有木有潜伏在G版的托福党啊，寻找托福口语小伙伴啊！！

_是冶_UID: 3601734

同备考中，准备4个月杀GT。  想问楼主有没有清晰版的陈圣元填空  求分享 ..

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.11 comprehension note!

That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States: while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940’s, it was only after 1945—when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world—that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women.

By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, “For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail.”
Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, “I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind.”
Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.
17.        The passage focuses primarily on which of the following?
(A) A general tendency in twentieth-century art
(B) The work of a particular artist
(C) The artistic influences on women sculptors
(D) Critical responses to twentieth-century sculpture
(E) Materials used by twentieth-century sculptors

18.        Which of the following statements is supported by information given in the passage?
this question is important and super difficult! I need to observe the relative sentences carefully to find out the trivial contradiction
(A) Since 1945 women sculptors in the United States have produced more sculpture than have men sculptors.
no such comparison
(B) Since 1950 sculpture produced in the United States has been the most original and creative sculpture produced anywhere.
relative sentence: and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power.
it says women sculptors, not the sculputure
(C) From 1900 to 1950 women sculptors in Europe enjoyed more recognition for their work than did women sculptors in the United States.
no such comparison
(D) Prior to 1945 there were many women sculptors whose work was ignored by critics.
wrong, It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists
the passage only says 20 century, not mentioned in details whether it begins in 1945 or not.
(E) Prior to 1945 there was little major sculpture produced by men or women sculptors working in the United States.
relative sentence: it was only after 1945—when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world—that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women.
so before 1945, not major sculpture was produced in USA

19.        The author quotes Hilton Kramer in lines 25-27 most probably in order to illustrate which of the following?
(A) The realism of Nevelson’s work
(B) The unique qualities of Nevelson’s style
no mentioned about qualities
(C) The extent of critical approval of Nevelson’s work
since the sentence shows a highly complement, it can express the extent of approbation
(D) A distinction between sculpture and painting
(E) A reason for the prominence of women sculptors since the 1950’s

20.        Which of the following is one way in which Nevelson’s art illustrates her theory as it is expressed in lines 36-38?
(A) She sculpts in wood rather than in metal or stone.
(B) She paints her sculptures and frames them in boxes.
(C) She makes no preliminary sketches but rather allows the sculpture to develop as she works.
(D) She puts together pieces of ordinary objects once used for different purposes to make her sculptures.
(E) She does not deliberately attempt to convey symbolic or religious meanings through her sculpture.

21.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Nevelson’s sculptures?
(A) They suggest religious and symbolic meanings.
relative sentence: Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations.
suggest such connotation is the true aim of the author.
(B) They do not have qualities characteristic of sculpture.
(C) They are mysterious and awe-inspiring, but not beautiful.
contradict: she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power
(D) They are uniquely American in style and sensibility.
(E) They show the influence of twentieth-century architecture.

22.        The author regards Nevelson’s stature in the art world as “remarkable” (line 3) in part because of which of the following?
(A) Her work is currently overrated.
(B) Women sculptors have found it especially difficult to be accepted and recognized as major artists.
relative sentence: because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture
(C) Nevelson’s sculptures are difficult to understand.
(D) Many art critics have favored painting over sculpture in writing about developments in the art world.
(E) Few of the artists prominent in the twentieth century have been sculptors.

23.        Which of the following statements about Nevelson’s sculptures can be inferred from the passage?
(A) They are meant for display outdoors.
not mentioned
(B) They are often painted in several colors.
contradict: paints them black, or more rarely white or gold,
(C) They are sometimes very large.
relative sentence: their three-dimensional grandeur
(D) They are hand carved by Nevelson.
not mentioned by hand or not
(E) They are built around a central wooden object.
contradict, not built around, but put together

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.11 comprehension note!

When speaking of Romare Bearden, one is tempted to say, “A great Black American artist.” The subject matter of Bearden’s collages is certainly Black. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this. In natural harmony with this choice of subject matter are the social sensibilities of the artist, who remains active today with the Cinque Gallery in Manhattan, which he helped found and which is devoted to showing the work of minority artists.
Then why not call Bearden a Black American artist? Because ultimately this categorization is too narrow. “What stands up in the end is structure,” Bearden says. “What I try to do is amplify. If I were just creating a picture of a farm woman from back home, it would have meaning to her and people there. But art amplifies itself to something universal.”
24.        According to the passage, all of the following are depicted in Bearden’s collages EXCEPT:
It just tests the most difficult part in the passage where I didn't fully understand. So I must comprehend the meaning first.
(A) workers in Pittsburgh’s steel mills
of Pittsburgh steelworkers
(B) scenes set in the ancient kingdom of Benin
and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin
(C) people Bearden knew as a child
relative sentence: whom he remembers from early childhood
(D) traditional representations of the classical heroes of Greek mythology
and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin
it is presented in the guise of kingdom thing, so not traditional way
(E) the jazz musicians of the Harlem Bearden used to know
of the jazz musicians

