[1010G精英组] ISSUE&ARGU 习作 by Group Energy

kingwyf87UID: 2457409

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1 Salicylates used to treat headaches
2 food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives
3 a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study
4 salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods
1 2 3 4--> a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia

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1 salicylates不一定是缓解头痛的药物
2 调查样本很少不可信
3 salicylates与头痛人减少没有必然的因果关系

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In this summary, the arguer concludes that the number of headaches in the city of Mentia would continually steady decreasing. To strengthen his conclusion, the author cites a study, which shows the salicylates are help to treat the headaches and they can also be used as flavor additives for food. The author depends on quite a few assumptions, which render it unpersuasive as it stands.

The threshold problem with this argument is that the author fails to think it is the salicylates in the foods that contribute to treat the headaches. It is entirely possible that other materials which also can treat the headaches. Even the salicylates may work to help to relieve the headaches, the author also providence to prove that the salicylates are the main ingredient for treating the headaches.Without ruling out this alternative explanation, the author cannot convince me about his conclusion.

Another flaw in this summary is about the study itself. Maybe, only a few people have been involved in this survey. It is likely that the salicylates are helpless for treating the headaches. People who used the food with salicylates just take other medicines for treating the headaches. Under this situation, the increasing adding salicylates to foods as preservatives and declining of headaches citizen is just coincidence and has nothing in causal relationship. In order to make sure of the reliability of the study, the samples must sufficient in size, and representative of the entirely population of the people in the whole areas.

The last but not the least, even the salicylates, which are effective for treating the headaches, the author gives no evidence to make sure the declining in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia. Maybe, people who live in Mentia do not eat such foods which contain the salicylates. Even the citizens who eat the food with salicylates, the arguer still cannot convince me that the number of headaches will be going to reduce. There are many possibilities that the citizens in that area may be infected with some kind of diseases which caused the number of headaches even high.

To sum up, the conclusion, which is made by the author, who has disregarded or chosen to ignore several aspects of his conclusion, is on the scant of credibility. To better bolster the reliability of arguer's conclusion, the author must give more information about the study. I would also need to know more information about the people in Mentia.

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Revised By nanfeng25899 Waiting…

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nanfeng25899UID: 2629871

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1.
由1,2句--à第3句
2.
由3,4句---à第5句结论

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1 S和A同化学家族，但是么有证据或研究表明它可以治疗头痛
2 研究报告的可信性令人质疑，因为首先没有提供患者的个人资料（随机性和实验前提），此外由于是一份20年的调查报告，所以没有考虑到社会和人们的变化
3．S使用的新途径不一定会减少将来的头痛，因为还有很多其他的原因会造成头痛


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The conclusion that the new use of saliculats will be likely to cut down the number of the headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia seems to be logical and trustful, but is not well -reasoned. However, before we infer this "obvious" prospect based on the correlation between the decline of the headaches and the rise in commercial application of the saliculates, we need to focus on some questionable issues.

First of all, the decrease of headaches in the future is on the basis of the assumption that saliculates is definitely a kind of medicine to help us to get rid of the headaches.
In the argument nothing else is mentioned except that salicylates are a member of the same chemical family as aspirins which are functional to cure the headaches. What if the salicylates are just the criminals to result in the suffering of headaches or no link with them? The same chemical family is not a sign of the same function, just as with the case, which is a common phenomenon everywhere, that the children in a family are different from each other in many aspects. Overall, there is no explicit evidence is provided to us to substantiate the salicylates' effects of treating the headaches.

Also, the credulity of the twenty years study is really ought to be suspected because of lack of the essential information of the patients and the long period of the research. To begin with, the patients are likely to not be selected at random so that the outcome is imprecise. For example, if salicylates are conducive to help those at the age bracket of thirty decrease the headaches, it's impossible to arrive at the issue that the same situation goes for the children or the olds. And in order to get the accurate consequences, whether they actually have headaches should be diagnosed in the convincing ways. In addition, with the rapid development of the medical technology and the constant change of people's life habits, it is unrealistic to take this twenty-year-old study as a reference to figure out the relation between the salicylates and headaches.

Finally, a continued decline in the number of headaches depends on many factors which are just overlooked by the speaker. Using the salicylates as flavor additives does not mean its effects, if it really does a favor of reducing the headaches, will not be changed due to the overdose of it. For some kinds of medications, overuse of them will transfer them from the panacea to extremely lethal substances, especially the Chinese medicines. What' more, the increasing pressure, the prolonged working times and other alternatives, which will result in the headaches, may also be the obstacles to decline of them. Without ruling out all those possibilities, the future is perhaps not bright as we have expected unless we can offer more substantial proof to fortify our hope.

This argument, at first glance, appears to be meaningful and give us the hope of the coming reduce of headaches, but the reasoning behind it needs
more direct facts such the specific function of salicylates, the randomness and basic information of the sample, and the record of the relevant change of people’s life and our medical care.



