本帖最后由 ieyangj08 于 2010-1-7 09:31 编辑
连词
同样的一篇作文，只要稍加变动，就能使文章增色不少，那么都要做什么呢？文法层面上，三点足矣——替换零星词汇、调整语序、加衔接词。替换词汇不是要让文章里有多么的用词多样，而是力主将思路更精确的表达。调整语序仅仅增加一些符合语感的倒装就可以让作文上升一个档次。而以上两个都不如加衔接词来得性价比高。
1 比较and和or
1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon.
2 for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
(错) For he is ill, he is absent today. (对) He is absent today, for he is ill.
3 比较so和 such
such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n. so foolish such a fool
so + adj. + a(n) + n. so nice a flower such a nice flower
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.) so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数] so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
Addition:
furthermore, moreover, too, also, in the second place, again, in addition, even more, next, further, last, lastly, finally, besides, and, or, nor, first, second, secondly, etc. a further, additionally, again, also, and, and then, another, as well, aside from, aside from this, besides, conjointly, coupled with, equally important, even more, finally, further, furthermore, in addition, in addition to, in due course, incidentally, lastly, more important, moreover, neither ... nor ..., next, next to that, nor, not only ... but ..., not only ... but also ..., not only this, but this as well, not to mention, on top of that, once again, once more, or, other, over again, plus, together with, too, what is more
Alternative:
alternatively, among, another, between, either ... or ..., else, instead, neither ... nor ..., on the one hand ... on the other hand ..., or, rather, whether, whether or not
Apposition:同位
and, because, for, furthermore, in any event, in order to, in other words, likewise, namely, on the other hand, similarly, that is to say, to sum up, yet
Cause:
because, on account of, since, for that reason, and so, as, as a result, as for, as for those, because, because of, being that, different from this, due to, for that, for the reason that, for as much as, given that, hence, henceforth, if ... then ..., in response to, in spite of, in that case, in the end, in view of, in as much as, now that, on account of, over all, owing to, seeing that, since, so, so that, that is why, therefore, thus, ultimately, wherefore
Chain:
basically ... similarly ... as well ..., because ... therefore ..., first ... second ... third ..., generally ... furthermore ... finally ..., in the first place, in the first place ... also ... lastly ..., just in the same way ... finally ..., just then, lastly, namely, not . . . but, on the one hand ... on the other hand ..., or both, pursuing this further ... finally ..., so forth 等等, so on, sometimes ... but not always ..., the former ... the latter ..., to be sure ... additionally ... lastly ...
Clarification:
that is to say, to clarify, in other words, to rephrase it, to explain, to put it another way, actually, another way, especially, for instance, i.e., in other words, in particular, in this case, mainly, namely, one case that, particularly, specifically, that is, that is to say, to put it in another way, to rephrase it, up to a point
Combinations:
after a while, after all, another time, apart from, as shown above, as though, as what, at present, at present, but despite a, but even with, but now, by contrast, by that time, even after 即使, for all, for some time, from here on, just because, long after, more often, once all, over the years, since then, so often, that too, to put it in another way, until recently
Common Adverbs:
absolutely, after all, barely 仅仅, basically, clearly, clearly, coincidentally, concurrently 同时发生地, eventually, fortunately, hardly ever 几乎从不, interestingly, mostly, naturally, obviously, presently, respectively, suddenly, surely, tellingly 有效地, truly, typically, wholly
Comparison:
in the same way, in like manner, by the same token 出于同样的原因, likewise, similarly, in similar fashion, alike, also, although, another ... like, as ... as ..., balanced against, but, but another, by comparison, by the same token, compared to, conversely 相反地, even, in similar, in similar fashion, in the same way, just as ... so too, less than, likewise, meanwhile, merely, more ... than ..., on the other hand, rather, rather than, similarly, up against, whereas 然而
Concession:
to be sure, granted, of course, it is true, admittedly, after all, albeit, all the same, although, and yet, at any rate, but even so, despite of, even so, even though, granted that, however, in any case, in spite of 尽管, totally, nevertheless, nonetheless 但是, notwithstanding 尽管, regardless, regardless of, still, though, yet
Conclusion:
in conclusion, to conclude, finally, all in all, as a final point, as a result, at last, consequently, finally, hence, if not, if so, implies that, in conclusion, in retrospect 回顾过去, in that case, in the end, last but not least, lastly, otherwise, that being the case, then, therefore, thereupon, thus, ultimately, under those circumstances, whence
Condition:
as long as, as such, even if, given that, if, in case, in the event that, on condition that, on the condition that, only if, provided that, so long as, unless, whether ... or...
