1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by rushtosummer——学贵有恒

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这次考G不是为了立即出国读研，研究生看来是要在国内读了。不过，我觉得比起自己的专业，我还是更喜欢英语，所以并不觉得G有多可怕。保研后，压力不算大，我想让这一段日子过得充实而有意义。我讨厌临时抱佛脚，虽然有时候也不免那样，但是那种火烧眉毛的感觉真的很不爽。不喜欢毫无准备时的挑战和压力。因此，厚积薄发，每天进步一点点，学贵有恒~~

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

看到备考小组的消息之后就开始做草木留下的作业，下面是fundamental writing course的学习笔记（1）：
STUDY NOTES
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
I think these 20 questions is quite useful. Sometimes we meet topics about which we do not have any ideas, at this time, we may try to ask ourselve these 20 questions. And after we have answer these 20 questions, the essay is nearly finished. But the key point is that we need to find the right X, this must be the test topic. So what if we do not have any ideas about the topic, for example politics. I am not familiar with this and I ask myself the questions, I can hardly answer them. If it's not in an exam setting, I can search for the information guided by the questions.

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

看到备考小组的消息之后就开始做草木留下的作业，下面是fundamental writing course的学习笔记（1）：
STUDY NOTES
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
I think these 20 questions is quite useful. Sometimes we meet topics about which we do not have any ideas, at this time, we may try to ask ourselve these 20 questions. And after we have answer these 20 questions, the essay is nearly finished. But the key point is that we need to find the right X, this must be the test topic. So what if we do not have any ideas about the topic, for example politics. I am not familiar with this and I ask myself the questions, I can hardly answer them. If it's not in an exam setting, I can search for the information guided by the questions.

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

fundamental writing course学习笔记（2）：
study notes
Many situations or activities, such as writing, taking tests, competing in sports, or speaking before a large audience, may make us anxious or apprehensive. It's important to remember that a moderate level of anxiety is helpful and productive. That flow of adrenaline is a natural response that helps get us ready for action. Without it, we might not perform as well.[yes, my major is psychology, and there are theories about stress, it all said that proper stress is necessary. The relationship between the performance and the stress is like a U-curve]
If we let our anxiety overwhelm us, it can cause problems. If we control that anxiety, however, we can make it work for us. One way to do that is to use some of the coping strategies listed below.[it's more often we experience a writing anxiety in an exam setting]
Coping Strategies:
.Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head. [focus on the topic insteading of worrying about the outcomes if you fail it]
·Consciously stop the non-productive comments（没用的思路） running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.[actually, it's hard to distinguish which are non-productive comments]
·If you have some "rituals（仪式）" for writing success, use them. [take a outline or list what you have in mind related to the topic]
Examples:
·-Follow a protocol you may have for organizing your time. Use a favorite pen if you have one.（回忆模板，摸摸自己的幸运物）[think about which style or type of essay you are good at, when you have no thought, you can start from the most familiar]
·-Spend a few minutes doing some relaxation exercises. （做运动）
·-Take a break: physically walk away from the situation for a few minutes if you can. （溜达溜达）
Relaxation Strategies
·Stretch伸展! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated. （不要吓到邻座...）
·Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group.
·Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly.
Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!"[these are all some kind of relaxation,they may help if you really feel so anxious that you can not go on writing]
2009年12月8日
明天继续学习~~

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留空（二楼忘记留空了，希望这样可以弥补一下）

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

2009年12月9日
学习内容：
1.背了10页的单词，了解到AW对词汇的要求不是特别高，TOEFL的词汇就可以，所以近期在背TOEFL单词；
2.认真研读了15道ISSUE例题，8道ARGUMENT例题。
遇到几个自己觉得很有趣的词语的句子：例如
nonmainstream 非主流
I won't do it to save my life. 我死也不这样做。
继续做草木的作业:)

