1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by rushtosummer——学贵有恒

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（27）Non&Count Nouns
Count and Noncount Nouns: Basic Rules
Some/Any: Some and any countable and uncountable nouns.
Much/Many: Much modifies only uncountable nouns. Many modifies only countable nouns.
Little/Few: Little modifies only uncountable nouns. Few modifies only countable nouns.
A lot of/lots of:
A lot of/lots of are informal substitutes for much and many. They are used with uncountable nouns when they mean much and with countable nouns when they mean many.
A little bit of:
A little bit of is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.
Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
No: No modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
Count and Non-Count Nouns (with Plurals, Articles, and Quantity Words)
Count
·I've had some difficulties finding a job. (refers to a number of specific problems)
·The talks will take place in the Krannert building. (refers to a number of specific lectures)
·The city was filled with bright lights and harsh sounds. (refers to a number of specific lights and noises)
Noncount
·She succeeded in school with little difficulty. (refers to the general idea of school being difficult)
·I dislike idle talk. (refers to talking in general)
·Light travels faster than sound. (refers to the way light and sound behave in general)
Note: Sometimes a usually noncount noun can be understood as one item separate and distinct from other items of the same category. The nouns that function in this way often denote foods and beverages: food(s), drink(s), wine(s), bread(s), coffee(s), fruit(s), and so on.
A Revision of the Rule

	Pluralizes with -s	Doesn't Pluralize
Count Noun	XX
Count Use	XX
Noncount Noun		XX
Noncount Use		XX

Articles

	a, an	the	this, that	these, those	no article
Count singular	XX	XX	XX
Count plural		XX		XX	XX
Noncount		XX	XX		XX

Quantity Terms

	much, less, little, a little, very little	some, any, most, more, all, a lot of, no, none of the	many, both, several, few/fewer/fewest, a few, one of the, a couple of	each, every, any, one
Count singular				XX
Count plural		XX	XX
Noncount	XX	XX

Categories of Uncountable Nouns

Abstract	Material	Generic	Non-Plurals with -s
Advice help information knowledge trouble work enjoyment fun recreation relaxation	Meat rice bread cake coffee ice cream water oil grass hair	Fruit wildlife equipment machinery furniture mail luggage jewelry clothing money	Mathematics economics physics civics ethics mumps measles news tennis (other games)

Little, Quite a little, Few, Quite a few
Little and quite a little
modify only uncountable nouns.
They offered quite a little help for my problem. (meaning "a large amount")
Few and quite a few modify only countable nouns.
Quite a few restaurants in this town offer vegetarian dishes. (meaning "a large number")
A little bit of, Quite a bit of
These informal phrases usually precede uncountable nouns. Quite a bit of has the same meaning as quite a little and is used more commonly.
There's a little bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a small amount")
There's quite a bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a large amount")

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（28）In/Dependent Clauses
Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses
Independent Clause
An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.
Dependent Marker Word
A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause.
Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.
Connecting dependent and independent clauses
1. Coordinating Conjunction
The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction.
2. Independent Marker Word
An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.
Some Common Errors to Avoid
Comma Splices
Incorrect: I like this class, it is very interesting.
Fused Sentences
Incorrect: My professor is intelligent I've learned a lot from her.
Sentence Fragments
Incorrect: Because I forgot the exam was today.
Run-ons - Comma Splices - Fused Sentences
1. Join the two independent clauses with one of the coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet), and use a comma before the connecting word.
_________________________, and _________________________.
2. When you do not have a connecting word (or when you use a connecting word other than and, but, for, or nor, so, or yet between the two independent clauses) use a semicolon (;).