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shevavaUID: 2574709

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论据
1 Salicylates used to treat headaches
2 food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives
3 a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study
4 salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods
结论：
a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia

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In this argument, the author concludes that since the food-processing companies used salicylates as flavor additives, the numbers of headaches suffered by citizens of Mentia will decline. To support his conclusion, the author points out those salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin. In addition, he cited the use of salicylates as food preservatives as an example to substantiate the commercial use of salicylates contributes to the decline in average number of headaches. At the first glance, the argument seems to be somewhat convincing, but further consideration reveals that this argument suffers from 3 logic flaws which fail to make it persuasive.

    To begin with, the author unfairly assumes that because salicylates are of the same chemical family as aspirin, the function of salicylates will perform the same as aspirin. However, the conclusion is open to doubt. Common sense tells me even of the same chemical the function may be different. The author needs to provide further evidence to support this conclusion.

    Secondly, even granted salicylates function as aspirin, the author fails to establish a causal relationship between adding salicylates to foods as preservatives and the decline in average number of headaches. The result is unreliable because it fails to provide a counter group to substantiate it is salicylates that contribute to the decline of headache. There may be other possibilities that lead to the decline, such as other integrates in the food, the living habits of respondents. Since the author fails to rule out these factors, salicylates are responsible for the decline is unreliable.
   
In the third place, even granted the as preservatives the salicylates can result in decline headaches, the author unfairly assumes as additives salicylates will also have the same function. As all we know, preservatives and additives may not be comparable in many aspects, for example the producing procedure as well as function and so on. Maybe in the production of additives the salicylates changes into other chemical that have no influence to the headaches.

    Before give my conclusion, I have to point out the study is lack of accurate data to strengthen its reliability. Also the function as pervert headaches is not equal to cure it. Last but not the least; he has to point out whether salicylates have some negative effects when used to cure headaches.

    In sum, the author fails to convince me that the use of salicylate as flavor additives will lead to the decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia. To bolster it, the author needs to provide more information about how salicylates function to preserve and cure headaches. He also has to give more accurate data about how the study conducted, whether the respondents represent the local situation.

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Issue48

"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and

trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose

identities have long been forgotten."

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拍文顺序

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kingwyf87UID: 2457409

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1、 历史上确实铭记的是集体的力量
2、科技领域人们铭记的是个人
3、艺术领域人们也铭记的个人

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Is it true that the most significant events and trends in history are made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten? Although, I agree that, sometimes, we may only remember the most important event, not people, the speaker's accession ignores that people remember the famous few in most situation.

Admittedly, groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten, but only because the events which involve large quantities of people. Thus, descendants   often remember the event, but not their names. There is an example which illustrates the point well. The Great Wall, which is in china, was built by millions of people in ancient china. People, all of the world, nowadays, are surprised with the great project. However, people only to remember the Great Wall, not any Chinese person who built it. For thousands of years, historians have focused their main attentions on the events which contribution to the history development and human civilization. Any single individual has only limited power, while the groups of people have the unlimited one which can create the history and can be remembered as famous events of what they had done for generations.

Whereas, if the events or trends which is made by famous few, people always remember him/her no mater many years later. Profound scientific inventions and discoveries of the past are nearly all attributable not to forgettable groups of people but to certain key individuals. Take the discovery of the Neptune for example. From the fact that the Uranus was a bit pulled out of its normal orbit, some mathematicians logically reasoned the existence of a new unseen plant, and even calculated the position. Just a year later, the Neptune was discovered just around the predict position, and people remember both the scientist and the event. We cannot imagine that our society could develop so quickly without the contribution of outstanding scientists such as Newton, Einstein and we can only imagine that humanity is still groping in the darkness of ignorance.

In addition, it is the same in the art area. We will find that it is filled with names of eminent or famous persons from giant musicians and art masters. As we known, Beethoven, who is one of the most famous musicians, had composed numbers of marvelous music in his life. He focused on his work even when he lost hearing and finally gained his glory. Beethoven is remembered by people forever. Another example is Monet. As we know, Monet, who is one of the most famous artist. His famous work, "Impression: Sunrise", was not understood by people at first time, since a large amount of blue was used as the sunlight. But, the work eventually earns its reputation, and led the name of impressionism. People remember Monet, as well as his work, and the impressionism also accepted by people even in today.   

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Revised By nanfeng25899 Waiting…  

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SandraShanUID: 2753079

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nanfeng25899UID: 2629871

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1 无名的大众确实在历史上重大事件的促成上起到了巨大的作用
2 但是，那些少数的名人却起到了不可或缺的作用
3 历史研究只能更多地关注个人，因为他们在历史重大事件上起了不可或缺的作用，而且有记录可循

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Do the distinguished few make the most significant events and trends come true? Look at those who are well-known for all, Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin. It’s those famous but minor people that play the indispensible roles in the history of United States. Admittedly, nothing will be achieved without the power of the groups whose names have no access to know, but in most cased the famous few are the most active catalysts in the promoting of the history.