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rushtosummer的学习笔记（3）
1.Symptom
You have attempted to begin a paper without doing any preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining...
Possible Cures
Write down all the primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea. This can easily be converted into an outline.
通常会遇到不知道如何下笔的情况，就像前面学过的那20个问题那样，可以先问问自己这些问题，把自己得到的答案写下来，然后将每一个观点填充，再加上一些逻辑过渡，这样文章就差不多成型了。
2.Symptom
You have chosen or been assigned a topic which bores you....
Possible Cures
Talk to a tutor about how you can personalize a topic to make it more interesting
遇到令人厌烦的话题，但是又不能更改。这时就只能接受它了。关于怎么样让这个topic personalized，我觉得每个人应该有不同的方法，实际上做起来也比较难。所以个人认为，看到一个话题时，最好不要有先入为主的想法，比如说，讨厌，怯场之类。冷静一下，在大脑中搜索一下相关的信息，如果没有什么大的帮助，就和身边的同学讨论一下。
3.Symptom
You don't want to spend time writing or don't understand the assignment...
Possible Cures
Resign yourself to the fact that you have to write.
这个问题其实我也经常遇到，如果不是考试或者老师布置的作业，我是不会主动去写文章的。即便还有一段时间就要考机试了，我也还是一拖再拖，没有实实在在的练。这的确是一个很大的问题。还是有点怕写东西，尤其是给定的话题，又写出东西的时候，很不想为了凑字数胡扯，所以我觉得吧，我可以循序渐进的，每天看一个话题，能写几句是几句，但一定要保证这几句的正确严密，言之有理。我想这样练练就能写的长了，而且也不会害怕写作了吧，我决定明天就开始练。
4. Symptom
Writing Anxiety
Possible cures...
这一部分再上一次已经谈过，主要是一些行为上的帮助，减轻紧张感。
5.Symptom
You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well...
Possible Cures
•Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor.
•Assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with. 这个想法比较能减轻我们的忧虑，我想之所以怕写作，就是因为怕写不好，但是写好写坏事能力问题，写与不写就是态度问题了，所以不要想第一次就写出特别好的文章，先练练看
•Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea. 还是要给自己一点压力
•Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later. 如果整个任务看起来让人害怕，那么我们可以把它分成一个一个的小任务，这样不仅降低了惧怕，而且每次完成一个小任务，还会有一些成就感。
•Try one of the strategies on the next page of this resource.
Strategies:
Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose of the piece will be.下次写作文不知道怎么开头时候，要试一试，写着写着也许就思如泉涌了。
Talk Out the Paper Talking feels less artificial than writing to some people. Talk about what you want to write someone—your teacher, a friend, a roommate, or a tutor. Just pick someone who's willing to give you fifteen to thirty minutes to talk about the topic and whose main aim is to help you start writing. Have the person take notes while you talk or tape your conversation. Talking will be helpful because you'll probably be more natural and spontaneous in speech than in writing. Your listener can ask questions and guide you as you speak, and you'll be more likely to relax and say something unpredictable than if that you were sitting and forcing yourself to write.谈话可以让我们从不同的视角看问题，相当于brainstorming
Tape the Paper Talk into a tape recorder, imagining your audience sitting in front of you. Then, transcribe the tape-recorded material. You'll at least have some ideas written down to work with and move around. 当然练得时候录音，操作起来不是很方便，但是还是可以尝试在写之前把自己的想法和思路先说出来，可以即时做纠正。
Change the Audience Pretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly. Changing the audience can clarify your purpose and can also make you feel more comfortable and help you write more easily. 这样可以减小写作的压力，我们可以不要认为自己的文章是要发表或等等之类的，只要想这是给一个孩子或不熟悉这一领域的人，讲解相关内容，清楚并且符合逻辑即可。
Play a Role Pretend you are someone else writing the paper. For instance, if you have been asked to write about sexist advertising, assume you are the president of the National Organization of Women. Or, pretend you are the president of a major oil company asked to defend the high price of oil. Consider being someone in another time period, or someone with a wildly different perspective from your own. Pulling yourself out of your usual perspective can help you see things that are otherwise invisible or difficult to articulate, and your writing will be stronger for it.这个应该在ARGUMENT时非常需要