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（29）Adjective or Adverb
Adjectives modify nouns. Generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions: Which?
What kind of?
How many?
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Generally speaking, adverbs answer the question how. (They can also answer the questions when, where, and why.)
Some other rules:
Most of the time, adjectives come before nouns. However, they come after the nouns they modify, most often when the verb is a form of the following:
be, feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, seem.
Be sure to understand the differences between the following two examples:
"The dog smells carefully." Here, carefully describes how the dog is smelling. We imagine him sniffing very cautiously.
But:
"The dog smells clean." Here, clean describes the dog itself. It's not that he's smelling clean things or something; it's that he's had a bath and does not stink.
Avoiding Common Errors
1.Bad or Badly?
When you want to describe how you feel, you should use an adjective So you'd say, "I feel bad." Saying "I feel badly" would be like saying you play football badly. "I feel badly" would mean that you are unable to feel, as though your hands were numb.
N.B. Sometimes people say "I feel badly" when they feel that they have done something wrong. 2.Good or Well?
Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good, but you do well and live well. Remember, though, that an adjective follows sense-verbs and be-verbs, so you also feel good, look good, smell good, are good, have been good, etc.
3.Sure or Surely?
Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb.
N.B.
Surely can also be used as a sentence-adverb. For example, "Surely, you're joking." Here, surely describes the entire sentence "you're joking." The sentence more or less means, "You must be joking."
4.Near or Nearly?
Near can function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Nearly is used as an adverb to mean "in a close manner" or "almost but not quite." Here are some examples that demonstrate the differences between various uses of near and nearly.
o"I'll be seeing you in the near future." Here, near describes the noun "future."
o"The cat crept near." Near is an adverb that describes where the cat crept.
o"Don't worry; we're nearly there." Here, nearly describes how close we are.
Near can also be used as a verb and a preposition.
o"My graduation neared." Here, neared is the verb of the sentence.
o"I want the couch near the window." Near is a preposition at the head of the phrase "near the window."

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（30）Adjectives and Adverbs
Rule #2: An adjective always follows a form of the verb be when it modifies the noun before the verb.
Rule #3: Likewise an adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of appearance — feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and seem — when it modifies the noun before the verb.
Be careful to notice whether the word modifies the subject or the verb in the sentence. If the word modifies the subject, you should use an adjective. If the word modifies the verb, you should use an adverb. 
Avoiding Common Errors
Good or Well?
Confusion can occur because well can function either as an adverb or an adjective. When well is used as an adjective, it means "not sick" or "in good health." For this specific sense of well, it's OK to say you feel well or are well — for example, after recovering from an illness. When not used in this health-related sense, however, well functions as an adverb; for example, "I did well on my exam."
Double-negatives
Scarcely and hardly are already negative adverbs. To add another negative term is redundant, because in English only one negative is ever used at a time

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（31）Appositives
An appositive is a noun or pronoun — often with modifiers — set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it. Here are some examples of appositives (the noun or pronoun will be in blue, the appositive will be in red).
Your friend Bill is in trouble
An appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but it may also precede it.
A bold innovator, Wassily Kadinsky is known for his colorful abstract paintings.
Punctuation of appositives
In some cases, the noun being explained is too general without the appositive; the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence. When this is the case, do not place commas around the appositive; just leave it alone. If the sentence would be clear and complete without the appositive, then commas are necessary; place one before and one after the appositive.
Here are some examples.
The popular US president John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
John Kennedy, the popular US president, was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
John Kennedy the popular US president was quite different from John Kennedy the unfaithful husband.

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（32）Irregular Verbs
Commonly Confused Verbs
LIE versus LAY

Lie vs. Lay usage
Present	Past	Past Participle
lie, lying (to tell a falsehood)	I lied to my mother.	I have lied under oath.
lie, lying (to recline)	I lay on the bed because I was tired.	He has lain in the grass.
lay, laying (to put, place)	I laid the baby in her cradle.	We have laid the dishes on the table.

Example sentences:
After laying down his weapon, the soldier lay down to sleep.
Will you lay out my clothes while I lie down to rest?
SIT versus SET

Sit vs. Set usage
Present	Past	Past Participle
sit (to be seated or come to resting position)	I sat in my favorite chair.	You have sat there for three hours.
set (to put or place)	I set my glass on the table.	She has set her books on my desk again.

Example sentences:
Let's set the table before we sit down to rest.
RISE versus RAISE

Rise vs. Raise usage
Present	Past	Past Participle
rise (steady or customary upward movement)	The balloon rose into the air.	He has risen to a position of power.
raise (to cause to rise)	They raised their hands because they knew the answer.	I have raised the curtain many times.

Example sentences:
The boy raised the flag just before the sun rose.

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2010年1月13日
复习内容：
将GMAT写作论证论据素材大全看完；
看完艺术；教育两个专题。

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（33）Numbers
Writing Numbers
Words: six million dollars
Figures: only $31.50
Days and Years
December 12, 1965 or 12 December 1965
A.D. 1066
in 1900
in 1971-72 or in 1971-1972
the eighties, the twentieth century
the 1980's or the 1980s
Time of Day
8:00 A.M. (or) a.m. (or) eight o'clock in the morning
4:30 P.M. (or) p.m. (or) half-past four in the afternoon
Addresses
16 Tenth Street
350 West 114 Street
Identification Numbers
Room 8
Channel 18
Interstate 65
Henry VIII
Page and Division of Books and Plays
page 30
chapter 6
in act 3, scene 2 (or) in Act III, Scene ii
Decimals and Percentages
a 2.7 average
13 1/4 percent
.037 metric ton
Large Round Numbers
four billion dollars (or) $4 billion
16,500,000 (or) 16.5 million
Notes on Usage
Repeat numbers in legal or commercial writing.
Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent.
NOT: two apples, 6 oranges, and 3 bananas
Write out numbers beginning sentences.

