被社会鼓励而将注意力集中于显而易见的差异上，以至于人们已经无法看到各种理念、个人和群体之间的有意义的相似。
[统一和差异]
70. "In any profession--business, politics, education, government--those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
在任何领域中----商业、政治、教育、政府----掌权者应该在五年后就让位。这是任何机构获得成功的最好的方式：通过更新领导者而保持活力。
[新手和老手/政治领导]
72. "One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities."
人们可以通过研究一个社会的主要城市来了解它最重要的特点。
[少数和多数之以小见大]

77. "People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole."
现在的人们太个人主义了。与其追求以个人为中心和孤立的目标，人们更需要明白满足是源于为家庭、社区或者整个社会的更大利益的服务。
[少数和多数]
89. "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."
领导者主要是由身负的责任所造就的。
45/79/89/160/202
[时势造英雄/判断标准—（社会分歧与统一）]
93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
个人责任的概念是一种很必要的虚构。尽管社会必须让个人对他们自己的行为负责，但是人们的行为很大程度上不是自己能够左右的。
[少数和多数之个人责任]
113. "It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."
如果我们要定位自己最重要是要定位自己所处的社会团体。
120. "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了。
[现在和过去]
126. "Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself."
社会给予的客观奖励并不能衡量真正的成功。真正的成功只能是取决于一个人为他自己设定的目标。
[客观和主观]
133. "The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time."
现代社会的问题是很多人都在抱怨：“我们生活在一个可怕的时代。”但是假设让他们选择的话，现在的人们仍然会选择现在而不是其他的时代。
[时间]
140. "What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."
被社会自诩为是它最伟大的社会、政治和个人成就的东西结果往往带来最大的非议。
[社会和人民大众]
142. "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."
当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会就会繁荣昌盛。
149. "The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects."
保护野生环境最实际和最有效的途径就是通过环保的（旅游）项目吸引更多的旅游者来这些地区（旅游）。
[环保和旅游的关系]
152. "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."
公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚尽可能多的钱。
160. "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."
对于一位强有力的领导者来说，最关键的能力就是要对一些原则和目标坚定不移。任何领导如果很频繁的、很轻易的为大众意志而转移的话，他将会一事无成。
[少数和多数之领导与大众]
170. "The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."
一个伟大国家最真实的体现不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就，而是他所有老百姓的普通福利（幸福）。
[社会精英和人民大众]
171. "People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."
能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福利的人。
[个人和整体之动机]
174. "Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
法律不应该是僵化或固定的，而应该根据不同的环境、时期和地点而足够灵活。
[法律的灵活性]
178. "It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."
通过法律可以控制或者限制人们的行为，但是立法是无法改变人类本性的。法律无法改变人们的感情和思想。
185. "Scandals--whether in politics, academia, or other areas--can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could."
丑闻----无论是政治、学术还是其他领域----可能会是有用的。丑闻可以用演说家或者改革家无法使用的手段让我们注意到某些问题。
193. "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."
真正具有长远意义的，不是那些被炒作的政治事件，而是那些鲜有报道的社会变化。
198. "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."
社会应该多一些鼓励个人间的差异而不是统一。
203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
了解一个社会特点最好的方法是去考察被这个社会视为英雄的人们的特点。
220. "The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."
知识的增加促使了人们的专业化。其结果是不同的专业化领域之间的差异变得越来越大以至于各个领域中的专业人员很少能够互相影响了。
[少数和多数的关系之专业化 ]
42. "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."
社会应该以不计人类的努力、时间和金钱为代价，尝试挽救每一个动植物物种。
[人类和物种]
244. "Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them."
大多数社会都没把最伟大的思想家当回事，虽然有时候这些社会自称是求才若渴的。
[社会和思想家]

NaperyUID: 2710990

文化
10. "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."
10/72
政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在这些主要城市。
[政府/文化表现]
72. "One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities."
一个人要真正了解一个社会的最大的特点，只用研究一下它的主要城市即可。
[文化表现]

NaperyUID: 2710990

艺术
14. "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."
每个人都应该阅读诗歌、小说、神话以及各种各样的想象文学。
[Imagination works/想象的力量/教育]
36. "The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them,
not by their contemporaries."
一个人是否伟大是由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。
[时间先后/历史与人/艺术+思想+科技等方面的伟大
之时代效应]
76. "Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."
真正深刻的思想家和充满创造力的艺术家总是超前于他们所在的时代和社会的。
[另类天才/艺术+思想+科技等方面的伟大
之时代效应]
172. "Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time."

