[感想日志] 1006G splendidsun的备考日记——Protect my dream [复制链接]

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-930785-1-1.html

说实话，目前为止这20个问题对于我来说只是些问题而已，在面对AW题目以前或许我不会对它们的用处有什么深入的体会。但是我知道有时在写英文文章时，我最发愁的就是寻找写作的突破口，不知从何说起，不知怎样扩展内容，不知怎样深化主题……

或许过一段时间，这20个问题将会对我有很大的帮助。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931194-1-1.html

考试开始阶段或许是最紧张的时候，渡过这一阶段便能进入状态。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931466-1-1.html

    首先不得不感慨，草版对于writer’s block的翻译相当的形象

    针对症状1这种方法其实在中文的写作中我经常用，总是先把零散的key words写下来，而后试图寻找他们之间的联系，写出文章的大体框架，而英文文章似乎从来没有用过，其实主要是因为写英文文章完全还是中文思维，基本是一个翻译的过程，而非用英语的角度去写作，这是我存在的一个问题

我觉得其实症状2，3均适用于不理解的题目，从中找到自己有话说，感兴趣的切口，并且知道出题人的期待。即使不感兴趣也可以写出来

在other strategies中Begin in the Middle Start writing at whatever point you like是一条很实用的建议，有时就是因为不知如何组织文章开头而被block，另外注意换位思考。

Writing With Computers

Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

Planning

freewriting

If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.

writing an e-mail message

As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.（恐怕很难找到这样的人~但我想其实可以自我换位，以别人的角度换位思考，或许可以有新的想法）

making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.

planning visually

Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.

Drafting

creating a scrapfile

As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.

splitting screens

If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.

adding notes

Organizing

checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.

Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

saving copies of material to cut and paste

changing the appearance of key features of your writing

editing on hard copy

Writing With Computers

Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

Planning

freewriting

If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.

writing an e-mail message

As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.（恐怕很难找到这样的人~但我想其实可以自我换位，以别人的角度换位思考，或许可以有新的想法）

making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.

planning visually

Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.

Drafting

creating a scrapfile

As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.

splitting screens

If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.

adding notes

Organizing

checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.

Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

saving copies of material to cut and paste

changing the appearance of key features of your writing

editing on hard copy

好在有了笨笨，今天不用过节，踏踏实实的好好学习

刚刚把AW官方的introduction看完了，感觉平时自己以为的一些trick，ETS早就写得清楚明白，并且可见ETS目的并非为了难为学生，只是考察一下critical thinking and analytical writing而已，端正了一下对于AW的态度，嘿~
      另外学习了一课新概念三，也许别人会觉得这个太过低级，但我知道自己的底子不好，需要好好打一打基础，目标是尽量背下每一课内容，刚开始课文不长，还算容易搞定：P
      下面继续开始基础写作的学习：
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
Topic sentence
昨天看过了thesis statement今天继续topic sentence
TS作用：揭示每个段落与文章主题关系

提示读者本段所写内容
长度：2-3句
写TS方法：1.复合句连接上下文，概括上文，开启下文，由上一段信息过渡到下一段信息
               2.提问，提出问题，文章内容将解答这一问题
               3.使用过渡句,比复合句更加简单
               4.Pivots（不知道怎么翻译比较好）TS并不是总出现在段首，当出现在段中时表明此段作者态度会发生转变，通常会有yet, but, however转折

Signposts
可以是一段开头的一、二句话，亦可以是一段作为过渡
其实没有太理解signpost的意思~~？？？打上问号，以后问草版

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）

段落的逻辑顺序问题

Climactic Order (Order of Importance)：least important --> most important

标志性过渡词汇：more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet，more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly

          psychological order ：为climactic order的一种变形

将最为重要的放在文章开头或结尾，将次重要的放在结尾或开头（最重要剩下的位置），将最不重要的内容放在文章中间

         1，2，3，4，5（5最重要）--〉4,3,1,2,5

general-to-specific order,

specific-to general order,

most-familiar-to-least-familiar,

simplest-to-most-complex,

order of frequency,

order of familiarity

观点陈述方式：

        longitudinal method:若有两个相反观点，先陈述一个，再陈述另一个

        cross-sectional method：两方观点交替陈述，但要注意group 自己的观点，以免出现subheading过多的现象

列出outline

用罗马数字标出每段的主要观点，由least important --> most important，开头段，结尾段不用写

Logical Order

    1.from least to most important：需要appropriate transitions

    2.cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.

  3.problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.

