1006G 备考日记 by ieyangj08——行胜于言

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pluka好，非常感谢你的建议，也祝你新年快乐，一起努力，加油加油：—） 29# pluka

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开始干活了，大家一起加油加油：）

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主谓一致

讲解中红色加下划线标出的为错题或没弄清的知识点

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讲解
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主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，

一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

1、 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2、 主谓一致中的就近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or she is to go.
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.

4 、谓语需用单数
1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten dollar is enough.

5、 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present.(所有人都到齐了。)
2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry（家禽）等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students likes English.

6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致
1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

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                讲解（版本二）
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误区一 误认主语

1. 倒装句
①Between the two buildings are a big tree. (×）
②Between the two buildings is a big tree. (√)
倒装句的常见结构：副词/介词短语+谓语+主语

2. 主语之后带有介词短语
①The fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×）
②The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)
类似的结构有：主语+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ，谓语动词

3. One of . . . + 名词复数或复数代词
①There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×）
②There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)

4. 定语从句
①I like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×）
②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)

误区二 被主语的表象迷惑

1. 看似复数却表单数概念
①Maths are my favorite subject. (×）
②Maths is my favorite subject. (√)
类似的有：physics，news，politics . . .

2. 看似单数却表复数概念
①The police is searching for the robbers. (×）
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
类似的词有：people，the +形容词，the +姓+family等均表复数概念。

3. 名词的单复数同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (×）
②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (√)
单复数形式相同的词sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese等，要根据句子的含义和结构暗示来判断其单复数。

4. 集合名词
①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×）
②Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)
family, group，class，team等既可表单数也可表复数。

误区三 误用语言规则

1. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词作主语
①Ten years are quite a long time. (×）
②Ten years is quite a long time. (√)

2. 由and连接的并列主语
①The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. (×）
②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. (√)
the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念，译为“第20课即最后一课”; “第20课和最后一课” 为“the twentieth lesson and the last lesson”。
由and连接的并列主语表示同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，表示不同的概念时谓语动词用复数。

3. 就近原则
①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. (×）
②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. (√)
类似的还有either . . . Or，not only . . . But also，not . . . But，以及there be之后的并列主语，谓语动词的确定都根据“就近原则”。

4. This kind of，a piece of，this pair of等短语作主语
①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (×）
②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (√)
特别提醒 this kind of，a piece of，a bag of，a box of等，这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定，而与它们所修饰的名词无关。

5. The rest of, half of等短语作主语
①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×）
②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
特别提醒 all of，most of，half of，the rest of，以及a lot of，some，any+名词作主语时，要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。

6. 一句话提示
①合成不定代词(如something，anybody等)作主语，谓语动词用单数；
②动名词、不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
③a number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用复数，the number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用单数；
④none of . . . 作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。
  
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            附加题
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1. Three years ____has___ (have) passed since we met last time, and three years ____is___ (be) a long time.
2. ____Is___ (be) everybody going to take part in the game?
3. Both men and women ____have___ (have) complained about the advertisement.
4. The family ____were___ (be) watching TV when I came into the room.
5. But not all the information ___is____ (is) good to society.
6. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents ____were___ (be) out.
7. There ___is____ (is) a table, several chairs in the old house.
8. The great writer and professor ___is____ (is) going to our school next week.
9. The scientist and the engineer ____have___ (have) invented a new machine.
10. Alice, together with her friends, ____was___ (be) punished for having broken the school rules.
11. Every girl and every boy ____has___ (have) the right to join the club.
两个并列的名词由each，every， no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数
12. --- ____Is___ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I ____am____（be）.
13. --- Is there anybody in the classroom?
--- No, the teacher as well as the students ___has____ (have) gone to the playground.
14. None of the money ____is___ (be) his.
15. A knife and fork ____is___ (be) on the table.  A pen and a pencil ____are___ (be) on the desk.

1. E-mail, as well as telephones, ___A___ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
2. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ___B____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
3. Either you or the headmaster ___D____ the prizes to these students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
4. A library with five thousand books ____A___ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
5. All the employees except the manager ____D___ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged

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情态动词

would rather,would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.

can 语气过于绝对, 最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：Indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.  might

should多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.  be to do或者是shall代替,shall表示的是一种情态

must语气实在强硬，一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.

