越洋农场站队作业帖

FrostmournUID: 2179616

提纲：
position:虽然现在面临的问题不同，历史仍然有指导意义
1。现在世界上的问题日益复杂，从历史中找不到直接的解决方案；
2。但古今问题很多基本原则不变；
3。政治家和战略家可以从历史中吸取教训，防止再次犯错

The speaker asserts that history cannot help people to make important desions today and that it is the only thing history teaches us.I concede that in the modern world many thing has changed and we are facing many new problems that our predecessors even don't know,so it is not likely to solve these problems directly from historical experience,however,history still have some merits and meanings for today,and it teaches us more.

I agree that we are facing more complex and intricate problems,compared to our precursors.As our knowledge grows,we find that the things around us are becoming more and more complicated,rather tahn more easy as it was expected.This phenomenon can be explained:Our ken is like a circle,and our knowledge its radius--the longer the radius is,the larger the circle is,and the more places the circle contacts with.We find that owing to the trend of globalization,mercantile activities among nations became more complex than any period in history,and handling intricate international relationship has become a paintaking thing of political leaders,and many new issues rised by science calls for solution.These problems are stark new and we regrettably find that history provide no direct key or immediate solution to thse problems.

However,we should't say that history is helpless to making decisions today--in fact,we can gain inspiration indirectly from history.Though things are seemingly new,the foundermental principles are always the same--international trades still conform to ecnomic principles and laws as before;the diplomatic basic tactics are largely the same as centuries ago;the scientific methods haven't changed significantly during decades.Thus we can see why students in colleges study knowledge of the past---those basic principles have not changed and still can direct our today's activities.

As to politicians and strategists,learning from historical experience can inspire themselves and thus help to make more sound decisions.History repeats itself,many events may happen repeatedly when the circumstances are similar,so one can compare the present situation with historical ones and predict its consequence or find solutions or absorb experience from historical events.If hitler had conscientiously studied the war between French and Russian intrigered by Napoleon,he may know better than to launch a total attck against Russia when winter comes,and the history may utterly changed.In ancient China,the empiror of Qin dynasty demand that a huge palace called Apang be constructed within 3 years,the palace he designed was very luxious and would cost many rescorses.more than 100,000,000 people were levied to build the palace and consequently the agricultual productivity aggravated and people began to complain about Qin's tyrany,and soon Qin dynasty was overthrowed by the people.Politicians can learn from these historical events--though no huge palace like Apang will be built,they should notice that whenever launch a policy or plan,people's well-being must be taken into considerration.Hence,we can see that history help making important decisions.

In conclution,though due to the changes in every aspects today one can hardly find direct solutions from history,history still teaches us how to make sound decisions--we need analize the situation and find similar events in history and absorb precious expirience in a indirect way.

这篇文章实际是issue54,但我看54和120基本没什么区别，应该能通用吧
（ISSUE 54 - "History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today."）

FrostmournUID: 2179616

TOPIC: ARGUMENT 47 - Scientists studying historical weather patterns have discovered that in the mid-sixth century, Earth suddenly became significantly cooler. Although few historical records survive from that time, some accounts found both in Asia and Europe mention a dimming of the sun and extremely cold temperatures. Either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite colliding with Earth could have created a large dust cloud throughout Earth's atmosphere that would have been capable of blocking enough sunlight to lower global temperatures significantly. A large meteorite collision, however, would probably create a sudden bright flash of light, and no extant historical records of the time mention such a flash. Some surviving Asian historical records of the time, however, mention a loud boom that would be consistent with a volcanic eruption. Therefore, the cooling was probably caused by a volcanic eruption.
WORDS: 436          TIME: 0:29:25          DATE: 2006-5-27

提纲：
1。原因可能不只流星撞击或火山，没有排除其它可能；
2。没有记录闪光不代表没有发生碰撞，可能没看见；
3。那boom未必是火山喷发造成的

In this argument,the arguer concludes that the cooling on earth in the mid-sixth century was probably caused by a volcanic eruption.To support his/her claim,the arguer points out that either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite coliding with earth could have created a large dust that would block sunlight to lower the temperatures significantly.And he/she excludes the later possibility by asserting that no extant historical records of that time indicating a flash of light,which is a phenomenon of collision.This argument suffers from a series of ungrounded assumptions,which render it unconvincing as it stands.