Six percent of the group failed.
NOT: 6% of the group failed.
Use a combination of figures and words for numbers when such a combination will keep your writing clear.

Clearer: The club celebrated the birthdays of six 90-year-olds who were born in the city.

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（34）Prepositions
Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing Objects
One point in time
On is used with days
At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day
In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons
Extended time
To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from—to, from-until, during,(with)in
Place
To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express something contained: inside, to talk about the surface: on, to talk about a general vicinity, at.
Higher than a point
To express notions of an object being higher than a point, English uses the following prepositions: over, above.
Lower than a point
To express notions of an object being lower than a point, English uses the following prepositions: under, underneath, beneath, below.
Close to a point
To express notions of an object being close to a point, English uses the following prepositions: near, by, next to, between, among, opposite.
To introduce objects of verbs
English uses the following prepositions to introduce objects of the following verbs.
At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare
She took a quick glance at her reflection.
(exception with mirror: She took a quick glance in the mirror.)
Of: approve, consist, smell
Of (or about): dream, think
For: call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish
Prepositions of Direction: To, On (to), In (to)
To, into, and onto correspond respectively to the prepositions of location at, in, and on. Each pair can be defined by the same spatial relations of point, line/surface, or area/volume.
Introduction
The basic preposition of a direction is "to."
TO: signifies orientation toward a goal
When the goal is physical, such as a destination, "to" implies movement in the direction of the goal.
ON + TO = onto: signifies movement toward a surface
IN + TO = into: signifies movement toward the interior of a volume
To the extent that these pairs do differ, the compound preposition conveys the completion of an action, while the simple preposition points to the position of the subject as a result of that action. This distinction helps us understand how directional and locational prepositions are related: they
Uses of "to"
To occurs with several classes of verbs.
Verb + to + infinitive
Verbs in this group express willingness, desire, intention, or obligation.
Willingness: be willing, consent, refuse
Desire: desire, want, wish, like, ask, request, prefer
Intention: intend, plan, prepare
Obligation: be obligated, have, need
In other cases "to" is used as an ordinary preposition.
Verbs of communication: listen, speak (but not tell), relate, appeal (in the sense of 'plead,' not 'be attractive')
Verbs of movement: move, go, transfer, walk/run/swim/ride/drive/ fly, travel
Except for transfer, all the verbs in listed here can take toward as well as to. However, "to" suggests movement toward a specific destination, while "toward" suggests movement in a general direction, without necessarily arriving at a destination:
Uses of "onto"
"Onto" can generally be replaced by "on" with verbs of motion.
Verbs taking only "on" are rare: set may be another one, and so perhaps is put. Other verbs taking both prepositions are raise, scatter (when it takes a direct object), pour, and add.
Simple prepositions can combine with verbs, but compound prepositions cannot.
There are a number of verb-preposition combinations which are formally like "add on" but have the meaning "of continuing or resuming an action" when used in the imperative mood.
·
Hang on(to the rope) ('continue to grasp tightly')
·
carry on ('resume what you were doing')
·
sail on ('resume or continue sailing')
·
dream on ('continue dreaming'; a humorous way of saying 'that is an unattainable goal')
·
lead on ('resume or continue leading us')
·
rock on ('continue playing rock music')
Uses of "into"
With verbs of motion, "into" and "in" are interchangeable except when the preposition is the last word or occurs directly before an adverbial of time, manner, or frequency.
In this case only in (or inside) can be used.
The patient went into the doctor's office. The patient went in. (not into)
Verbs expressing stationary position take only "on" or "in" with the ordinary meanings of those prepositions.
If a verb allows the object of the preposition to be omitted, the construction may have an idiomatic meaning.
The doctor is in. ('available for consultation')
When "move in" is followed by a purpose clause, it has the sense of "approach".
The lion moved in for the kill.
When "into" is used with move, it functions as an ordinary preposition to convey the idea of moving something from one place to another.
We'll move your brother's old bed into your room.
Prepositions of Spatial Relationship
Above, Across, Against, Ahead of, Along, Among, Around, Behind, Below, Beneath, Beside, Between, From, In front of, Inside, Near, Off, Out of, Through, Toward, Under, Within