25.        The author suggests that Bearden should not be called a Black American artist because
(A) there are many collages by Bearden in which the subject matter is not Black
not mentioned, only mentioned the collages are black which is the reason many people consider Bearden a Black artist
(B) Bearden’s work reflects the Black American experience in a highly individual style
no individual style mentioned
(C) through the structure of Bearden’s art his Black subjects come to represent all of humankind
relative sentence: Because ultimately this categorization is too narrow. “What stands up in the end is structure,” Bearden says. “What I try to do is amplify.
narrow, so it represents not only black
(D) Bearden’s true significance lies not so much in his own work as in his efforts to help other minority artists
(E) much of Bearden’s work uses the ancient Black kingdom of Benin for its setting
that's not the reason why he should not be called a Black artist

The first paragraph talks why many people tend to mistakenly consider Bearden as a Black artist
The second paragraph talks why he should not be narrowed to Black.
So when the question ask about why he should not be called a Black, I could eliminate the choices which mentioned the elements appeared in the first paragraph only.

26.        Bearden’s social sensibilities and the subject matter of his collages are mentioned by the author in order to explain
same as the former question, colleges is in the first paragraph, so it must have relationship with why Bearden is mistakenly regarded as a Black artist
(A) why one might be tempted to call Bearden a Black American artist
(B) why Bearden cannot be readily categorized
(C) why Bearden’s appeal is thought by many to be ultimately universal
(D) how deeply an artist’s artistic creations are influenced by he artist’s social conscience
(E) what makes Bearden unique among contemporary Black American artists

27.        The author of the passage is chiefly concerned with
(A) discussing Bearden’s philosophy of art
not mentioned philosophy
(B) assessing the significance of the ethnic element in Bearden’s work
the result of assessing is the ethnic element is not significant
(C) acknowledging Bearden’s success in giving artistic expression to the Black American experience
the convention that author tries to defute
(D) pointing out Bearden’s helpfulness to other minority artists
appeared as an example
(E) tracing Bearden’s progress toward artistic maturity
not mentioned maturity

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.12 comprehension note!

The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: “He took his stick—no, not John’s, but his own.” No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages.

24.        The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) analyze an interesting feature of the English language
not interesting
(B) refute a belief held by some linguists
relative sentence: The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle
No language is perfect
so, it refutes
(C) show that economic theory is relevant to linguistic study
the economic theory is only presented as a comparison for the author to illustrate his point clearly
(D) illustrate the confusion that can result from the improper use of language
example
(E) suggest a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfect
contradict

25.        The misunderstanding presented by the author in lines 13-14 is similar to which of the following?
I.        X uses the word “you” to refer to a group, but Y thinks that X is referring to one person only.
one word can refer to different meanings which can only be distinguished by unfolding the evidences
II.        X mistakenly uses the word “anomaly” to refer to a typical example, but Y knows that “anomaly” means “exception.”
misunderstand the meaning
III.        X uses the word “bachelor” to mean “unmarried man,” but Y mistakenly thinks that bachelor means “unmarried woman.”
confusing of the meaning
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) II and III only

26.        In presenting the argument, the author does all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) give an example
his
(B) draw a conclusion
not perfect
(C) make a generalization
it is talk about all languages, that is a generalization
(D) make a comparison
economic theory
(E) present a paradox
no paradox

27.        Which of the following contributes to the misunderstanding described by the author in lines 13-14?
(A) It is unclear whom the speaker of the sentence is addressing.
not important
(B) It is unclear to whom the word “his” refers the first time it is used.
the first one can refer to John or He
(C) It is unclear to whom the word “his” refers the second time it is used.
the second one refers the he
(D) The meaning of “took” is ambiguous.
unrelevant
(E) It is unclear to whom “He” refers.
not important

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.12 comprehension note!

Isadora Duncan’s masterly writings on the dance reveal the depth of her determination to create a lyric form of the art which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. She shunned bodily ornamentation and strove to use only the natural movements of her body, undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but, contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement. She did not regard this use of music as ideal, however, believing that she would someday dispense with music entirely. That day never came.