In the first place,the arguer gratuitously assume that the real reason for the cooling was either  a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteoritecolliding with the earth.I concede that these two possibly cause the large dust cloud throughout Earth's atmospere as the argument asserts,however,the arguer fails to convince us that these two reason are the only possible cause of the cooling.There are also other possibilities that may also cause that cooling.For example,the coming of Ice Age,the climate change in that period,and so forth.Unless the arguer can provide evidence to rule out these alternative explanations,we cannot accept his/her claim.

In the second place,the arguer's evidence that no extant historical records of the time mention a flash does not lend strong support to the arguer's conclusion that the cooling was not caused by the collision.Granted that a collision with earth can indeed cause a falsh,we cannot assure that that flash can be observed by the people at that time.We do not know the brightness of it after all.And the fact that there is no extant records does not guarantee that there was not a collision at that time,because the historical racords do not nessisarily survive to today.

Finally,the arguer fails to demonstrate that the loud boom was cause by  the volcanic eruption,which caused the cooling in the sixth century.We all know that many natual disaster could also cause such a loud boom,such as a tsunami or an earthquake.We find no evidence in this argument proving that the loud boom was the same boom of a volcanic eruption,and have good reason to doubt weather the Asian historical records are cogent.

To sum up,the argument is unconvincing because it suffers from several logical fallacies,To strengthen this argument,the arguer would have to provide evidence to rule out other possible possibilities that may also be the cause of the cooling in the sixth century.And he must prove that there wasn't a meteor colliding the earth at that time.To better evaluate this argument,we need more information concerning the correlation between the loud boom and the happen of volcanic eruption.

FrostmournUID: 2179616

TOPIC: ISSUE 4 - "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

Today,it has been a common phenomenon that one discipline borrows knowledge from other fields which is evidently different from it,and makes significant progress.Seeing these examples,the speaker unfairly asserts that only by the knowledge and experience that from other fields can one field of study advance significantly.While I concede that in some circumstances outsider can promote the headway of a discipline,it is not a necessity.（有保留地反对）

Admitedly,borrowing knowledge and experience from other fields of study has indeed triggered significant breakthrough in many fields.The ken and horizon of a researcher of a perticular field is often enfettered by the researcher's engrained dogma and experience,and in today's world,no one can absorb all fields of knowledge,as those philosophers in the ancient time,so it is common that one may be bewildered by a obstacle while doing his/her research,owing to the lack of knowledge and experience of other subjects.Under this situation,an outsider can bring new ideas and opinions to that field being studied,and see it from a different perspective,thereby he/she can offer condusive advice and makes that study progress.One need go no further than the development of biochemistry--a discipline origenated by the combine of biology and chemistry.After the born of biochemestry,both biology and chemistry made an unprecedented progress.（outsider带来新思路，交叉学科）

However,not all academic advance entails knowledge and experience from outsiders.Many disciplines advance by the research in their internal fields and  need little,if any,knowledge or exprience from other subjects.For instance,philosophy and mathematics are relatively independent from other subjects,as pure theorical discipines, they are expected to lead the development of other special subjects,so they are always running in front of other subjects and may not borrow any knowledge or ideas.Moreover,some academic breakthrough are sheerly made by researcher's observation and clairvoyance in his/her own field.Newton's Law of Gravitation serves as a convincing example,Newton's zeal and curiosity lead him to study the underlying reason of the fact that objects fall on the ground,and after a onerous process of assumption,deduction and demonstration,he discovered the secret of gravitation--without borrowing knowledge from other subjects.Many achievements in academic fields are made in these way,if all the people just do nothing until outsiders bring ideas,who makes the first move?Obviously,development ofall subjects will be bogged.（有些学科没有外来思路也照样发展，而且没什么东西可从其它学科借鉴）