文中反例总结，我有以下结论：

１．     1.并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。

２．     2。实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序

３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion

处理复杂的逻辑顺序

三“W”法

"What?"
文中现象是否正确-->检查证据，确认其可以证明现象的真实性/正确性，通常在introduction之后写，但篇幅不应超过1/3，否则头重脚轻

"How?"
文中的结论是否在所有情况下都正确

"Why?"作者如何解释文中的现象-->体现文章的作用，文章的最重要部分，在文章结尾写出

     Mapping an Essay

1.陈述文章主题，并且得出为何得到这一claim很重要

2.To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . .接下来写为什么读者需要首先知道这个内容(通常为一些背景知识)

3.Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."
and why

段落内部的关系

段落基本的三要素：

一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关

一个合理的逻辑顺序

没有无关细节

注：段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的，段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的

段落句子的长短：长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。

过短的段落说明你信息不足，论证不充分，观点的选择比较肤浅，论述的范围比较窄。

过长的段落说明你信息冗余，或者不相关细节过多，讨论过宽。

一、段落的组成结构：

１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！

２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！

３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

段落组成内容：

一定要让读者知道你下一步要说些什么：通过读者已有的知识来了解新的观点

（1）用一些orienting词汇，短语

of course，as you know ，
until now ，obviously ，normally，previously ，
everyone is familiar with ，remember that

（2）用新的扩展旧的

（3）加入解释性的词汇短语

段内句子连接：

注意三个原则：

l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题

l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体

l
Connection－适当的连接句子

1.使用逻辑连接词：一段需要建立一个逻辑点

Connective words that describe relationships:

Connectives that give a sense of time:

Other Connective phrases:

  2.利用重复增加文章的连贯性

代词指代

核心词重复（一段中所有句子都应该是逻辑上相关的）

强调词（慎用，用的过多会削弱文章）

如何有效论证

提出自己观点--论据支撑观点--论述论据如何支撑观点

修改文章时应考虑：

是否每一个论断都有论据支持

如何论述论据来支持观点

论据是否对于观点起到支撑作用

论据是否可以深化主题而不是简单的支持论点

是否正确的引用论据

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion

今天的目标基础写作看完吧~

快到了一周有新作业的时间，加油加油呀！

发现短短的两天似乎已经变成了一种习惯~而写备考日志的确是督促自己学习的方法~嘿嘿~很开心

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（12）Conciseness

字数问题：

应保证信息的传递量，并且注意信息的传递密度

信息密度X字数=信息传递量, which is the thing raters care

模板等语言尽量少用，在此基础上ISSUE>=550, ARGUMENT>=450

当初把自己觉得模板的套路语言使用得很充分的一篇arguement（当时自我感觉还很良好），拿给我的suoervisor看~他的第一评价意思就是要写实，不要把话说的那么套路，要有实实在在的内容，传递有效信息

Conciseness: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness

1.可以去掉的词汇：

kind of；sort of；type of；really；basically；for all intents and purposes；definitely；actually；generally；individual；specific；particular

说实话，我一直觉得这种副词和形容词在文章中最最体现水平呢~看来一直的看法是错误的

2.短语改写成词汇

3.将不必要的that, which, who从句改为短语

4.避免过度使用expletives：it + be-verb or there + be-verb，noun+which/that等结构

5.使用主动语态取代被动语态

6.减少使用名词化的动词

7.修改不必要的不定式

8.用直接表达取代拐弯抹角

替代表如下：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-940023-1-1.html

9.省略一些显然的或过度解释的词汇

10.省略重复词汇

看完这一篇之后，其实对我自己曾经一度建立的好文章的概念产生了巨大的挑战，但细细想来，的确如此，就像中文一样，在有效的时间用最最简练的语言表达出最大的信息量！

醍醐灌顶呀~~~相当兴奋~~~

不过今天还是没有完成定好的任务~~明天加油！

“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can provide broad perspectives."

应对题目策略

    这个观点引出了几个相关问题：generalist或是specialist意味着什么？他们各自对于社会的意义是什么？社会真的需要更多的generalist？specialist真的被高估了么？

    这里有几个针对这个题目你可以采用的基本观点：是的，社会需要更多的generalists并且specialists被抬得过高了。不是，相反的观点才是对的。或者，这依赖于许多其他的因素。或者两个群体对于今天的文化来讲都很重要；每一个都没有过分高估。你的分析可以用一些特殊社会或者国家的例子，或者社会的一个或几个领域，或者从多个不同角度。可能都将集中在generalists和specialists在交流，交通，政治，信息和技术等方面所扮演的角色。这些方法中的任何一个都是很有根据的，只要你能够用相关的理由和例子来支持的你观点。