17.        The author is primarily concerned with Duncan’s
(A) masterful lyricism as expressed in her writings on the dance
lyricism is not the area of Duncan, it is a metaphoric usage
(B) concerted efforts to subdue the natural movements of the dance
contradict, not subdue, but emphasize
(C) belated recognition that she could not actually fulfill all of her ideals for the dance
not mentioned whether Duncan found it herself
(D) basic standards for the dance form that she wished to create and perform
right
(E) continuous responsiveness to a popular misconception about the nature of her new art form
narrow the scope, only in the middle of the passage talked about this

18.        The author implies that Duncan relied on music in her recitals in order to
(A) interpret musical works solely by means of natural body movements
contradict, not interpret music is Duncan's intention: she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music
(B) foster the illusion that music serves as an inspiration for the dance
contradict: she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music
(C) inspire the expression of inner feeling when she danced
right: she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement
(D) validate the public belief that music inspires the expression of feeling through movement
contradict, as B
(E) counter the public belief that she made no attempt to visualize music
contradict, public belief is that she made attempt to visualize music

19.        According to the passage, Duncan intended to develop an art form that would do all of the following EXCEPT
(A) avoid the use of standard ballet techniques
which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills. She wished to discard the traditional methods
(B) revitalize an earlier established vocabulary
vocabulary only used as a rhetoric object
(C) draw on internal sources of human expressiveness
to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness
(D) create intended effects without the use of acrobatic exaggeration
undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration
(E) derive inspiration solely from inner feelings
she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement

20.        It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following endeavors is LEAST compatible with Duncan’s ideals for the dance?
(A) Using music to stimulate the inspiration to dance
right, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music, inner feeling is the source of inspiration
(B) Attempting to free an art form of both characterization and storytelling
(C) Minimizing the theatrical exhibition of skills
(D) Being inspired to express inner feeling through movement
(E) Creating a lyric art form by drawing on inner personal resources

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.12 comprehension note!

Present-day philosophers usually envision their discipline as an endeavor that has been, since antiquity, distinct from and superior to any particular intellectual discipline, such as theology or science. Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge, they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.


the first paragraph puts up a view that Present-day philosophers(one key of time mark) consider(envision) philosophy is distinct from and superior to any particular intellectual discipline. And mentioned basic human questions(which tested in the question)

The basis for this view, however, lies in a serious misinterpretation of the past, a projection of modern concerns onto past events. The idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy,” distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, on close examination, to be of quite recent origin. When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering “the warfare between science and theology.” They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics. This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation of philosophy from both.

the second paragraph firstly dispute the view of present-day philosophers by mentioning their belief lies in a serious misinterpretation of the past. This sentence is also the key to the inference question. Then the author interprets the past. D and H proposed that philosophy is the warfare between science and theology. At the end of the paragraph, the writer refutes this view by saying that until 19 century(time mark), two elements provoked the separation of philosophy from science and theology.(naturally, the author will talk about the two elements in the following paragraph ---- active thinking)

The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophy’s core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what it means to know something. Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century. Without the idea of epistemology, the survival of philosophy in an age of modern science is hard to imagine. Metaphysics, philosophy’s traditional core—considered as the most general description of how the heavens and the earth are put together—had been rendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of physics. Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of philosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline. Philosophy became “primary” no longer in the sense of “highest” but in the sense of “underlying”. After Kant, philosophers were able to reinterpret seventeenth-and eighteenth-century thinkers as attempting to discover “How is our knowledge possible?” and to project this question back even on the ancients.

one of the element is a new notion finally formed in the early nineteenth resulting from Kant's articulation in the late 18 century(time mark) that since the core of philosophy changed into epistemology because of the progress of physics, philosophy is considered as as a separate, foundational discipline.

17.        Which of the following best expresses the author’s main point?
(A) Philosophy’s overriding interest in basic human questions is a legacy primarily of the work of Kant.
basic human questions is in the first paragraph. it has not direct relation with Kant
(B) Philosophy was deeply involved in the seventeenth-century warfare between science and religion.
narrow the scope, only the convention used to illustrate that present-day philosophers lie in wrong interpretation of the past
(C) The set of problems of primary importance to philosophers has remained relatively constant since antiquity.
not constant, they have changed after Kant's contribution to philosophy
(D) The status of philosophy as an independent intellectual pursuit is a relatively recent development.
right: until 19 centuray
(E) The role of philosophy in guiding intellectual speculation has gradually been usurped by science.
wrong. only the first paragraph talked about this topic and it did not mention this view

18.        According to the passage, present-day philosophers believe that the mind-body problem is an issue that
(A) has implications primarily for philosophers
(B) may be affected by recent advances in science
(C) has shaped recent work in epistemology
(D) has little relevance to present-day philosophy
(E) has served as a basis for intellectual speculation since antiquity
right: as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge, they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.