Finally,many people fail to see that some other factors also contribute to academic stride.Knowledge and expierince are important,but social demand also influence the advance of study.Take the study of archaeology in China for example,decades of years ago,Chinese people live in poverty,all they desire is food and a place to live in,surely they have no interest in any study,let alone studies like anchaeology,which cannot solve the immediate problem of the society.Consequently,almost no people put energy and time on the study of archaeology,and this discipline made no progress in that time.But today,the well-being of Chinese people has been significantly ameliorated,and people began to heed the heritage of their predecessors. Archaeological discovery can give them a intense feeling of pride,so you will find that news about archaeology alway be the headline of newspaper.Government also pay much attention to the development of archaeology,and more funds are appropriated to support it,stimulating it to advance more rapidly.Thus we can see that financial support is also a essential factor contribute to a study's advance.（学科进步还有其它因素：公众关注程度，政府支持，经费等）

In conclusion,I agree with the speaker on the point that under certain circumstances outsiders can promote the advance of a study,but I oppose that it is a necessary condition.Not all the advance involves knowleadge and idea from other fields,and the progress of a study hinges on diverse factors,not merely knowledge and experience.（某些学科在一定条件下可以受outsider启发进步，但非所有学科，而且知识和经验不是学科进步的唯一要素）

nostrumUID: 2124189

我有个意见
咱们多练练写提纲好不好？
其实作为逻辑文章的考试，逻辑性永远都是第一位的
而且，在考前一定要把题库里的题都看一遍，每道题写提纲
这是一个考5.5的GG告诉我的，我觉得挺有道理
因为语言的问题其实写到一定数量就成套路了，关键是思路

nostrumUID: 2124189

https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

pewcg8UID: 2143213

原帖由 nostrum 于 2006-5-27 19:10 发表
我有个意见
咱们多练练写提纲好不好？
其实作为逻辑文章的考试，逻辑性永远都是第一位的
而且，在考前一定要把题库里的题都看一遍，每道题写提纲
这是一个考5.5的GG告诉我的，我觉得挺有道理
因为语言的问题 ...

恩,我也是这个看法,所以让大家发作文的时候也把自己的提纲和思路发上来,但是大家没响应我,那我只能建议大家自己开始的时候对ISSUE一定要练习一下全篇用中文写（写的字数达到翻译成英文就是完整的作文的程度），是很有好处的．ARGUMENT要保证所有的提纲都写！

nostrumUID: 2124189

4. "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。
这道题的分类是：不同领域间的交流
同类题还有220，41，177，81，221，74，63，131，176，243，138，200，174，180，57，117，204，197，94，132，158，154，50，39
建议大家把这些写写提纲，我本来想写的，但是最近有点小忙，尽力啦
学科交叉，任何一种学科发展到一定程度就会跟别的学科交叉，生物物理，生物信息学
一个学科技术，一个学科理论
放射性同位素，生物，地质
显微镜，生物
数学，生态，数学模型，经济，纳什，诺贝尔经济学奖，建筑
生物，刑侦
蛋白质测序，sanger化学家，生物贡献
亚里士多德，顶级大牛，全才
Syllabus
Viewpoint: significant advance needs new ideas from a variety of fields
Point 1: in the sphere of science, theory and technology
Point 2: in the sphere of philosophy, the requirement of this subject
Point 3: in the sphere of sociology, the same with philosophy.
2，3 合并比较好
My article:

Among varied fields of study, in my perspective, the most dominating ones are science, sociology and philosophy. When it comes to the issue what are the indispensable factors in making progress, bringing knowledge from other fields will always be taken into consideration. Personal experience tells me that this strategy is an effective way in achieving significant advancements.

