0910G[North America Flying] Issue13提纲+全文 by vikki_baifn

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提纲

It is widely concerted that a large number of lesser-known languages are vanishing as the population of their users are decreasing sharply.

On the point view of some people, the governments of the states in which these languages are spoken ought to manage preventing the extinct of these languages. For instance, it is reported in Time magazine that in Ireland, government courage people, especially youngsters, to speak Irish; schools arrange more Irish courses; a increasing number of local people support these policies and feel happy by using their own language as the local cultures can be carried out and expressed most exactly by nothing else than their own language.
While some scholars hold the view that the tide of extinct of these language can not be stop by government as it is the choice of history and social development, which can only be adapted, but not changed.

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习作全文

It is widely concerted that a large number of lesser-known languages are vanishing as the population of their users are decreasing sharply. It is reported that linguists at the University Of Manchester in Britain called attention to the world's endangered languages, some of which have as few as three speakers. Here is a stat that will leave us speechless: experts say 50% of the world's 6,000 languages may be extinct by 2050. In the researches of Harriet Barovick, examples of the vanishing languages are world wide, from the North America to Europe, from Asia to Australia.

On the point view of some people, the governments of the states in which these languages are spoken ought to manage preventing the extinct of these languages. Because they believe that popular policies carried out by governments have the most effective impact. And the truth tells. It is reported in Time magazine last year that in Ireland, government encouraged people, especially youngsters and juveniles, to speak Irish; schools arranged more Irish courses for both local residents and newly resisting immigrants; an increasing number of local people supported these policies and felt happy by using their own language as the local cultures can be carried and expressed most exactly by nothing else than their own language.

As one of the most important symbols of a nation, the extinct of a langue is not only the matter of the vanishing of itself, but also means the passing of the corresponding way of thinking and the unique culture. Having the profound influence upon the foundation and development of various linguistics schools in the twentieth century, distinguished Swiss Linguist Ferdinand De Sussure, in his master’s piece Course In General Linguistics, defined language as a symbol system of the expression of human thinking.At the same time, it is widely concerned in the academic circle that language is the carrier of its culture. This has been identified profoundly by the emergence of a principle of Cultural Linguistics. In Asia, there is a kind of marvelous language in the southern China, called Nushu, perhaps the world's only language just for women, which often written on silk screens, and one of its popular sayings is "Beside a well, one does not thirst. Beside a sister, one does not despair." Undoubtedly, this vanishing of such acclaiming of the peak of the perfection is really a pity for not only China, but the whole world.

While some scholars point out that the tide of the extinct of these language can not be stop by governments or individuals as it is the choice of the history and the developing courses of the society, which can only be adapted, but not changed.