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

rushtosummer的学习笔记（4）Start to write
1.Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.
narrow down your purpose for writing
2.Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.
3.Start the ideas flowing
Brainstorm. Gather as many good and bad ideas, suggestions, examples, sentences, false starts, etc. as you can. Perhaps some friends can join in. Jot down everything that comes to mind, including material you are sure you will throw out.(可见写之前的发散思维真的很重要，只要想到的都可以成为写作素材的来源，所以先都写下来再说) Be ready to keep adding to the list at odd moments as ideas continue to come to mind.
Talk to your audience, or pretend that you are being interviewed by someone -- or by several people, if possible (to give yourself the opportunity of considering a subject from several different points of view). What questions would the other person ask? （想想看文章的人会问你什么问题）You might also try to teach the subject to a group or class.
See if you can find a fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas. Build your analogy by using the word like. （用like作类比应该可以帮助我们对事物的描述，并理清事物间的关系吧）
4.Take a rest and let it all percolate
5.Nutshell your whole idea.
Tell it to someone in three or four sentences.（用两三句话表达自己的主要思想，如果文章主要观点不能用两三句话表达清楚，那么这篇文章就会神散，主题不突出）
6.Diagram your major points somehow.
Make a tree, outline, or whatever helps you to see a schematic representation of what you have. You may discover the need for more material in some places.（帮助理清文章的逻辑关系）
7.Write a first draft.
Then, if possible, put it away. Later, read it aloud or to yourself as if you were someone else. Watch especially for the need to clarify or add more information.（出声朗读，以旁观者的身份检查自己的文章）

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

2009年12月10日
学习内容：
1.背了15页单词；
2.看了20道ISSUE题目；12道ARGUMENT题目。
有两个有趣的句子，写下来希望能记住：
1. There are two reasons that I wake up every morning: my alarm clock and you.
2. If I can rearrange the alphabet, I will put "U" and "I" together.
用来表白不错哈：）

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继续做草木的作业。

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12月10号晚本本坏了，好不容易好了~~还是会继续做草木的作业，不管选上选不上，学贵有恒~~
造成的不便望理解~~

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rushtosummer的学习笔记（5）writing with computer

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

·
Planning

1. Free writing

If free writing or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software.愿意尝试这种做法

2. Writing an e-mail message

Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. 本质就是让他人帮你理清思路

3. Making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper.这算是用电脑写作的方便之处了

4. Planning visually

Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). 这个操作起来有点困难，不过可以用纸笔进行

5. Keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing.对于我们的作文，我觉得可以把每天写的东西放在一起，或者至少放在同一个文件夹，方便查阅和找出弱点和规律

·
Drafting

1. Creating a scrap file

As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. 这是一个收集素材的不错的方法

2. Splitting screens

If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another.将提纲和正在写的正文同时展现，这样思路会更明确，也不容易跑题

3. Adding notes

As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. 在阅读过程中搜集资料，也可以记下自己的想法

·
Organizing

1. Mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences

use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using.帮你找到最适合的段落表达顺序

2. Checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.在提纲和文章之间相互修订

3. Staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.防止跑题

·
Revising

1. Starting at the beginning of the file

Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working.每次写的时候都从头读一遍，可以整理思路，并检查出问题

2. Renaming a file

If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II. 保持最新的更新

3. Saving copies of material to cut and paste

防止移动过程中丢失信息

4. Printing out hard copies to read

5. Resisting the neat appearance of a printout

If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.不要想让文本保持清洁就不去修改

6. Using page or print view to check paragraphs

检查各个段落的长度，避免不平衡

7. Highlighting sentence length

检查句子长短，尽量使句子错落有致

·
Editing and Proofreading

1. Using online tools

2. Changing the appearance of key features of your writing

Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on.分析自己的句子使用是否单一

3. Editing on hard copy

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（6）上

文章的主题－Thesis：

一、什么是主题句？
全文所说的主题就是开头段中的全文主题句
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove.
A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.
It expresses the main ideas of your paper and answers the question or questions posed by your paper.
The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph.
Questions to ask yourself when writing an argumentative thesis statement:
·
What is my claim or assertion?
·
What are the reasons I have to support my claim or assertion?
·
In what order should I present my reasons?
二、什么是好的主题句的属性？
Attributes of a good thesis:

·
A strong thesis is provocative; it takes a stand and justifies the discussion you will present.
·
It tackles a subject that could be adequately covered in the format of the project assigned.
·
It is specific and focused.
·
It clearly asserts your own conclusion based on evidence.
·
It provides the reader with a map to guide him/her through your work.
·
It anticipates and refutes the counter-arguments
·
It avoids vague language (like "it seems").
·
It avoids the first person.
·
It should pass the So what? or Who cares? test
公式：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis
三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？
Try these five tests:

·
Does the thesis  inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考
·
Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or
"Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题
·
Does the thesis avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调
·
Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？
·
Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？

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明天会把下面的部分学完~~

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

今天去医院看病了，又耽误了一天，惭愧啊~~明天继续加油哈~~不放弃~~