Looking back at human history of science, combinations among different subjects which establish milestones can be found at every turn. The communication of interdiscipline is an overwhelming trend when some subject has developed to a particular extent. Radioactive isotope, a notable achievement in chemistry, however, is more common used in biology and geography. In biology, biologist used radioactive isotope in order to trace a special element or substance in a certain circle, for example, radioactive oxygen was used in the research of photosynthesis. As is known to all, the theory on fundamental mechanism of photosynthesis pioneered a new era both in biology and in the development of human society, for this theory realizing people’s hope of improving products of per plant. In geography, scientists use radioactive isotope to justify the age of ancient objects such as terrane, fossils, or something similar. I can still clearly remember an scientific article, published on Geography when I was a junior middle school student, concentrated its attention on a transitional form of animal between dinosaurs and birds. One method the scientists used in discovering this fossil animal’s age, successfully attained the result, was the calculation of remained radioactive carbon in it. Also, the research turned out to be a landmark in the study of geography. In brief, scientific sphere calls for amalgamations of many subjects to advance significantly because one subject might has its own theory while other subjects might provide effective technologies to it.

Scientists trend to be specialists, rather than versatile persons, is a current phenomena in modern society, nevertheless, in the sphere of philosophy and sociology, can a philosopher or sociologist be successful with a narrow scope of knowledge? Definitely not. Both of these two subjects calls for wide perspective on many field so that experts of these kinds of subject should introduce knowledge and experience of other fields. Take Aristotle for example, he is widely known as a philosopher, but he also made great contributions in nature science, zoology and iatrology. These knowledge would definitely influence his idea about philosophy, for example, his belief of universe was that the universe had never had a beginning and would never end, which well matched his viewpoint on ultimate reality in physical objects. In the sphere of sociology, also exits the same occasion. Imagine that when a sociologist meets with a certain phenomena, for example, an excessive population, what knowledge he might use in explaining this problem? He might use statistical ways in depicting what degree this problem is , he might use philosophical ideas in explaining the reason that cause this problem, he might also turn to biologist for the solution of this issue. Therefore, no field is absolutely isolate from all other ones.

In summary, taking into consideration of all the analysis I have outlined above, any field should introduce knowledge and experience from other fields in order to make significant progress.

edreamUID: 2202536

第二次作业,第一小组
I agree with the speaker's assertion that no field can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.We cannot account the interactions between the things in the world.It looks as if we are posited in a large net and everything thrives depending on other things.Here are two compelling examples to supportthis opinion.

The first example has to do with the field of biology.Its prosperity involves mathematics,chemistry an, computer technologyand so on.In macroscopic world,if we want to do research about a change of a large animal community ,we have to resort to some knowlege about statistics and we need a computer to make an graph for the information about the trend of the change.In microscopic world,we always need to use mathematics and computer technology to build a model according to what we have known about the objects such as the structure of a certain protein ,the process of a bio-chemical reaction.Referring to bio-chemical reactions,we have to thank to chemists.Because of their work,we can infer the product of every reaction.

Another example is related to sculpture.Do you know what is needed to create a really masterpiece about the body of a man for a sculptor.He has to know the knowlege of anatomy.He must know the shape of every muscle,or he will never make a work that impresses us much.One famous model for this is Da Vinci,Leonardo .A sculptor also need to know some knowlege about mechanics.The most ridiculous thing is that a sculpture cannot keep its balance.

In sum,everything in the world is related to others and no field can advance significantly without referring to other fields.Just image that if there were not computers what the world will become.I think  the experts in astronomy will go crazy because of the terrible figures.With the development of our world,more interactions between things will be built.
我想不清楚：数学能否算是不需要其它领域的参与呢？我印象中好象都是数学管别人的．
请高人指点！Thanks.

edreamUID: 2202536

改组长的，我们组最先交的呢！
We are now living in a complex society with great pressure from work and study. Onehave to struggle a lot to earn a better living. It seems impossible to learn about every field of knowledge today, why do we still take our look backward and try to understand the past?