冠词

1.定冠词的用法
1）用于上文已提到过的人或事物。He has a new pen. The pen was bought in America.      
2）特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物。      
The angry man on the screen is David.  Is the city of Nanjing beautiful?
3）用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
The moon is our satellite.  The world is changing always.     
4）用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前。   
The first lesson is as difficult as the last one.  This moon cake is the nicest of all.  She is the only person who was late today.
5）用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。   
the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s   Republic of China 中华人民共和国   the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会     
6）用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。      
the Yellow River 黄河the Black sea 黑海  the West Lake 西湖 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山    the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Indian Ocean印度洋     
7）用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。   
the Greens 格林一家人   the Wangs 王家     the Kings 肯一家人     the Lis李家     
“the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。      
The Greens are watching TV at the moment. 格林一家人现在正在看电视。     
8）the后加某些形容词，表示一类人或事物。      
the old 老人  the young 年轻人the rich 富人     
the poor 穷人 the clever 聪明人 the blind 盲人     
9）用在乐器前面。   
the piano 钢琴   the violin 小提琴     
10）用在“the＋形容词比较级＋the＋形容词比较级”结构中，表示“越来……越……”。
The more exercise you take, the healthier you will be.     
11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。例如：     
The man under the tree is my grandfather.   The girl in white is Mary.   
12)用在表示方向的名词前。   
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部     
in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部 in the south 在南方     
13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。   
The tree is a kind of plant.       The camel is a useful animal.     The computer is an interesting tool.      
14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。   
in the early morning 一大清早     in the front of 在……（内部）的前面     
the day before yesterday 前天  on the right(left)在右（左）边

2.零冠词的用法
1）在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如，Class Two，Tian‘an Men Square，water
2）可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词（my，your，his，her等）、指示代词（this/these，that/those）、不定代词（some，any等）及所有格限制时。例如my book(正)；my the book(误)
3）复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如，They are teachers.
4）在星期，月份，季节，节日前。例如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)
5）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Tom，Mum
6）在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如：I have lunch at school every day.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football. Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？
7）在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。例如：No.25 Middle School
8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处
(3)介词词组：in surprise；on foot；on duty；at work；on time；in class；on show；in bed等
(4)go 短语：go home；go to bed；go to school ；go to work；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing

3.用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)

冠词练习题
10．He used to be _______  teacher but later he turned _______  writer．  D
A．a；a    B．a；the      C．／；a     D．a；／
第二个空用“零冠词”是因为 turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。
11．They made him _______  king． D
A．a      B．the      C．an     D．／         表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。

数词

1.序数词的构成
★大多数的序数词是由基数词加-th构成。如：seven—seventh；ten—tenth
★以-t结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h。如：eight—eighth
★以-ve结尾的基数词改-ve为f再加-th。如：five—fifth；twelve—twelfth
★以-y结尾的基数词改-y为-ie再加-th。如：twenty—twentieth，thirty—thirtieth
★几十几的序数词只在个位数体现。如：twenty-one—twenty-first；thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序数词：one—first；two—second；three—third； nine—ninth

2.数词的用法
1)表示编号。基数词用在名词之后，序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词。如：Lesson Nine；the Ninth Lesson
2)在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有数词时为实数意义，它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加复数，并可和of连用，构成短语。如：five hundred students；millions of people

3.分数的构成
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s，如：
1/5：one fifth    2/3：two thirds   2-：two and three quarters

4.数词中的主谓一致
1)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.
2)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：A word or two is missed in the sentence.  One or two words are missed in the sentence.

数词练习题
1.Could you tell us how to read the number 18,306,211?  B
B.eighteen million, three hundred and six thousand, two hundred and eleven
2.Shakespeare was born in ______。D
A.1660s        B.1660’s  C.the 1660s    D.the 1660’s
in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；in 1980表示在1980年，一年的时间
3.Bill said they were going to have _____ holiday。 B
A.a two-weeks’ B.a two-week  C.two weeks’D.two weeks
a two-week holiday
9.Several _______ new books were sold out last week。 D
A.of thousand    B.thousands  C.thousand of    D.thousand
several thousand    thousands of
10.Which is right?  C
　　A.2009, June 25   B.25th June, 2009  C.June 25, 2009  D.June 25st, 2009
11.We have stayed at this school for _______ 。 AB
　　A.two and a half years    B.two years and a half
几个半的表示法有两种：“基数词+单位名词(复数)+and a half”“基数词+and a half+单位名词(复数)”

ieyangj08UID：2743219

语法总共41期，看了3期，还剩的39期准备每天学习3-5期。同时每天继续作业2、3、4...

ieyangj08UID：2743219

ISSUE13

Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.