真正的真理一开始都是不讲道理的，至少是令人不舒服的，并且是和那个时代已被接受的真理相抵触的。
[艺术+思想+科技等方面的伟大
之时代效应/ insularity of age(时代的局限性)]

NaperyUID: 2710990

科技：
7"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."
数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。

23"Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
前的科学技术提供的信息总是由很多小的信息片段组成。这导致了人们总是专注于零碎的信息，而很少注意到大的问题和整体的框架结构

30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
技术进步的最主要的目标就是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间

31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."
花费在研究上的金钱总是很好的投资，即使研究结果是有争论的

38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books." [Education image words]
在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少

40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
对待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。而应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊

44"Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear."
政府不应该去资助一个预期结果不明确的科学研究，不管它是医学还是道德伦理。

57"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience." [Education image words]
书本中学的到的知识远比实际经验中学到的知识多

66"As people relying more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."
人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却每况愈下，政府应该对科学研究和发展尽量少地加以限制。。

69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development." [政府/政治与科研/艺术与科学]
不管专家们的贡献有多大，人们总是错误地怀疑他们，不信任他们

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."[education]
如果想要和一大群人交流思想，最有效的方法是利用图形，而并非语言

88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." [科技的影响/科技对社会的影响/科技与社会/人性/]
科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和民族习惯

92"In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."
在所有专业学术领域，认识到我们的不足和获取新的信息同等重要

107"Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view."
实时通信系统鼓励人们在很短的时间内做出反应并确立自己的观点，而不是花费较多时间去产生一个深思熟虑、近乎完美的观点

108."In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings - trials, debates, meetings, etc. - that are televised, the more society will benefit." [Education image words]
在很多国家，人们一打开电视就能看到政府人员办公的场景。观看这样的场景有助于人们理解影响他们生活的决议。政府办公的过程，如日常事物、辩论、会议等，向人们开放得越多，人们就越能从中受益

114"Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."
人性在上个世纪并没有给社会的发展带来多大帮助。技术取得了革命性的发展，但是整个世界的人性并没有得到改善。战争、暴力、贫穷一直困扰着我们。技术的发展并不能带动人性的发展

118"In any field of endeavor—the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.—it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."
任何领域的努力，科学、人性、社会科学、工业等等，我们最大的收获是成功路上的经验和发现，而不是成功本身的获取。（本句不太有把握）

119"When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"
当考察一些领域的优势时，比如科学、教育等，最需要考虑的问题是：现在的人们有多少会从中获益？

124"Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before."
快餐、实时通讯、快递，所有的这些最新发明都是为了节省人们的时间。但具有讽刺意味的是，这些发明非但没有给人们带来更多的闲暇时间，反而让人们的生活节奏越来越快

129"Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life."
科学技术对现代生活是必须的，但并非任何时候都能起到积极的作用。

150"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."
通过电视和全世界联网的计算机，人们得以了解很多他们没有去过的地方。所以，旅游事业会越来越不景气

151"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
高速的电子通讯媒介，如电子邮件和电视，阻止了人们有感情的交流。（不妥？）

155"Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important." [Education]
当代的社会提供了很多学习的途径，读书学习这种方式已经不再重要了

159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds." [科技对社会的影响/科技与人/stunt out brains]
人总是比机器聪明，因为机器只不过是人类的工具而已

166"Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable."
上个世纪大多数的科技贡献都使人们的生活更舒适。

187"It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."
人们很容易接受改革和新的观点。但是，人们难以接受的是把新的观点运用到实际中来。

196"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
科学技术产生了许多不能解决的问题，对人们的生活质量构成威胁

215"The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time." [Education image words]
当今社会大规模的视觉冲击使得人们在将来很长一段时间都不能对某个问题有清晰全面的看法。（不确定）

216"Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another."
重大的发现和发明都是偶然的：通常情况下人们为了某个问题寻找答案，但往往通过这个答案发现了另外的东西

217"In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."
为了能有更成功的作品，科学家和学者必须首先研究那些别人已经取得的成功，然后确定哪些成就是未做的但是需要做的

219"Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with—much less contribute to—the quantity of information that is now available electronically."
现在计算机技术已经能快速地访问大量的信息，人们已经没有以前想的深了。他们感觉根本无法，也没有意义去和现在电子设备的信息量相比。

237"Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works." [Education image words]
计算机和电视技术可以在每个人面前再现许多原作，如绘画作品、历史文件等。这项新技术最大的优点就是使得每个人，而并不只是学者，无须通过原作就能对其进行深入的研究