The main reason might be that we want to find a way out of the pressure. When it is difficult for a person to get everything he want, for example, a higher position in his job, a better housing, a sound pay, or even a good outlooking, he may try to find a  way to relive his tension, one of which, and maybe the most effective way, is looking to the past. He may look to the past for advice from the Chinese philosophy-Confucius, or from the famous Germany composer-Beethoven, or from the former President-Abraham Lincoln. He can gain direct knowledge from just look in the past and analyze what successful person did in the past to guide his action, also what mistakes they had made in order to avoid accomplishing a fiasco. After he has looked to the past for direction, he will feel more confident in front of problems in his life, which increase the chance of being successful in his work or study.It is clear that keeping doing everything right will absolutely relive his pressure in life.//这句好象不太搭调呢。Another factor is that history is replete with fine examples, examples such as how to successfully build a factory or develop a kind of industry, how to control a large country, how to teach young children to write and read. Although these cases are in different period of times, and can not be simply copied nowadays, they do give us something to learn from, especially when we have to do a long-term project that is hard to value its advantages and disadvantages as well as problems that might come along with the project. Then the history comes out as a perfect example to learn from. One can easily find something long ago, which, although different from what he will do in some aspects, can be used in some areas of the project. These experiences are well tested through history, and can ensure his success.

But if a person depends too much on the past experiences, and always put him in the shoe of the past, he will feel like he is also living in the past. Unfortunely, the pressure and chanllenges  we face today may be so great that people in the past, if they are living in our society, will feel frustrated and unbearable. If a person only copy the experiences of the success people in  the past and does not make neccessary changes to adapt the world  today, it will be much likely that he will not get what a wanted.

So it is clear that we should look to the past but not too much. The experiences from our precedents are valuable treasure, but we can never rely on this treasure, even sleep on them. One of the best way to get rid of the pressure today and accomplish something  great, is to study hard, work well, use your head, and just use some of the treasure of the past and put the treasure of your own at the same time.
几个拼写错误，还有就是我不太理解分论点一，“借鉴过去人物的成功经验和失败教训，从而缓解我们的压力”，内容不是很多，不过比我好多了．加油！！！

[ 本帖最后由 edream 于 2006-5-27 21:22 编辑 ]

edreamUID: 2202536

很同意yuexuan的看法，刚开始就一周两篇issue有点支不住了，而且师姐们说了：保argu争issue.是不是先把argu搞定啊．

edreamUID: 2202536

to 组长:
我们 应该是十个人的,别把我忘了.
本来想加qq群的，出了点小差子，只能明天再加了．

zengailanUID: 2190029

zengailanUID: 2190029

Issue 120  zengailan 第二组
With the rapid development of the society , we may have a feeling in common that we may be excluded from the society if we overlook the law that the new thing substitute for the old one ,the complex   thing substitute  for the simple one. And the simplest manner for us to grasp the law is to look back for guidance that the past provides. Nevertheless in which field we work ,we  should resort to the past to absorb the eccentric before we make a decision
In the field of the economics ,which is be considered as  the war of the peace period , the past exprience usually influnence today'decision .And according to a report that more and more merchants learn the economic strategy from "sunzi war strategy " which was worte in chunqiu war period by a famous Chinese  war conductor.We can also notice that in stock market the people are busy analyzing the stock trend with the careful study of the investment enviroment of  the past day .Then they decide to purchase the most reliable and profitable stock with the guidance of the past. For us, it is also not difficult to find why most companies will hold a terminal meeting when  annual working reaches ending .It is for the purpose to analyze the past year' feats and errors , then absorb the past year's experience , make the plan of the next year. So we can conclude that the looking back for a guidance is necessary in economic field.
When we comes to the world of the science , the famous scientists such as Newton ,Edison ,Einstein and Maria curie may splash first in our mind. When we refer to their outstanding contributions , we will also be attracted  by  the excellent personality which ensure their success. We can learn the  virture  of challenging the conservative concept bravely from Einstein whose theories of relativity revolutionized science and unseated the laws of Newton that were believed to be a complete description of the nature for hundreds of years. Also we can learn the spirit of creativity and persistence from Edison who make the light after thousands of experiments. And  Maria curie who  discovered the confidence. Altogether ,so much is worthy of learning from numerous of scientists .radium  with a bad enviroment teaches us he virture of confronting the difficulties with confidence.
When we recall the positive information the past leaves ,we may learn more from  the passive information the past brings. For example , in the past , we just concerned the economic development , paid little attention to our enviroment . Then the black hole occured in the antic atomosphere , the global temperature raise and the water was polluted . When the global government encountered such serious problem , fortunately , they  analyzed  the cause , absorb the experience and enact laws to protect the eviroment .Now ,the amounts of the factories' rubbish  especially the chemical rubbish which may pollute the soil or water were limited .
Everyday, we live in a new world and should confront the complex world. But there are something which will never be excluded by the society , such as the virture and the truth .  And all these we can learn from the past when we analyze the past carefully and objectivly .So to live a better life in the present , we should look back to for an impressive understanding of the past . But we can not addict to the past , for the past is just a light to bring us forward , not the fact in the present.