19.        According to the author, philosophy became distinct from science and theology during the
(A) ancient period
(B) medieval period
(C) seventeenth century
still is the warfare between science and theology
(D) nineteenth century
right: This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation of philosophy from both.
(E) twentieth century

20.        The author suggests that Descartes’ support for the new science of the seventeenth century can be characterized as
(A) pragmatic and hypocritical
(B) cautious and inconsistent
(C) daring and opportunistic
(D) intense but fleeting
(E) strong but prudent
relative sentence: They were fighting(strong), albeit(but) discreetly(prudent)
I can find the answer quickly by focusing on the passage where D appears

21.        The author of the passage implies which of the following in discussing the development of philosophy during the nineteenth century?
(A) Nineteenth-century philosophy took science as its model for understanding the bases of knowledge.
no
(B) The role of academic institutions in shaping metaphysical philosophy grew enormously during the nineteenth century.
relative sentence: did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.
not mentioned academic institution when talking about metaphysical philosophy(which is replaced by epistemology)
(C) Nineteenth-century philosophers carried out a program of investigation explicitly laid out by Descartes and Spinoza.
contradict, not laid out by D, but Kant
(D) Kant had an overwhelming impact on the direction of nineteenth-century philosophy.
right: Without the idea of epistemology, the survival of philosophy in an age of modern science is hard to imagine. Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of philosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline.
Thus shows the significance of Kant
(E) Nineteenth-century philosophy made major advances in understanding the nature of knowledge.

22.        With which of the following statements concerning the writing of history would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?
(A) History should not emphasize the role played by ideas over the role played by individuals.
not mentioned the relationship between ideas and individuals
(B) History should not be distorted by attributing present-day consciousness to historical figures.
relative sentence: the basis for this view, however, lies in a serious misinterpretation of the past
(C) History should not be focused primarily on those past events most relevant to the present.
not mentioned most relevant
(D) History should be concerned with describing those aspects of the past that differ most from those of the present.
not mentioned differ most
(E) History should be examined for the lessons it can provide in understanding current problems.
not mentioned lessons for current problems

23.        The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
(A) compare two competing models
no models
(B) analyze a difficult theory
not better than D
(C) present new evidence for a theory
no new evidence, the significant progress happened in late 18 century
(D) correct an erroneous belief by describing its origins
right, first 17 century, than the development in 18 century which finally led the conclusion
(E) resolve a long-standing theoretical controversy
not controversy, but revise

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.11 comprehension note!

When speaking of Romare Bearden, one is tempted to say, “A great Black American artist.” The subject matter of Bearden’s collages is certainly Black. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.
each of is the guide of a subject of Bearden's portrayals.
In natural harmony with this choice of subject matter are the social sensibilities of the artist, who remains active today with the Cinque Gallery in Manhattan, which he helped found and which is devoted to showing the work of minority artists.
Then why not call Bearden a Black American artist? Because ultimately this categorization is too narrow. “What stands up in the end is structure,” Bearden says. “What I try to do is amplify. If I were just creating a picture of a farm woman from back home, it would have meaning to her and people there. But art amplifies itself to something universal.”

24.        According to the passage, all of the following are depicted in Bearden’s collages EXCEPT:
(A) workers in Pittsburgh’s steel mills
Pittsburgh steelworkers
(B) scenes set in the ancient kingdom of Benin
the ancient Black kingdom of Benin
(C) people Bearden knew as a child
he folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood
(D) traditional representations of the classical heroes of Greek mythology
classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin
not traditional way, but a dissemble way
(E) the jazz musicians of the Harlem Bearden used to know
the jazz musicians

25.        The author suggests that Bearden should not be called a Black American artist because
(A) there are many collages by Bearden in which the subject matter is not Black
contradict
(B) Bearden’s work reflects the Black American experience in a highly individual style
(C) through the structure of Bearden’s art his Black subjects come to represent all of humankind
right, Because ultimately this categorization is too narrow.
(D) Bearden’s true significance lies not so much in his own work as in his efforts to help other minority artists
wrong.
(E) much of Bearden’s work uses the ancient Black kingdom of Benin for its setting
not mentioned the amount of such work

26.        Bearden’s social sensibilities and the subject matter of his collages are mentioned by the author in order to explain
the first paragraph explains why people tempt to regard Bearden as a Black artist, so anything that showed in the first paragraph serves for this aim which is choice A
(A) why one might be tempted to call Bearden a Black American artist
(B) why Bearden cannot be readily categorized
(C) why Bearden’s appeal is thought by many to be ultimately universal
(D) how deeply an artist’s artistic creations are influenced by he artist’s social conscience
(E) what makes Bearden unique among contemporary Black American artists