Continuation:
as, as far as, following this further, henceforward, hereafter, immediately thereafter, in the same way, last of all, not long after, so far, thus far, together with, up to now, with respect to
Contrast:
yet, on the contrary, but, and yet, in contrast, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, though, nonetheless, on the other hand, otherwise, after all, at the same time, but, by way of contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, ironically, on the other hand, paradoxically, still though, when in fact, whereas, while, yet after all, all the same, although, as opposed to, at the same time, but, but at the same time, conversely, despite, different from, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in the other hand, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the one hand ... on the other hand ..., otherwise, some ... others ..., still, then ... now ..., though, whilst, yet
Deduction:
and so, and then, if not, if so, in other words, in that case, otherwise, then, this implies that, when in fact, while this is true
Demonstrative:
altogether, as this, both, both . . . and, demonstratively, in this way, that, these, this, those, together, toward, towards, which, which ... that ..., who, whom, whose
Effect：
or result: therefore, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, as a result, accordingly, as a result, consequently, finally, for this reason, hence, if and only if, in consequence, ..., so, so much, so that, therefore, thus
Emphasize:
above all, absolutely, according as, always, as ... as ..., as a matter of fact, by all means, certainly, definitely, emphatically, eternally, even that, for sure, ..., forever, in any case, in fact, indeed, mainly, more importantly, more specifically, naturally, never, nevertheless, obviously, of course, particularly, peculiarly, positively, specifically, surely, surprisingly, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably, whatsoever, whatsoever, without a doubt, without reservation
Evidence and Proof:
a significant, all things considered, analogously, another possibility would be, another significant, as a, consequence, as can be expected, as noted by, at the end of, by similar argumentation, empirically, evidently, for the same reason, for this reason, given these facts, in accordance with, in agreement, in all instances, in fact, in hindsight, in simple terms, in such cases, in terms of, in the final analysis, in the overall analysis, in view of, most importantly, of greatest significance, on this basis, one ... such, one such, since, such a case, surprisingly, that is, the role of, thereof, this coincides with, this implies that
Example:
a case in point, an example of, another example of, as an illustration, as demonstrated by, by way of example, e.g., especially, even this, that, these those, for example, for instance, for one thing, in another case, in fact, in particular, in this case, in this situation, namely, notably, on this occasion, particularly, specifically, such, such as, take the case of, that is, the following example
Exception:
aside from, despite, however, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, once in a while, sometimes, still, yet
Exemplification or Illustration:
to illustrate, as an illustration, to demonstrate, specifically, for example, for instance
Generalization:
as a general rule, as a rule, as a rule of thumb, as usual, by induction, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, in most cases, more generally, on the whole, ordinarily, usually
Idioms:
at most, at the outside, by and by, from time to time, in the light of, more or less, or else, sooner or later, the other day, up to the present time
Importance:
above all, chiefly, for the most part, largely, last but not least, least, less important, mainly, more important, most important, most of all, of greater, predominantly, primarily, principally
Intensification:
indeed, undoubtedly, to repeat, yes, no, certainly, by all means, surely, without doubt, of course, in fact
Introduction:
admittedly, as an illustration, as for, as in the case of, assuredly, at first glance, at this level, by way of example, certainly, concerning the ..., first and foremost, first and yet, first of all, for example, for instance, for one thing, generally speaking, in all likelihood, in general, in my opinion, in particular, in this situation, likewise, such as, to illustrate, with regard to, with respect to
Logical:
category UNDER CONSTRUCTION, for this reason, from now, henceforth, henceforward, in other words, in that case, it is true that, otherwise, provided that, such that, thereby, this being so, though ... yet, whether ... or ...