zengailanUID: 2190029

Argument 47 第二组 zengailan
The arguer claims that the earth became suddenly cooler in mid-sixth .To support this conclusion the author cites the historical records survive from that time ,in which a dimming of the sun and extremely cold temperature was mentioned .A loud boom was also in some historical records.According to the hypothesis that either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite collision would lower the global temperature and the nature phenomenon that a loud boom would be consistent with a volcanic  eruption ,the author get such a conclusion .For some reason ,the evidences provide scant support for the author's conclusion .
   To begin with ,the author provides the hypothesis that either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite collision can cause the low temperature.The author completely rules out the other possible theories which can also provide excellent explanation .For example,the earth was moving away from the sun and few sunlight can reach the earth ,or another planet was suddenly located above the earth and block the most of the sunlight to the earth.All such can lower the global temperature. To convince me the author should confirm that the hypothesis is the most reliable explanation.
Secondly,the evidence collected by the author are about the records in Asia or Europe ,what happened in other region of the same words ,a bright sunshine occurs in other region of the earth when a dimming of the sun occurs in Asia and Europe .The global temperature is also influenced by the comprehensive elements around the earth .
Thirdly, the author fails to affirm that no large meteorite ever occurred in the mid-sixth century .Maybe someday in that large meteorite occurred ,but no one recorded it ,or the recorded it , or the records were not survived . The author overlooks all these possibilities, then he or she exclude the real explanation.
Finally, in asserting the loud boom was caused by a huge volcanic eruption , the author exclude that the loud boom is the result of other phenomenon such as earthquake .Without enough evidence to support to the fact that a large volcanic eruption ever occurred ,the author fails to convince me , let alone the conclusion that the volcanic eruption caused the earth cooler.
In sum, the author’s evidence lends little credible support to the claim . To persuade me the author should collect more information to support the hypothesis that the low temperature is the most possible by the volcanic eruption or meteorite collision. Also the author should  collect global information from different channel  then analyze them,

nostrumUID: 2124189

数学呀，一样是要跟别的合作滴
比方说，最基本的语文的知识要有吧，证明个定理啥的要能准确表述吧
记得初中的时候在报纸上看到过，现在的研究生表述能力很差啦，不能准确表达自己的研究结果，交流嘛是最基本的
还有，其他的，比如说游戏是不是可以训练逻辑思维？下围棋是不是最好的头脑体操？这些都可以提高数学能力
还有啊，现在的数学建模很多都是在计算机上才能都操作的，灭了计算机怎么能行？
还有啊，数学是纯理论的学科，它的作用怎么体现聂？只有应用在物理，生物，化学等这些应用学科上，它才有价值的
给你个感性认识，nobel prize为什么灭有数学奖聂？因为呀，诺贝尔他老人家认为数学对实际生活没有直接的帮助，它只有跟其他学科联系才是有价值的，你考虑一下nobel prize有啥子奖，可以想通的
还有个八卦说法什么情敌之类的，看看玩玩就行啦
我还记得小时候看过一个什么模糊洗衣机，应用的模糊数学原理，灭有这个呀，模糊数学有啥子用处聂？