27.        The author of the passage is chiefly concerned with
(A) discussing Bearden’s philosophy of art
no philosophy
(B) assessing the significance of the ethnic element in Bearden’s work
right, and the result is insignificance
(C) acknowledging Bearden’s success in giving artistic expression to the Black American experience
not the motif
(D) pointing out Bearden’s helpfulness to other minority artists
narrow the scope
(E) tracing Bearden’s progress toward artistic maturity
not mentioned tracing toward maturity

sunshineatnoonUID: 3584816

无敌浩克One 发表于 2015-5-8 12:43
你有看吗~~你的目标是几分呀？
看了一下王老师的argue step 1看完之后变得完全手足无措了。。。

我在看小姜老师的视频，我觉得分数够用就行

无敌浩克OneUID: 3605802

2015.5.13 comprehension note!
second time reading, 92

Although a historical lack of access to formal Spanish-language education initially limited the opportunities of some Chicanos to hone their skills as writers of Spanish, their bilingual culture clearly fostered an exuberant and compelling oral tradition. It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers, whose English-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. This Spanish-English difference is not surprising. When writing in Spanish, these authors stayed close to the spoken traditions of their communities where publication, support, and instructive response would come quickly in local or regional newspapers. Works in English, however, often required the elimination of nuance or colloquialism, the adoption of a formal tone, and the adjustment of themes or ideas to satisfy the different demands of national publications.

17.        The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?
(A) Debating the historical value of a literary movement
not related to value
(B) Describing and accounting for a difference in literary styles
yes, the last two sentences are reasons
(C) Explaining a publishing decision and evaluating its results
no evaluating
(D) Analyzing the expectations of a particular group of readers
not related to readers
(E) Classifying several kinds of literary production
not classifying, that's not the motif

18.        According to the author, the Chicano oral experience contributed directly to which of the following characteristics in the work of some Chicano writers?
(A) A sensitivity to and adeptness in using the spoken language
right
(B) A tendency to appear in national rather than regional publications
contradict, tendency to regional publication
(C) A style reflecting the influence of Spanish language education
contradict, the style resulting from lack of education
(D) A reliance on a rather formal style
(E) A capacity to appeal to a broad range of audiences

19.        Which of the following best describes the function of the last two sentences of the passage (lines 11-19)?
(A) They expand on an advantage mentioned in the first sentence of the passage(lines 1-5).
(B) They outline the consequences of a limitation discussed in the first sentence of the passage (lines 1-5).
it is the second sentence
(C) They provide explicit examples drawn from the oral and the written works mentioned in the second sentence of the passage (lines 5-10).
(D) They explain the causes of a phenomenon mentioned in the third sentence of the passage(lines 10-11).
because of the publication differences, right
(E) They limit the applicability of a generalization made in the third sentence of the passage (lines 10-11).

20.        The passage suggests that which of the following was probably characteristic of the “national publications” mentioned in line 19?
(A) They primarily presented scholarly material of little interest to a general audience.
not mentioned interest
(B) They sometimes published articles treating controversial themes.
not mentioned
(C) They encouraged authors to feature local issues in articles in order to increase circulation.
contradict, it is the local publication
(D) They included a significant number of articles by minority authors.
not mentioned authors
(E) They took a stylistically formal approach to material of interest to a general audience.
relative sentence: the adoption of a formal tone, and the adjustment of themes or ideas to satisfy the different demands of national publications.
different demands = general audience

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2015.5.13 comprehension note!

It is their sensitive response to human circumstance that accounts for the persistence of certain universal ideas. Rabbi Meir, a second-century scholar, admonished his disciples to look not at the pitcher but at its contents because, he stated, “Many a new pitcher has been found to be full of old wine.” This was his way of emphasizing the importance of the distinction between form and idea, and of stressing that the integrity of an idea is more important than the form of its expression.
Creative ideas not only produce their own instruments of survival as time and circumstances demand, but permit the substitution of new forms for old under the pressure of changed circumstances. For example democracy, as an idea, originated in ancient Greece and was carried from there to Western Europe and the Americas. But it did not retain the ancient Greek form: it passed through several reforming processes and exists today in many countries. Democratic governments differ in form because democracy is in principle dynamic and has therefore responded to local needs.