在确定自己观点之前，再花一点时间重新审题。分析考虑一下问题：

lgeneralists和specialists主要的区别在哪里？每个最主要的特点是什么？

l这些区别在很多职业和情况下都存在么？有没有specialists需要有非常广泛的知识背景和多方面的能力才能把他们的工作做好？

l在你的领域里generalists和specialists的职能是怎样的？

l你认为社会对于generalists和specialists的评价是怎样的？是否在有些条件下specialists被过分的高估，而在其他条件下不呢？

l社会真的需要更多的generalists么？如果是的，他们的职能是什么呢？

现在你可以将你的想法分成两组：

理由和例子支持题目中的观点

l理由和例子支持题目中的观点

l理由和例子支持题目中相反的观点

如果你发现一个观点更加清楚并且有说服力，考虑写一篇这个观点的论断。在建立你的论断时，要记住另外一个你将反驳的观点

如果两组都有很有力的点，考虑表达一个更限制性的更复杂的观点，而不是题目中给出的观点。这样你可以用两个角度的理由和例子来证明你的观点。

今天本打算完成的，因为一些事情耽误了~

明天开始上课了~~还要药理考试，一定要加油！

阅卷者评语——5分

文章作者通过讨论对于generalists和specialists的需求很好的分析了这个问题的复杂性。

文章基于两个非常有力的示例。第一个例子（第二段）首先说明了医学中generalist(the general practitioner)和specialists存在的必要性，进而又引入另外一个例子（呼吸困难和对哮喘专科医生的需要）。这种从一般到特殊的扩展同样出现在下一段的事例当中。讨论的中心从小学的教育高高中的教育，从基础的算术到微积分。

通过使用适当的过渡“but”“usually”“for instance”文章非常通顺的表达。文章结尾又点出了作者的观点。

虽然作者可以较好的运用语言和句法，但是一些在澄清观点上面的失误使得这篇结构很好的文章不能得到6分。问题主要在缺少代词指代，并列结构中的错误，松散的句法和不准确的语言。

判卷者评语——4分

这篇文章是一篇论述较为充足的文章。在开篇虽然作者定义的specialist让人感觉有些迷惑，但作者举了一个非常切题的例子（特殊教育老师）来证明specialists的重要性。这个事例对这篇文章取得4分有很大帮助。

第二个例子：一个委员会如何工作，这个例子并不是很有说服力。然而它的确有助于作者定义“generalists”作为一个非常宽泛的术语，它是一个只了解一方面的specialists的集合体。

尽管作者对于generalists和specialists的关系的观点并不常见，但是在文章的结论中这种关系被解释清楚。但是，这些观点并没有被充分的表达，不论是深度上，还是逻辑上都不足以得到比四分更高的分数。

文章整体上讲没有什么错误。虽然有些地方句式不够准确，过于冗长，但是在句子结构，语法和用法上基本没有错误。从整体上说，这份答卷能够清晰地驾驭写作英语中一些重要的因素。

判卷者评语——3分

作者的观点是很清楚的：specialists是非常重要并且必需的。然而这一观点并没有充分的理由和有逻辑的例子来支持。

第一段使用了一个脑外科医生和全科医生这个非常合适的例子。但是，第二段中大学中的教育范围越来越窄的例子只有两句而没有充分的展开。它在深化作者观点中起到了很小的作用，

第三段提供了其它的例子，这个例子被最充分的解释。但是，这个例子的逻辑很不清楚。作者试图说明specialist国家是优于generalist国家的。作者告诉我们generalist国家不如其他国家。这个结论不能有由作者的论断中总结出来，并且他的观点似乎与当今的事实相悖。

虽然在文中语言的运用有不准确的地方，但是作者的意思并没有被掩盖。这篇文章得3分的原因就是缺乏充分的展开和适当的运用例子。

阅卷者评语——2分

这是一篇分析上有严重错误的文章。作者更偏向specialists，但是没有充分的理由和事例来证明这个观点的说服力。不要带一个问题儿童去看一个婚姻问题的理论家的例子过于简单，同时也偏离了题目，因为他们的区别是在两种专才之间，而不是generalists和specialists之间。

句子和短语的运用太差，有时很难理解。然而，它不是一篇1分作文，是因为作者表达出了他对于这个问题的观点，通过一些很弱的分析来表达他的观点，较清楚的阐释了一些观点。

判卷者评语——1分

这篇文章是一篇从根本上缺乏对于这一论题的讨论。

第一句陈述了作者支持specialists的观点，但是这个观点并没有得到一致的论述。一些观点看上去时矛盾的，例子让人感觉很迷惑。如果文章解释第一个不成功的医生是一个generalist而第二个成功的医生是specialists，这个例子是有用的。但是，文中写出的例子是不明白的，甚至有误导性的。而文章的结论更加让人迷惑。

由于文中大部分句子很短且不连贯的，文中所表达的观点也是不连贯的。作者应用过渡短语和论点来使得他的文章更具有逻辑上的一致性。同时一些用法和语法上的错误时很普遍的。但缺乏一致的观点使得这篇文章只能得1分。