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（35）Pronouns
Using Pronouns Clearly
Pronouns should:
1. Agree in number
the words everybody, anybody, anyone, each, neither, nobody, someone, a person, etc. are singular and take singular pronouns.
2. Agree in person
If you are writing in the "first person" ( I), don't confuse your reader by switching to the "second person" ( you) or "third person" (he, she, they, it, etc.). Similarly, if you are using the "second person," don't switch to "first" or "third."
3. Refer clearly to a specific noun.
Don't be vague or ambiguous.
NOT: Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged. (Is "it" the motorcycle or the tree?)
Pronoun Case

Pronouns as Subjects	Pronouns as Objects	Pronouns that show Possession
I	me	my (mine)
you	you	your (yours)
he, she, it	him, her, it	his, her (hers), it (its)
we	us	our (ours)
they	them	their (theirs)
who	whom	Whose

The pronouns This, That, These, Those, and Which do not change form.
Some problems of case:
1. In compound structures, where there are two pronouns or a noun and a pronoun, drop the other noun for a moment. Then you can see which case you want.

Not: Bob and me travel a good deal.
(Would you say, "me travel"?)
2. In comparisons. Comparisons usually follow than or as:
He is taller than I (am tall).
Comparisons are really shorthand sentences which usually omit words, such as those in the parentheses in the sentences above. If you complete the comparison in your head, you can choose the correct case for the pronoun.
3. In formal and semiformal writing:
Use the subjective form after a form of the verb to be.
Formal: It is I.
Informal: It is me.

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（36）Subject/Verb Agreement
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree
1. When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.
2. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or nor, use a singular verb.
3. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.
4. Doesn't is a contraction of does not and should be used only with a singular subject. Don't is a contraction of do not and should be used only with a plural subject. The exception to this rule appears in the case of the first person and second person pronouns I and you. With these pronouns, the contraction don't should be used.
5. Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and the verb. The verb agrees with the subject, not with a noun or pronoun in the phrase.
6. The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a singular verb.
7. Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require singular verbs.
Note: the word dollars is a special case. When talking about an amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.
Five dollars is a lot of money.
Dollars are often used instead of rubles in Russia.
8. Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, and shears require plural verbs. (There are two parts to these things.)
9. In sentences beginning with there is or there are, the subject follows the verb. Since there is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows.
10. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but that are considered singular and take a singular verb, such as: group, team, committee, class, and family.
In some cases, a sentence may call for the use of a plural verb when using a collective noun.
11. Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as well do not change the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is too.

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（37）verb tense
Verb Tense Consistency
·
Controlling Shifts in Verb Tense
Generally, writers maintain one tense for the main discourse and indicate changes in time frame by changing tense relative to that primary tense, which is usually either simple past or simple present. Even apparently non-narrative writing should employ verb tenses consistently and clearly.
General guideline:
Do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each action or state is the same.
Do shift tense to indicate a change in time frame from one action or state to another.
·
Controlling Shifts in a Paragraph or Essay
General guideline:
Establish a primary tense for the main discourse, and use occasional shifts to other tenses to indicate changes in time frame.
Hints:
·Rely on past tense to narrate events and to refer to an author or an author's ideas as historical entities (biographical information about a historical figure or narration of developments in an author's ideas over time).
·Use present tense to state facts, to refer to perpetual or habitual actions, and to discuss your own ideas or those expressed by an author in a particular work. Also use present tense to describe action in a literary work, movie, or other fictional narrative. Occasionally, for dramatic effect, you may wish to narrate an event in present tense as though it were happening now. If you do, use present tense consistently throughout the narrative, making shifts only where appropriate.
·Future action may be expressed in a variety of ways, including the use of will, shall, is going to, are about to, tomorrow and other adverbs of time, and a wide range of contextual cues.
Using Other Tenses in Conjunction with Simple Tenses
·
General Guidelines for Use of Perfect Tenses
Past primary narration corresponds to Past Perfect (had + past participle) for earlier time frames
Present primary narration corresponds to Present Perfect (has or have + past participle) for earlier time frames
Future primary narration corresponds to Future Perfect (will have + past participle) for earlier time frames
The present perfect is also used to narrate action that began in real life in the past but is not completed, that is, may continue or may be repeated in the present or future.
Time-orienting words and phrases like before, after, by the time, and others—when used to relate two or more actions in time—can be good indicators of the need for a perfect-tense verb in a sentence.