17.        The author is primarily concerned with
(A) illustrating the importance of a historical figure
no historical figure
(B) discussing an important characteristic of human ideas
right, it is must adopting to
(C) describing the history of the growth of democracy
just an example
(D) contrasting ancient and modern views of the importance of creative ideas
not different view mentioned
(E) evaluating the contribution of ancient Greece to modern government
just an example

18.        According to the passage, democracy is an example of
(A) a human circumstance that has molded creative ideas
(B) an instrument of survival that has altered its original form
(C) an attribute of a creative idea that has allowed that idea to persist
(D) a creative idea that has persisted because of its adaptability
right
(E) a reforming process that has culminated in the creation of modern governments

19.        The “new pitcher” mentioned in line 6 is the equivalent of which of the following elements in the author’s discussion of democracy (lines 15-22)?
(A) Ancient Greece
(B) The idea of democracy
(C) A modern democratic government
(D) A dynamic principle
(E) The Greek form of democracy

20.        It can be inferred from the passage that the author would disagree most with which of the following assertions?
(A) Changing circumstances sometimes give rise to original ideas.
(B) Creative ideas have universal applications.
(C) Changing human needs influence universal ideas.
(D) Democratic institutions are appropriate in the modern world.
(E) An idea must be expressed in a traditional way.
contradict, it should adapt the environment

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contents:
it is 引出不定式或从句 （2楼）
there be 句型 （3楼）
不定式做补足语、作主语、作表语 （4楼）
现在分词与过去分词后置  （5楼）
插入语 （6楼）
并列结构  （7楼）
名词性从句 （8楼）  
动宾搭配 （9楼）

It is引出不定式和从句

It is not uncommon for some to argue that, in the world in which we live, corporations have a responsibility to society and to the environment in which they operate.


这里it is 引出的是to argue这个不定式
通常在it is后面会跟一个形容词来表达作者对某件事的态度或评价  这个句型的好处在于可以比较客观 没有I 另外可以提前把态度、立场表明  

It is argued that, in order to prevent power abuse and revitalize the organizations, those in the leadership positions should quit their jobs after a certain number of years.

这个句子里的it is 引出的是一个从句 这种句型用来总结issue的命题或者argument的结论都是很适合的  

There be 句型

These questions assume that there is some infallible committee that can foresee all and know what knowledge will be important in everyone’s lives.


就there is some infallible committee that 这个结构而言 真正的主语是committee 还原倒装结构应该是committee is there ...
因此committee后面是绝对不能直接跟动词的
通常会引出一个that从句

或者像这个句子
There is no person, no group, no committee capable of deciding what knowledge is necessary.

名词后面后置一个形容词


不定式做补语、主语和表语

不定式就是to后面跟动词原形

不定式除了做补语，还可以做主语和表语，这两种用法可能在同学的习作中比较少，希望大家以后写作时有意识的练习

If the very purpose of a corporation is to generate profits, and the obligation to adhere to safety expectations established by law cuts into those profits, then to expect corporations to embrace such practices beyond what is required is to presume that they willingly engage in an inherently self- destructive process: the unnecessary lowering of profits.


这里的to generate profits和to presume that都是be动词后面的表语 而to expect corporations ...则是句子的主语

用不定式做主语和表语可以让我们用主系表这个很简单的句型来描述一些比较复杂的动作或行为，值得我们学习。  


现在分词与过去分词后置

现在分词和过去分词都是我们初中就学过的语法结构，主要是用在现在进行时和完成时及被动语态中。而在实际的写作中，现在分词和过去分词都会放在名词的后面来对名词进行修饰。这种结构对于扩展句子、增加句子的信息量是很有帮助的。

it is a company built around finding alternative forms of energy

比如这个句子里的built就是一个过去分词后置修饰company而紧接其后的就是一个现在分词后置同样修饰company  


When interacting with our parents, our partners and our children, we do not always follow any rules prescribed by any social groups and we do not need to perform in a way to meet the expectations of the larger community.

这里prescribed后置修饰rules 而interacting则由when引出 虽然不是后置修饰语 也是现在分词的另一种用法


Overall speaking, it is reasonable to claim that we define ourselves primarily through participating in different communities or social groups while playing different roles following the prescribed rules.

这里有两个现在分词和while及介词through的用法值得参考
注意这里through后面严格来讲是动名词，但是由于都是ing的结构，这里就不严格区分了  


插入语

插入语可以说是逼格很高的一种用法。通常是在一个完整的句子中间加上两个逗号或者破折号，插入一个短语或者从句来补充说明前面的内容。这样的用法可以把句子拉长、丰富内容，而且也可以略作停顿，给句子的节奏带来某些变化。

Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millennium Development Goals, based his ideas on emergency care triage techniques.

对某人物的身份进行补充介绍

Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle.

对某事物（问题）的属性进行界定

Of course, and this is why agencies such as the EPA were established and why governments—federal, state, and local—are expected to monitor such companies to ensure that such practices fall within the boundaries of legal expectations.