Phrases:
as was previously stated, at the very least, at this point, but even more, by all means, by means of, by the time, either or both, first and most importantly, for the most part, generally speaking, given these facts, in furtherance of, in light of, in the following, in the subsequent, in what follows, last but not least, often times, once in a while, to a lesser extend, to change the topic, to get back to the point, what followed
Place-Location and Description:
above, across, across from, adjacent to, ahead, along, alongside, amid, at, at the rear, at the side, athwart, atop, away from, below, beneath, beside, beyond closer to, down, eastward, elsewhere, far, far off, farther on, fore, forth, forward, further on, here, hereupon, in back of, in front of, in the back, in the background, in the distance, in the forefront, in the foreground, in the front, in the middle, inside, into, near, nearby, neighboring on, northerly, on, on the side, onto, opposite to, out of, out of sight, outside, over there, side by side, somewhere, southerly, straight ahead, surrounding, there, through, throughout, to the side of, toward the middle, underneath, upon, upright, upside down, westward where, wherever, within sight
Place:
here, beyond, adjacent to, there, wherever, neighboring, on, nearby, opposite to, above, below
Pronouns：
if they clearly refer to a specific word or phrase: this, these, those, that, his, her, it, its, they, their, theirs, our, your
Purpose:
because of this, for fear that, for this purpose, in order that, in order to, in the hope that, so that, to that end, to this end, toward this end, with the goal of, with this in mind in order that, to that end, to this end, so that, for this purpose
Qualification:
almost, perhaps, never, nearly, maybe, always, probably, although, frequently almost, although, always, frequently, in somewhat, may be, might, nearly, never, perhaps, probably, some
Quantifiers:
a bit of, a couple of, a few, a good deal of, a great deal of, a lack of, a little, a lot of, all, all of the, as much as, at least, enough, evenly, few, for all, for any, for each, for every, in the first place, less than, lesser, little, little by little, lots of, lower, many, minus, more, more than, most, most of the, much less, much more, none, none of the, not much, plenty of, secondly, ... thirdly, several, some
Reference:
according to, as acknowledged, as for, as part of, as told by, away from, by far, concerning this, considering this, how, in respect to, in this regard, in this respect, on the subject of, other than that, regarding, set forth, speaking about, that, the fact that, therefore, Vis-à-vis, what, which, who, whoever, whom, why, with regard to
Reformulation:
as I have noted, as I stated, as indicated above, as noted earlier, in brief, in other words, in short, in summary, in words, let me rephrase it, on the whole, perennially, point in fact, put differently
Reservation:
admittedly, despite, even so, even though, indeed, nevertheless, notwithstanding, regardless
Resumption:
all the same, anyhow, anyway, as I was saying, at any rate, by the way, either, either way, in any, in either case, incidentally, to change the subject, to change the topic, to get back to the point, to resume, to resume anyhow, to return to the subject, whatever, whichever
Sequence:
after, afterward, again, also, and, at first, at this point, before this, concurrently, consequently, finally, first of all, first, second, third, etc., for a start, hence, in the end, in the first place, initially, later on, next, previously, secondly, simultaneously, still, subsequently, then, therefore, thirdly, thus, to begin with, too
Similarity:
analogous to, as, by the same token, correspondingly, equally, in a like manner, in like fashion, in the same fashion, in the same way, just as, just as ... so too, just as ... too ..., kind of, likewise, other things equal, outwardly, point in fact, seemingly, similarly, sort of, unlike
Summary:
all together, altogether, anyway, as has been mentioned, as I have said, as I stated to summarize, in short, in brief, in sum, in summary, to sum up as it was previously stated, as mentioned earlier, as we have seen, briefly, by and large, for all that, given these facts, given these points, in all, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in sum, in summary, on the whole, overall, so, summing up, to make a long story short, to put it briefly, to sum up, to summarize
Time:
after, afterward, afterwards, ago, along the way, always, as long as, as of, as when, as yet, at first, at last, at least, at length, at once, at one time, at that time, at the same time, back then, before, before long, beforehand, currently, during, earlier, eventually, finally, first of all, first, second, third, etc., following, forever, formerly, from now on, immediately, immediately before, immediately following, in due time, in parallel, in retrospective, in the end, in the future, in the long run, in the meantime, in the short run, initially later, meantime, meanwhile, most recently, never, next, now, nowadays, often, oftentimes, once, overtime, previously, prior to, right now, shortly, shortly after, shortly thereafter, simultaneously, since, since then, so far, so long, sometimes, soon, soon afterward, soon then, subsequently, then, thereafter, this time, till now, twice a day, until, until now, up to, very soon, when, whenever, while, without delay while, immediately, never, after, later, earlier, always, when, soon, whenever, meanwhile, sometimes, in the meantime, during, afterwards, now, until now, next, following, once, then, at length, simultaneously, so far, this time, subsequently
Unclassified:
about, afore, already, as if, as well as, despite of, far away, forthwith, from ... to ..., from then on, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereof, heretofore, in furtherance of, in lieu of, in this sense, inasmuch as, insofar as, only, onwards, other, somehow, therein, trailing by, under, until then, unto, up to this point, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereupon, within |
GO
楼主: ieyangj08
发表于 2010-1-4 12:38:26
发表于 2010-1-7 19:36:55
1.为什么想学建筑，什么时候接触这个专业的2.最喜欢的建筑师或者项目作品3.为什么选择威敏4.提问
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