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2010年1月14日
复习内容：看完十页素材。

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（38）Parts of Speech Overview
Nouns
In a sentence, nouns answer the questions who and what.
concrete, abstract, proper.
Pronouns
Articles
Articles include a, an, and the. They precede a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence.
Adjectives
Adjectives may precede nouns, or they may appear after a form of the reflexive verb to be (am, are, is, was, etc.).
Verbs
A verb is a word that denotes action, or a state of being, in a sentence.
Some words in a sentence may look like verbs but act as something else, like a noun; these are called verbals.
Adverbs
Just as adjectives modify nouns, adverbs modify, or further describe, verbs. Adverbs may also modify adjectives. (Many, though not all, adverbs end in -ly.)
Conjunctions
And, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet
can all act as conjunctions.
Prepositions
Prepositional phrases convey a spatial, temporal, or directional meaning.
Below is a list of prepositions in the English language:
Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without.

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（39）Quotation Marks
How to Use Quotation Marks
Using Quotation Marks
Direct Quotations
Direct quotations involve incorporating another person's exact words into your own writing.
1. Quotation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a quotation and fail to close it at the end of the quoted material
2. Capitalize the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence.
3. Do not use a capital letter when the quoted material is a fragment or only a piece of the original material's complete sentence.
4. If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation.
5. In all the examples above, note how the period or comma punctuation always comes before the final quotation mark. It is important to also realize that when you are using MLA or some other form of documentation, this punctuation rule may change.
When quoting text with a spelling or grammar error, you should transcribe the error exactly in your own text. However, also insert the term sic in italics directly after the mistake, and enclose it in brackets. Sic is from the Latin, and translates to "thus," "so," or "just as that." The word tells the reader that your quote is an exact reproduction of what you found, and the error is not your own.
6. Quotations are most effective if you use them sparingly and keep them relatively short. Too many quotations in a research paper will get you accused of not producing original thought or material (they may also bore a reader who wants to know primarily what YOU have to say on the subject).
Indirect Quotations
Indirect quotations are not exact wordings but rather rephrasings or summaries of another person's words. In this case, it is not necessary to use quotation marks. However, indirect quotations still require proper citations, and you will be commiting plagiarism if you fail to do so.
Many writers struggle with when to use direct quotations versus indirect quotations. Use the following tips to guide you in your choice.
Use direct quotations when the source material uses language that is particularly striking or notable. Do not rob such language of its power by altering it.
Use an indirect quotation (or paraphrase) when you merely need to summarize key incidents or details of the text.
Use direct quotations when the author you are quoting has coined a term unique to their research and relevant within your own paper.
Extended Rules for Using Quotation Marks
Altering the Source Material in a Quotation
There are approved methods for altering quotes for either clarity or succinctness.
·
Quote length
If the original quote is too long and you feel not all the words are necessary in your own paper, you may omit part of the quote. Replace the missing words with an ellipsis.
·
Quote context
If the context of your quote might be unclear, you may add a few words to provide clarity. Enclose the added material in brackets.
Use single quotation marks to enclose quotes within another quotation.
Quotation Marks Beyond Quoting
Quotation marks may additionally be used to indicate words used ironically or with some reservation.
Do not use quotation marks for words used as words themselves. In this case, you should use
italics.
Additional Punctuation Rules when Using Quotation Marks
Use a comma to introduce a quotation after a standard dialogue tag, a brief introductory phrase, or a dependant clause.
Put commas and periods within quotation marks, except when a parenthetical reference follows.
Mullen, criticizing the apparent inaction, writes, "Donahue's policy was to do nothing" (24).
Place colons and semicolons outside closed quotation marks.
Place a question mark or exclamation point within closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the quotation itself. Place the punctuation outside the closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the whole sentence.
Quotation Marks with Fiction, Poetry, and Titles
Block Quotations
Quoting Poetry
Writing Dialogue
Quotation Marks with Titles
Use quotations marks for:
Titles of short or minor works
Songs
Short Stories
Essays
Short Poems
One Act Plays
Other literary works shorter than a three act play or complete book
Titles of sections from longer works
Chapters in books
Articles in newspapers, magazines, or journals
Episodes of television and radio series
Underlining or italics are used for the titles of long pieces or works that contain smaller sections.