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第一篇提纲 手忙脚乱 乱七八糟 不知所谓……

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相关材料1

Ireland's Language Dilemma
By DON DUNCAN Thursday, Oct. 23, 2008
After decades of exodus, the tide of Irish migration took a definitive turn in the late 1980s, when the Irish diaspora started to come home. Maebh Walsh was one of those who returned. The 49-year-old designer decided to move back to Dublin after years living in Arizona. Walsh says living abroad for so long caused her family to return "more aware of our background and our 'Irishness.' So when we came back in 1988 and had children, we wanted them to have our culture."
And so Walsh, like more and more Irish parents, sends her children to a school where all the lessons are taught in Irish — Ireland's indigenous Celtic language. Over the past decade, gaelscoileanna, as the schools are called, have become one of the fastest-growing sectors in Irish education. And though they still only comprise 5% of Ireland's schools, their number has tripled since the early 1990s.
The explosion in gaelscoileanna is part of an Irish-language renaissance that's been building over the past twenty years. Centuries of colonization left Ireland with a severely depleted population of Irish speakers by the time it gained independence from Britain in 1922. For decades after, the language was ghettoized in remote, rural pockets of the country and weighed down by associations with poverty or sectarian extremism. Today, between 5 and 10% of the 4.2 million people living in Ireland speak Irish on a daily basis, and many of those are students who only speak it in school. Máire Nic Ghiolla Phádraig, senior lecturer of sociology at University College Dublin, witnessed the impact of the rise in gaelscoileanna on her university campus with more and more gaelgóirs, or Irish speakers, arriving each year. "I have seen the change during Fresher's week," Nic Ghiolla Phádraig says. "Hundreds of Irish speakers join the Cumann Gaeleach [Irish club] and wearing "Grá don Gaeilge" ["I Heart Irish"] stickers. It's no longer regarded as 'uncool' to speak Irish."
But the rise of the old tongue has some worried about a potentially new conflict: that the increasing number of gaelscoileanna will pit Ireland's constitutional vow to preserve its "native" language against the obligation as a modern country to integrate its increasing immigrant population. While Walsh and hundreds of thousands of other Irish were making their way home, other, newer migration paths were being cut from China, Nigeria, Poland and many other countries. Between the late 1980s and today, the percentage of foreign-born residents in Ireland grew from around 1% to almost 12%. "People choose gaelscoileanna for all kinds of reasons, but realistically it would rarely be the first choice for newly arrived immigrants," says Colette Kavanagh, a principal at Esker Educate Together School in Lucan, a commuter town outside of Dublin.
That disconnect, says Kavanagh, could engender a defacto segregation in the Irish school system — and a potentially unfair distribution of more resources to Irish schools. "These schools could unintentionally lead to a kind of white flight from English-language education," she says. At Kavanagh's English-speaking school, one of the most diverse in the country, 95% of the students are children of immigrants. At the nearest Irish-language school, only 5% of the student body is foreign-born.
Sociologists say Ireland's linguistic renaissance and the nation’s spike in immigration are both triggered in part by the 'Celtic Tiger' — the growth phenomenon that has seen the Irish economy mushroom by over 150% since 1995. Years of EU infrastructural and educational support and a young and cheap labor force made Ireland a fertile ground for foreign investment in the domestic IT sector, among other industries, and the result has seen the average annual family income double to $93,000 in the past 10 years. Nic Ghiolla Phádraig says this new prosperity brought a sense of pride and self-assurance that prompted a rediscovery in Ireland's "cultural assets" — Irish being one of them.
In places like Ennis, a town in southwest Ireland, immigrants are beginning to claim those assets for themselves. Like Lucan, the town’s population has also radically diversified over the past decade. Schools have shifted gears accordingly, setting aside a minimum of 5% of places to foreign-born students. The town's Irish language school, Gaelscoil Mhíchíl Cíosóg, surpassed the figure this year, with 10% of its admissions made up of children of immigrant parents — Nigerian, Polish, Dutch, Ghanaian and Spanish among them. Initially, says principal Dónal O hAiniféin, the school was not an obvious choice for immigrants, but as their communities put down roots, "They tell me, 'My child is Irish, I'd like him or her to be fluent in the Irish language.'" Schools around Ennis are now discussing raising the required minority admission rate to 25% in 2009.
As targets like these continue to be pursued nationwide, it may, in fact, be the new Ireland that helps this old language grow. Michal Boleslav Mechura, a 33-year-old resident of Dublin who immigrated from the Czech Republic ten years ago, became fluent in Irish and finds it useful in his own integration process. "People don't realize I'm not from here when I speak in Irish," Mechura says. "A lot of Irish people who speak Irish speak it as a second language and so we are all on the same footing. I fit in better in Irish."