3小时, 562字.

It is a trend that hundreds of lesser-known languages are dying every year. Shall the governments of those countries do something to change this trend? The answer is absolutely yes.

In order to demonstrate the above point of view, I will ask a question first. If a language is lost, what loss will be brought to us human?

We shall lose a civilization, for language is the carrier of civilization. Not only our numerous precious poetry, novels, and proverbs will be lost forever, but the infinite wisdom of the language speaker's ancestors will also die. Starting from the primitive society, people use language to record their experience against the natural, the main events, and the knowledge accumulated in the labor, all of which composed their civilization and are valuable wealth for us. Unfortunately, this civilization would disappear totally, with the loss of the language.      

However, the diversity of civilizations is an essential factor for our mankind's development. The history of human progress is also a history of mutual learning among civilizations. There are full of these examples. Greece learned from Egypt, Rome studied Greece, the Arab referred to the Roman Empire, medieval Europe imitated the Arab, and Renaissance Europe followed the Byzantine Empire. It is this diversity of civilizations that brings comparison, learning, and progress for countries, as well as induces inspiration and creativity of people, which finally lead to great innovations.

With the loss of a language, we shall also lose a mode of thinking. Scientists have given enough evidences to prove that a language represents a mode of thinking. When people using a language to speak or write, they need to compose words in one way. Actually, this way of composing words is a kind of thinking mode. And this thinking mode has formed in the language speaker gradually, as he or she using this language. Every time when doing the IQ test questions, we might have a strong feeling that it is how useful to use another thinking way. Yes, a new kind of thinking pattern is essential for us, especially when we meeting some real difficulties.  Whereas, the death of a language shall brings the tomb of a thinking mode.

Since a language means so much to our human, what might the governments of the relevant countries do to protect these lesser-known languages?

We know that a language extinct means the enormous reduce of speakers and relevant records. Some endangered small languages even only are known by the older grandfathers and grandmothers, and the young of the society have little chance to study them. Thus the government is to educate the young to learn and use them. Correlative records, such as books, tapes, videos and so on, are also essential components of these languages. Governments would probably allocate sufficient funds to retain them well.

Media language is a big threat to small languages, for our daily language is mainly received from the media, such as Internet, newspapers, magazines, television, radio and so on. Therefore, to protect these endangered small languages, governments shall help the speakers to build their websites, publishing houses, television stations, and radio stations. If the lesser-known languages become a media language among a group of people, then their life would be extended period of time.

Protect the endangered small languages is an essential and urgent matter, which should be taken seriously by the relevant governments.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

文章在破题新颖、思维深刻、例证详实等方面还有待大幅度的提高。这些或许是在多多练习之后才能真正体悟到的东西。

整体写作过程比较顺利，先阅读了一些相关的资料，然后列了提纲开始动笔写作。写不下去的地方就用前面阅读中提到的“详细论证”，慢慢把论证过程写清楚，一个段落也就完成了。

另，写作过程中用到了大量关于Thesis、段落、详细论证、情态动词等第一次作业的知识，深深体会到了前几天辛苦阅读的价值。

欢迎大家狠拍，多提意见，先谢谢大家了：—）

ieyangj08UID：2743219

虚拟语气

主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。

1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do;  “万一”
If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句：If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

倒装

如果句子谓语提前，则句子为倒装语序（inverted order），分为 完全倒装（full inversion）和部分倒装（partial inversion）

1、一些常见的倒装句
1）由引导词there 引导的句子：
There’s an outdoor concert tonight in the park
2） 由there , here, now, then 等副词引导的句子。
There comes the rest of the party.
3） 由so, neither, nor 引导的句子：
I like singing and so does Helen
I don’t eat meat and neither does Tom.
Nor will I deny that

2、一些状语从句中的倒装语序
1）有些有If引导的条件状语从句（主要包含有were, had, should 的从句），可以把IF省略，把上述动词放到主语前面去：
Weren’t it for their assitance, we wouldn’t be able to do so well.
Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train.
Should Mary call, say that I'll be back in an hour.
2）有些让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况，（主要把标语或部分谓语提前）：
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.
Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.