并列结构

并列结构是指由and/or/but或逗号、分号所分隔的但是语法性质相同的结构。比较普通的并列结构包括名词、形容词、动词和副词的并列结构，进阶的包括从句和主句的并列结构。并列结构是写作中为了达到扩展内容的实际需要而常用的手段，其基本的原则在于语法结构的性质要相同因此才算得上并列，而在实际使用中往往对学生的词汇能力及写作的干货有较高的要求。  

并列结构的例子几乎俯首皆是，大家可以在范文中多留意，并检查下自己的习作中有没有使用。

But the assumption that corporations have an inherent obligation or responsibility to go above and beyond that to actively PROMOTE the environment and the well-being of society is absurd.

这个句子里就出现了名词、介词的并列结构  


If the very purpose of a corporation is to generate profits, and the obligation to adhere to safety expectations established by law cuts into those profits, then to expect corporations to embrace such practices beyond what is required is to presume that they willingly engage in an inherently self- destructive process: the unnecessary lowering of profits.

这个句子里有条件状语从句的并列结构即使范文中也不太多见  


But that role must be fulfilled by a watchdog, not the corporation itself, and those expectations must be imposed UPON the corporations, not expected FROM them.

本句里除了有名词和谓语动词的并列结构外，本身是由两个独立的并列句组成的。


名词性从句（待考证）

状语从句和定语从句我在这里就不多说了，名词性从句值得讲一下。 小时候学语法不努力，对于同位语从句什么的搞得不是很清楚，请语法大牛指正。这里将所有扮演名词角色的从句一律归为名词性从句（noun clause)。

If the very purpose of a corporation is to generate profits, and the obligation to adhere to safety expectations established by law cuts into those profits, then to expect corporations to embrace such practices beyond what is required is to presume that they willingly engage in an inherently self- destructive process: the unnecessary lowering of profits.

本句里面有两个名词性从句，前一个做beyond的宾语，后一个由presume引出。这里一短一长的对比也在提醒我们从句是可长可短的。  

the immediate expectation of the investor is that he himself will see dividends, or profits, from the investment he has made.

这里名词性从句作表语，或称表语从句 后面还跟了一个短小的定语从句


Of course, and this is why agencies such as the EPA were established and why governments—federal, state, and local—are expected to monitor such companies to ensure that such practices fall within the boundaries of legal expectations.

表语从句的并列结构-难得一见！


Treehuggers everywhere should be pleased that environmental protections exist

这里是过去分词引出的名词性从句 和前面的还有些不同


But the assumption that corporations have an inherent obligation or responsibility to go above and beyond that to actively PROMOTE the environment and the well-being of society is absurd.

这个是传说中的同位语从句？某些名词是可以引出这种从句的- claim, belief, fact, notion 通过计算机对语料库检索可以查出N多这种句子

名词性从句还可以作主语 以后见到例句再更新吧


动宾搭配


Any and all [corporations should be expected] to [temper their pursuit] of profit with the necessity of [following those safeguards] that have been legislated as protections.


随便一个句子里就有好几个动宾搭配，已用方括号和黑体标出。
并不是任意一组动词和名词都可以搭配的，因此，我在批改时会指出搭配的错误，也希望大家写作时留意。

鸭梨To冻梨UID: 3586659

楼主就你这个坚持的劲头 一定能过

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鸭梨To冻梨 发表于 2015-5-14 11:04
楼主就你这个坚持的劲头 一定能过

谢谢鼓励！你什么时候烤呀？

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2015.5.14 comprehension note!
second time reading.
just pay attention to the negative word and shift marks. They form a subtle logic which is the key to understand the structure and the motif of this passage

This is not to deny that the Black gospel music of the early twentieth century differed in important ways from the slave spirituals. Whereas spirituals were created and disseminated in folk fashion, gospel music was composed, published, copyrighted, and sold by professionals. Nevertheless, improvisation remained central to gospel music. One has only to listen to the recorded repertoire of gospel songs to realize that Black gospel singers rarely sang a song precisely the same way twice and never according to its exact musical notation. They performed what jazz musicians call “head arrangements” proceeding from their own feelings and from the way “the spirit” moved them at the time. This improvisatory element was reflected in the manner in which gospel music was published. Black gospel composers scored the music intended for White singing groups fully, indicating the various vocal parts and the accompaniment, but the music produced for Black singers included only a vocal line and piano accompaniment.