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呼唤全文~~

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相关材料2 TIME
Tongues That Go out of StyleBy HARRIET BAROVICK Monday, Jun. 10, 2002Linguists at the University Of Manchester in Britain last week called attention to the world's endangered languages, some of which have as few as three speakers. Here is a stat that will leave you speechless: experts say 50% of the world's 6,000 languages may be extinct by 2050. These tongues include Tofa, spoken by some 200 in Siberia, and Votic, used by 30 people on the Russian coast of the Gulf of Finland. Other examples: --By Harriet Barovick
--NORTH AMERICA With roughly 85,000 speakers left, Pennsylvania German, featured in the hit 1985 film Witness, is on the wane, as are most Native American languages. Also in danger: Gullah, spoken by descendants of former slaves, mostly on the islands off South Carolina and Georgia.
--MIDDLE EAST Modern Aramaic (400,000 speakers) is a descendant of Aramaic, thought to have been Jesus' native tongue. Found in the Talmud, it was the main spoken language of Galilee in the 1st centuries B.C. and A.D.
--ASIA Many are trying to save the southern Chinese Nushu, perhaps the world's only language just for women. Often written on silk screens, one of its popular sayings is "Beside a well, one does not thirst. Beside a sister, one does not despair."
--SOUTH AMERICA Among the 300 tongues of Lowland Amazonia are Oro Win (three speakers) and Piraha (300), which has a sound like kids imitating motors and has the fewest consonants (eight) and vowels (three) discovered in a language.
--EUROPE Faeroese (50,000 speakers) doesn't get protected by the European Union minority-language bureau: the Faeroe Islands don't belong. Others at risk are Sardinian, from the Italian island of Sardinia, and Yiddish, on the wane since World War II.
--AUSTRALIA The country's Aboriginal languages, such as the tribal Queensland tongues Wanyi, Wakka Wakka and Kullilli, are dying fast--at an estimated rate of one every three years.

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第一篇习作终于完成~ sigh……

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第一次习作
却总不想草草了事
多费了些时间……
虽然依然很菜……
后面一定跟上！
WHEN THE BATTLE IS COMING, THE ONLY MUST IS TO FIGHT!

jamesgUID: 2644157

It is widely concerted (1:to make a plan for 2:to settle or adjust by conferring and reaching an agreement) that a large number of lesser-known languages are vanishing as the population of their users are decreasing sharply. It is reported that linguists at the University Of Manchester in Britain called attention to the world's endangered languages, some of which have as few as three speakers. Here is a stat that will leave us speechless (irrefutable): experts (experts from where?) say (that 清晰) 50% of the world's 6,000 languages may be extinct by 2050. In the researches of Harriet Barovick, examples (evidences) of the vanishing languages are world wide, from the North America to Europe, from Asia to Australia. (这个introduction不够完整,本题应该属于双层次,还有一个保护的观点需要涉及. 论据部分应当放在主体论述)


On the point view of some people (from someone’s point of view), the governments of the states in which these languages are spoken ought to manage preventing the extinct of these languages. Because they believe that popular policies carried out by governments have the most effective impact. And the truth (it倒装?) tells.(并到introduction) (另做开头接着再做论据)It is (was) reported in Time magazine last year that in Ireland, government encouraged people, especially youngsters and juveniles, to speak Irish; schools arranged more Irish courses for both local residents and newly resisting immigrants; an increasing number of local people supported these policies and felt happy by (in) using their own language as the local cultures can be carried and expressed most exactly by nothing else than their own language. (这段讲政府保护)


As one of the most important symbols of a nation, the extinct of a langue (语言的消失是重要标志?) is not only the matter of the vanishing of itself, but also means the passing of the corresponding way of thinking and the unique culture. Having the profound influence upon the foundation and development of various linguistics schools in the twentieth century, distinguished Swiss Linguist Ferdinand De Sussure, in his master’s piece Course In General Linguistics, defined language as a symbol system of the expression of human thinking. At the same time, it is (was) widely concerned in the academic circle that language is (was) the carrier of its culture. This has been identified profoundly by the emergence of a principle of Cultural Linguistics. In Asia, there is a kind of marvelous language in the southern China, called Nushu, perhaps the world's only language just for women, which often written on silk screens, and one of its popular sayings is "Beside a well, one does not thirst. Beside a sister, one does not despair." Undoubtedly, this vanishing of such acclaiming of the peak of the perfection is really a pity for not only China, but also the whole world.(这段讲消失的损害)


While some scholars point out that the tide of the extinct of these language can not be stop by governments or individuals as it is the choice of the history and the developing courses of the society, which can only be adapted, but not changed. (这句没主语阿?三个从句?)

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the topic is new