Indeed, in the majority of the great events, the role of those anonymous individuals can not be ignored, because just like a sophisticated machines which consists of endless cogs assembled in a complex and interdependent way, the lack of any gadgets will definitely result in the failure of the production. The same situation goes for one of the most miraculous building, the Egyptian Pyramid serving as the tomb for the country’s pharaohs and their consorts. The pyramids, which are famous for its complicated internal structure and the secrets behind the symbolism, are the outcome of the slaves’ endless work and the large scale of casualty, however, their efforts have sank into oblivion. So when we want to attribute the great accomplishment to someone, rather than the imperious pharaoh, our gratitude and compliments should be poured to those anonymous salves.

However, no matter what we mean to produce, the operators of machines are most vital parts. Like the pyramids, even if the pharaohs do not carry the gigantic stone on the basis of the fabulous buildings or even design their own “palaces”, those miracles will not be showed in the eyesight of human beings without the purpose of being their places to preserve their bodies. And another example is the abolition of slavery in the Unite States. Before Lincoln came up with the Emancipation Proclamation, the appeal of abolitionism had lasted in decades. Why was the slavery arrogated until Lincoln showed up? Weren’t there enough people who could not withstand the suffering of the unfair and bestial torments any more? Or isn’t there anyone who were longing for throwing away this inhumane regulations and indeed spared no effort to contribute to the abolition? Definitely no. Yet if we want to shape the world in our own ways, someone of intelligent and charisma is necessary to realize our goals. Without his determination to lead slaves to get rid of the slave holders and intransigence with those who oppose the ideas in order to protect their own rights, the abolition will be unrealistic.

For historians, it is the detailed records of those famous few that help them promote the understanding of their history rather than those who have been forgotten. When we are talking with Americans about the abolition of slavery, it’s no more natural than associating with this milestone with the great leader, Abraham Lincoln. Also, when appreciating the splendid pyramid, most of us will think about the prosperity of that decade and the august pharaoh instead of the slaves. To be honest, it’s not the fault of historians to place too much emphasis on the individuals, because there are no available documents about those anonymous individuals to let the currents know their thoughts, compared with the books of the well-known few written in the elaborate way to applaud what they have contributed to the nation or the world. Therefore, delving into the few individual is the most effective way and accessible way for those scholars to study our history.


While we, of course, can not neglect the endeavor of forgettable individuals, without bellwether------the famous few, people are not likely to be organized in order, if so, nothing significant will be possible.


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shevavaUID: 2574709

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Nowadays most historians like to study the famous history figures who have vital impact on promoting or restricting the advance of human civilization. We also note that some celebrity's biography keep best-selling for many years in book stores, and TV programs concerning about the elites are very popular with audience. Some people criticize that this phenomenon is irrational as the history trends is impelled by the unknown groups of people in fact. However, from my point of view, I fundamentally disagree with this attitude.

People like and even need to learn about the famous individuals for the reason that by observing those famous ones' behaviors we have got access to the life of history society. As we know, the length of human history is so long and the composition of human society is so complex that we have no time or energy to detect all details of history. Fortunately, there are a lot of historical records serving to help us know the characteristics of ancient days. In the past, it is definite that the written documents were most likely to record the activities of those in power such as Kings and generals alike. Since the majority of people determined the destiny of the nation to great extent, studying them is a shortcut of learning history. Besides, if we want to acquaint with some ancient culture, the best way is to refer to some famous people's masterpieces. For instance, when it comes to Hellenism, we will instantly bring some household names into mind--such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc.

Admittedly, the ordinary individuals' contribution to the development of humankind cannot be neglected. After all, history is composed of numerous of unknown people, and many of them even give great value to society. A telling example comes from China's Resistance War against Japanese Aggression, in which enormous Chinese soldiers died in the battles without leaving their names in the world. But Chinese people will inscribe these heroes in the heart because they made inerasable contributions to the establishment of China.

However, even if the ordinary groups of people have influenced the society to some extent, the vitality of history events and trends is in hand of a few famous people who roll the history wheels. When thinking of some invention, creativity, or milestone making the world different, it is natural to think about a relevant history celebrity, no matter in industry, business, or policy. Without Watt, there would come no Industry Revolutionary, at least would not come so fast, and a series of social transforms would not follow. In the realm of business, no one can neglect Henry Fort, the man who put the world on wheels by Assembly Line. As to the fast development of China in the past decade, we cannot help but memorize Deng Xiaoping who created "Reform and Opening up" policy.

In conclusion, by any measure the famous figures' impact on our world is far more profound than do those ordinary people. To better study history, we must give enough attention to the celebrities from whom we can benefit a lot.