17.        Which of the following best describes “head arrangement” as the term is used in line 11?
(A) A published version of a gospel song produced for use by Black singers
(B) A gospel song based on a slave spiritual
(C) A musical score shared by a gospel singer and a jazz musician
(D) An informally written composition intended for use by a gospel singer
(E) An improvised performance inspired by the singer’s emotions
relative sentence: proceeding from their own feelings and from the way “the spirit” moved them at the time. This improvisatory element
so go find the choice with improvisation

18.        The author mentions “folk fashion” (line 4) most likely in order to
(A) counter an assertion about the role of improvisation in music created by Black people
(B) compare early gospel music with gospel music written later in the twentieth century
(C) make a distinction between gospel music and slave spirituals
relative sentence: Whereas spirituals were created and disseminated in folk fashion, gospel music was composed, published, copyrighted, and sold by professionals
the function of this sentence is to propose a comparison, so go find the choice with word related to compare
(D) introduce a discussion about the dissemination of slave spirituals
(E) describe a similarity between gospel music and slave spirituals

19.        The passage suggests which of the following about Black gospel music and slave spirituals?
(A) Both became widely known in the early twentieth century.
(B) Both had an important improvisatory element.
relative sentence: Nevertheless, improvisation remained central to gospel music.
the sentence precede the first sentence appeared in the passage suggests a similarity
first and second sentences mean: they are different (whereas means shift from similarity to difference)
the third sentence suggests a similarity: Nevertheless
(C) Both were frequently performed by jazz musicians.
(D) Both were published with only a vocal line and piano accompaniment.
(E) Both were disseminated chiefly by Black singing groups.

20.        Of the following sentences, which is most likely to have immediately preceded the passage?
not deny the differences, so the preceded sentence suggests the similarity(contradict to what is seemingly denied)
(A) Few composers of gospel music drew on traditions such as the spiritual in creating their songs.
(B) Spirituals and Black gospel music were derived from the same musical tradition.
(C) The creation and singing of spirituals, practiced by Black Americans before the Civil War, continued after the war.
(D) Spirituals and gospel music can be clearly distinguished from one another.
(E) Improvisation was one of the primary characteristics of the gospel music created by Black musicians.

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2015.5.14 comprehension note!

By the time the American colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order to secure their independence, the institution of Black slavery was deeply entrenched. But the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a source of constant embarrassment. “It always appeared a most iniquitous scheme to me,” Abigail Adams wrote her husband in 1774, “to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.”
Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struck by the inconsistency of their stand during the War of Independence, and they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves. Quakers and other religious groups organized antislavery societies, while numerous individuals manumitted their slaves. In fact, within several years of the end of the War of Independence, most of the Eastern states had made provisions for the gradual emancipation of slaves.

17.        Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
the passage mainly talked about what did the white Americans do, so A & B are wrong
(A) The War of Independence produced among many Black Americans a heightened consciousness of the inequities in American society.
(B) The War of Independence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many Black Americans while intensifying their desire to be free.
(C) The War of Independence exposed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve that contradiction.
right, relative sentence: to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.
(D) The War of Independence provoked strong criticisms by many Americans of the institution of slavery, but produced little substantive action against it.
not mentioned criticisms
(E) The War of Independence renewed the efforts of many American groups toward achieving Black emancipation.
not mentioned the former efforts, so to say renew them is not right

18.        The passage contains information that would support which of the following statements about the colonies before the War of Independence?
A D E are of during or after the W of I
(A) They contained organized antislavery societies.
(B) They allowed individuals to own slaves.
right, that's why antislavery societies instituted.
(C) They prohibited religious groups from political action.
not mentioned political action
(D) They were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
(E) They encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence.

19.        According to the passage, the War of Independence was embarrassing to some Americans for which of the following reasons?
I.        It involved a struggle for many of the same liberties that Americans were denying to others.
II.        It involved a struggle for independence from the very nation that had founded the colonies.
III.        It involved a struggle based on inconsistencies in the participants’ conceptions of freedom.
this is wrong, so it is not about the conception, conception is the same: to be free. The inconsistencies are the different standard when applying the conceptions of freedom. One asks for freedom strips the same thing from others.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III

20.        Which of the following statements regarding American society in the years immediately following the War of Independence is best supported by the passage?
(A) The unexpected successes of the antislavery societies led to their gradual demise in the Eastern states.
not mentioned demise, and probably not logic
(B) Some of the newly independent American states had begun to make progress toward abolishing slavery.
right
(C) Americans like Abigail Adams became disillusioned with the slow progress of emancipation and gradually abandoned the cause.
not mentioned about the progress is slow
(D) Emancipated slaves gradually were accepted in the Eastern states as equal members of American society.
those regions have accepted before the end of the W o I
(E) The abolition of slavery in many Eastern states was the result of close cooperation between religious groups and free Blacks.
not mentioned free Blacks