3、某些副词或状语引导的倒装句
1）某些有否定意义的副词，若放在句首，句子常用倒装。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came
2）有个别其他副词放在句首时，又是也会有这个现象：
Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.
3）有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序：
On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.
一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until, at no point还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.

4、其他倒装句
1）祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace!  May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。
2）间接引语后的插入语，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
3）有时修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人，没问题。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

从句

三大从句：名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式）

主语从句
1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
*It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
*It seems that the performance is very useful.
2）what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.
3）what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.

宾语从句
1) 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2) 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
3) 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.

表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.

同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　
　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……
　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……
　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

定语从句
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。
1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.
as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.
As is mentioned above, no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.

时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.

地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.
Where I live there are plenty of trees.　　我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.

目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if, unless, as(so) long as, on condition that, in case, provided(providing) that, supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment, you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
unless = if not.　Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.  If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say, I would not change my mind.
Young as he is, he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is, he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
1）当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
2) as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
3)　even if, even though.　即使
　　We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or-　 不管……都
　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5) no matter what = whatever  no matter who = whoever  no matter when = whenever
　no matter where = wherever  no matter which = whichever  no matter how = however
No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind.
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.

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名词

1、自测一
1. A lot of _____deer______(deer) are eating grass at the foot of the hill.
2.I think they are ____Tom’s______(Tom) ,not yours.
3.How many ____people_____ (people) are there in your family?
4.What is the woman carrying? Some _____vegetables______(vegetable).
5.I like reading Lu Xun’s _____works_____ (work)
6.The ____Jacksons______ (Jackson) are coming to dinner with me.
7.How far is it from your home to your school? Not far. Just five ___minutes’___ (minute) walk.
8.Do you know how many _____teeth____ (tooth) a person has.
9.Today is ___Children’s_____ (child) Day, boys and girls.
10.The ____young____ (young) should be polite to the ____old____ (old).
1. In autumn ___A___ turn yellow.
A. leaves B. leafs C. leaf D. leafes
2 .Linda, I’ve bought several ____A____. Now let’s make the birthday cake.
A. fresh eggs B. chocolate milk C. frozen food D. flour
3. They are _____D______.
A. Kate and Mary mother B. Kate and Mary’s mothers C. Kate and Mary’s mother D. Kate’s and Mary’s mothers
4. The teacher from American gave us ___C_____ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice B. some advices C. some advice D. a piece of advices
5. Would you like some ____D____? Yes, please. I’m a little thirsty.
A. bread B. meat C. beef D. orange

2 名词变复数的规则
1)以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加 –es
2)以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加es, 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数  two Marys  the Henrys monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays
3) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时 　　
a. 加s， photo---photos  piano---pianos  radio---radios　 zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
4) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时
　　a. 加s，belief---beliefs　roof---roofs  safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；
　　b. 去f,fe 加ves， half---halves　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；
　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children  foot---feet　tooth---teeth  mouse---mice man---men　woman---women　German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans  Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans
2）单复同形　　deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese , li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　
除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
如： The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　 a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
　　 b. news 是不可数名词。
　　 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
　　 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
　　　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼

4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
This factory produces steel.　(不可数) We need various steels.　(可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
Our country is famous for tea.  Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2）抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由  the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
a glass of water 一杯水　a piece of advice　一条建议

5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。
如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室　talks table 谈判桌　 the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如：men workers　　women teachers  gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
如：goods train (货车)  arms produce　武器生产  customs papers 海关文件  clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
two-dozen eggs　a ten-mile walk 　two-hundred trees  a five-year plan.　
个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child

6 名词的格
1）凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系， 如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
2）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，
如：the barber's 理发店。
3如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's room（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）
4）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
如：a month or two's absence

7、关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：、
1）容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计 equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展 furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦 cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声 apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境 clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
2）复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
economics 经济学 measles 麻疹 physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病，佝偻病dynamics 动力学 news 新闻The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报

8、与名词相关的主谓一致关系
1）many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。
Many a student has made such a mistake. More than one stranger agrees with me.
在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。More persons than one have been involved.  
2）the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时， 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时， 谓语动词用单数。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.  The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。
3）当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。
One and a half apples is left on the plate.
4）当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。
　　A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.
　　A large portion of her poems was published after her death.

ieyangj08UID：2743219

是时候再拿起红宝了，还有难句，1月里尽量多的写些高频，加油加油！

ieyangj08UID：2743219

ARGUMENT143

Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading. The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated. The report also demonstrates that many of those who lost their jobs have found new employment. Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time.

*Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employee

提纲
1、未提及92年后就业岗位需求的情况，工作岗位未必真的增加了。
2、2/3的高薪新工作可能由其他就业群体瓜分。
3、未提及企业裁员后失业的工人们多久才能找到新工作，即使新工作报酬高，也可能之前经历一段较长的无收入期。

Merely based on the unfounded assumption and suspicious evidence, the statement draws the conclusion that the recent article on company downsizing in the United States is misleading. To substantiate this conclusion, the arguer cites a recent report on the United States economy. At first glance, this argument appears to be somewhat convicting, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed in the argument. From the logical perspective, this argument suffers from three logical flaws.

The threshold problem with this argument is that job opportunities are probably not increased since 1992, for the report hadn’t mentioned the trend in the number of the job seekers. It is probably that new job seekers are far more than the new job opportunities. Even if there are actually more jobs since 1992, we couldn’t conclude the article is misleading, because the new job opportunities offered are not only shared by the unemployed competent workers caused by the corporate downsizing. Other skilled workers or new graduates may share great part of these opportunities. Thus, just from the report that far more jobs have been created than eliminated we couldn’t conclude the article is misleading.

Another problem that weakens the logic of this argument is that two-thirds of the newly created high-wage jobs are probably mainly shared by other job-hunting groups, such as skilled workers or new graduates. The corporate downsizing unemployed men might only find the rest one-third of the newly-created jobs which are lower paid than the average level. For example, as the development of Internet, more jobs require skilled use of a computer. However, a great many of the unemployed competent workers are unfamiliar with the computer, so they couldn’t apply such high wage work. Thus, only with the evidence of more high-wage jobs, we can hardly say the article is objective.  

Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out the last flaw involved in this argument that the report didn’t refer to the time period of re-finding work for the competent unemployed workers caused by corporate downsizing. They are likely to experience a long time of jobless and having no finance incomes, such as many years. Even though they got high payments when re-hired, before these they would suffer serious economic hardship. Without the enough relevant information, we hardly can declare the report is unjust.

To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate his claim that the recent article on corporate downsizing in the United States is misleading, because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the author would have to provide more information with regard to the trend in the number of the job seekers and the time period of finding new work for these workers. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that the two-thirds of newly created good jobs are mainly shared by the competent unemployed workers caused by corporate downsizing. Therefore, if the argument had included given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.   

欢迎大家狠拍，必定严重感谢

ieyangj08UID：2743219

写了一篇 argument，切实体会到语法学习的重要性。好的语法增添文采，差的语法降低印象。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

代词

1并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －> 第三人称 －> 第一人称
you －> he/she   it -> I   You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －> 第二人称 －> 第三人称
we－>you －>They
在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，It was I and John that made her angry.
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

2 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：a friend of mine.  each brother of his.

3 反身代词
1） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.
2）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。

4 疑问代词
1）what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内
2）Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m) did you meet on the street?  作动词宾语
Who(m) are you taking the book to?  作介词宾语，置句首
To whom did you speak on the campus?
3）疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：
For what do most people live and work? 旧文体
What are you looking for? 现代英语

5 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.   定语从句与the students 一致
He is the one of the students who helps me. 定语从句与the one 一致

6．every 和each
1)every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。
Every student in our school works hard. Each student may have one book.. 2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3)every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every student has to take one.  Each boy has to take one.  Each of the boys has to take one.
4)every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
5)every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。
6)every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

ieyangj08UID：2743219

动词的时态

本身单独每一句话都没有错的句子，组合在了一起就让我觉得非常别扭，跳跃很大。其原因一般是两个——单复数无规则互换，时态无规则互换。写作文的时候尽力定好主时态，保持下去，不要来回跳跃。尤其要保证每段内部，不同句子之间的一个完整性。

1 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.  When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.  There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

2 用一般过去时代替完成时
1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.   My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.